Scientific Approach to Knowledge
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Science is based on making observations of the natural world through experiments designed to test hypotheses. There are two types of observations - qualitative, which describe phenomena, and quantitative, which measure aspects of phenomena. Scientists form hypotheses to interpret their observations, then design controlled experiments to test those hypotheses. The results of experiments either support a hypothesis or require it to be modified. Repeated experimental support can lead to scientific laws that summarize past observations and predict future ones. Well-established hypotheses may become the basis for scientific theories, which are explanatory models for how nature works and why.
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Biology is the study of living things and their interactions with their environments. All living things share characteristics of organization, reproduction, growth and development, and adaptation. Biologists use scientific methods like experiments, hypotheses, and controlled data collection to answer questions and develop theories about life. Their work is done both in labs and nature, and aims to increase knowledge while sometimes helping address problems, though not all.
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1. Science is a systematic and controlled extension of common sense that uses conceptual frameworks, theories, and hypotheses to test explanations of observed phenomena.
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Chp. 1.1 1.2 notes
Scientific thinking begins with making observations of natural phenomena in a careful, systematic manner. These observations produce data that can be quantitative (expressed as numbers) or qualitative (descriptive characteristics). Scientists use data to make inferences and propose hypotheses, which are testable scientific explanations. The scientific method involves identifying a problem, researching it, proposing hypotheses, designing experiments to test hypotheses, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. Experiments aim to test only one variable at a time and identify independent and dependent variables. Repeating experiments allows scientists to determine if results can be reproduced, establishing theories that unify broad evidence. Scientific theories and laws enable predictions but may be revised as new evidence emerges.
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The document discusses scientific research and the empirical research process. It defines scientific research as performing a methodical study to prove a hypothesis or answer a specific question through collecting empirical data. Empirical research is based on experimentation or observation to test a hypothesis. The empirical cycle involves observation, induction, deduction, testing, and evaluation of a hypothesis using empirical data.
Scientific method
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Scientific method
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Content Standard-Scientific ways of acquiring knowledge and solving problems
Performance Standard
perform in groups
in guided
investigations involving community- based problems using locally available materials
Most Essential Learning
Competencies
-Describe the components
of a scientific investigation (Week 1) S7MTIa-
1
OBJECTIVES
Describe the components of the scientific method
Follow the steps of the scientific method and perform experiments using it.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
a systematic process of empirical investigation
It is the key to unlock the bodies of knowledge by helping the researcher in organizing his or her thoughts and procedures and making him or her confident of the findings from the expirements
COMPONENTS OF A SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
1. Statement of the Problem
-You should have existing knowledge of the problem
This part answers the following questions:
What questions do you have about your topic?
What do you want to know?
EXAMPLE
How does fertilizer affect the growth of plants?
2. Formulation of Hypothesis
Hypothesis-simple statement that presents the possible solution to the problem. It can be tested, and it is based on knowledge and research.
Hypothesis may be stated in two ways:
a. Null Hypothesis (Ho)-states that no relationship between variables
Example: The fertilizer DOES NOT affect the growth of plants
b. Alternative hypothesis (Ha)-states a relationship between variables
Example: There is significant relationship between the growth of plants and the use of fertilizer
Ha2 : There is a negative relationship between A and B
(Less A is involved, the better B)
Ha3 There is a positive relationship between A and B.
(More B is involved, the better A)
3. Testing Hypothesis and Gathering of Data
Experiments-a set of manipulations or specific observations of nature, and it is considered the most important part of the scientific method.
Three Types of Experiments
1. Controlled Experiment-the observer tests the hypothesis by looking for changes brought by alteration to a variable
Variable- a characteristic, number, or quantity that increases or decreases over time or takes different values in different situations.
a. Controlled variables-variables that are kept constant.
b. Independent variables-factors that you change or alter during the experiment.
c. Dependent variables-variables that you observe. and they are considered the response to an independent variable
2. Natural experiments or quasi-experiments-Here, the observer does not manipulate any variable but simply collects all the possible data to determine the factors affecting a particular phenomenon.
3. Field experiment-named to draw a contrast with laboratory experiments. It examines the real world using scientific method.
Example: Political sciences, economics, and psychology
Prediction
a forecast of future events based on past observations.
Example: The plants will grow faster and strong
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Here are 2 questions about the notes:
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2. What are the essential components that make up a valid scientific experiment?
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Experiments are methodical procedures carried out to verify or establish the validity of a hypothesis. They provide insights into cause-and-effect relationships by demonstrating outcomes when factors are manipulated. Experiments vary in goal and scale but rely on repeatable procedures and logical analysis of results. They can be informal tests by individuals or highly controlled tests by teams of scientists over long periods.
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Muslim scientists made many contributions to science through their use of the scientific method and empirical observation. Science is defined as the systematic pursuit of knowledge about the natural world through objective measurement, experimentation, and verification. It uses tools like mathematics and instruments to extend human senses and observe things that are otherwise imperceptible. While science is limited to what can be observed and tested, it draws on many disciplines and is an ever-evolving body of knowledge. The scientific method involves developing hypotheses, testing them through experiments, and modifying them based on outcomes to develop broad scientific theories.
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This document discusses scientific concepts like the scientific method, experimental variables, controls, and eliminating bias. It provides explanations and examples of key terms:
- The scientific method involves observation, hypothesis, experiment, and conclusion. Variables are things that change during experiments while controls remain the same.
- Scientific laws describe observable phenomena through statements or math. Theories explain how natural events work based on testable hypotheses. Facts are objective observations.
- Experiments require identifying independent and dependent variables and controlling other factors to make tests fair. Blind and double blind studies aim to reduce researcher bias.
- Objective data involves measurement while subjective data includes opinions. Graphs show relationships between variables. The scientific method seeks to eliminate bias through
Chp. 1.1 1.2 notes
Scientific thinking begins with making observations of natural phenomena in a careful, systematic manner. These observations produce data that can be quantitative (expressed as numbers) or qualitative (descriptive characteristics). Scientists use data to make inferences and propose hypotheses, which are testable scientific explanations. The scientific method involves identifying a problem, researching it, proposing hypotheses, designing experiments to test hypotheses, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. Experiments aim to test only one variable at a time and identify independent and dependent variables. Repeating experiments allows scientists to determine if results can be reproduced, establishing theories that unify broad evidence. Scientific theories and laws enable predictions but may be revised as new evidence emerges.
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The document outlines the key aspects of the scientific method. It discusses that science seeks to understand natural phenomena through asking questions and seeking empirical answers. The scientific method involves making observations, developing hypotheses, making predictions based on hypotheses, experimentally testing predictions, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. It provides examples of how the scientific method is used to solve everyday problems and advance scientific understanding.
Research definition (1) word
The document discusses scientific research and the empirical research process. It defines scientific research as performing a methodical study to prove a hypothesis or answer a specific question through collecting empirical data. Empirical research is based on experimentation or observation to test a hypothesis. The empirical cycle involves observation, induction, deduction, testing, and evaluation of a hypothesis using empirical data.
Scientific method
The scientific method is a process used by scientists to test hypotheses through observation and experimentation. It involves asking a question, researching existing knowledge, forming a hypothesis, conducting an experiment under controlled conditions, analyzing data, and drawing a conclusion that either supports or rejects the original hypothesis. An example of using the scientific method to test if vitamin C helps cure the common cold is provided.
Scientific method
The scientific method is a process used by scientists to test hypotheses through observation and experimentation. It involves asking a question, researching existing knowledge, forming a hypothesis, conducting an experiment under controlled conditions, analyzing data, and drawing a conclusion that either supports or rejects the original hypothesis. An example of using the scientific method to test if vitamin C helps cure the common cold is provided.
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First Quarter-Scientific Method Powerpoint Presentation
Content Standard-Scientific ways of acquiring knowledge and solving problems
Performance Standard
perform in groups
in guided
investigations involving community- based problems using locally available materials
Most Essential Learning
Competencies
-Describe the components
of a scientific investigation (Week 1) S7MTIa-
1
OBJECTIVES
Describe the components of the scientific method
Follow the steps of the scientific method and perform experiments using it.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
a systematic process of empirical investigation
It is the key to unlock the bodies of knowledge by helping the researcher in organizing his or her thoughts and procedures and making him or her confident of the findings from the expirements
COMPONENTS OF A SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
1. Statement of the Problem
-You should have existing knowledge of the problem
This part answers the following questions:
What questions do you have about your topic?
What do you want to know?
EXAMPLE
How does fertilizer affect the growth of plants?
2. Formulation of Hypothesis
Hypothesis-simple statement that presents the possible solution to the problem. It can be tested, and it is based on knowledge and research.
Hypothesis may be stated in two ways:
a. Null Hypothesis (Ho)-states that no relationship between variables
Example: The fertilizer DOES NOT affect the growth of plants
b. Alternative hypothesis (Ha)-states a relationship between variables
Example: There is significant relationship between the growth of plants and the use of fertilizer
Ha2 : There is a negative relationship between A and B
(Less A is involved, the better B)
Ha3 There is a positive relationship between A and B.
(More B is involved, the better A)
3. Testing Hypothesis and Gathering of Data
Experiments-a set of manipulations or specific observations of nature, and it is considered the most important part of the scientific method.
Three Types of Experiments
1. Controlled Experiment-the observer tests the hypothesis by looking for changes brought by alteration to a variable
Variable- a characteristic, number, or quantity that increases or decreases over time or takes different values in different situations.
a. Controlled variables-variables that are kept constant.
b. Independent variables-factors that you change or alter during the experiment.
c. Dependent variables-variables that you observe. and they are considered the response to an independent variable
2. Natural experiments or quasi-experiments-Here, the observer does not manipulate any variable but simply collects all the possible data to determine the factors affecting a particular phenomenon.
3. Field experiment-named to draw a contrast with laboratory experiments. It examines the real world using scientific method.
Example: Political sciences, economics, and psychology
Prediction
a forecast of future events based on past observations.
Example: The plants will grow faster and strong
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The scientific method is a multi-step process used by researchers to conduct studies in a systematic, objective manner. It involves making observations, asking questions, formulating hypotheses, experimenting to gather data, analyzing results, drawing conclusions, and sharing findings. Researchers use this method to determine relationships between variables and advance scientific understanding through iterative testing of hypotheses.
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A scientific theory is an explanation for an observation that is supported by evidence obtained through experimentation and testing. The scientific method involves making observations, formulating a hypothesis, conducting experiments to test the hypothesis, and establishing a theory if results are repeatedly confirmed. A key example is the cell theory, which states that all living things are made of cells, cells come from preexisting cells, and they contain DNA. While scientific theories are well-supported, science is an ongoing process, and new evidence can lead to revisions or replacement of existing theories.
Intro_to_biology_+_what_is_science.pdf
The document provides an introduction to the field of biology, explaining what science is through defining it as using evidence to construct testable explanations for natural phenomena and generate knowledge. It discusses the scientific methodology of observing phenomena, forming hypotheses and theories, conducting controlled experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. The document also gives an overview of the major branches of science including biology, earth science, and physical science.
The Nature of Science.ppt
Here is how I would design the experiment:
- Control Group: 2 patients who do not receive the drug. This group acts as the standard for comparison.
- Experimental Group: 4 patients who receive the new drug.
- Independent Variable: Whether or not the patient receives the new drug. This is what is being manipulated.
- Dependent Variable: The growth of breast cancer in the patients, as measured by tumor size. This variable depends on and is expected to change due to the independent variable.
Chapter One- Intro to Biology
This document introduces the key concepts of the scientific method and the field of biology. It explains that science involves making observations and formulating hypotheses and theories that can be tested through controlled experiments. The goal is to understand the natural world through evidence-based explanations and predictions. Biology is defined as the study of life, with core characteristics shared by all living things like being made of cells, reproducing, and evolving over time. Different tools like microscopes are used to study biological systems at different levels of organization.
Theory building (brm)
This document provides an overview of key concepts in theory building according to William G. Zikmund's book. It discusses the purposes of theory as prediction and understanding. A theory is defined as a set of general propositions used to explain relationships between observed phenomena. For a theory to be good, it must be valid, have generalization ability, and be replicable. Concepts abstract reality and are building blocks of theories, while propositions propose linkages between concepts. Hypotheses, which are empirically testable propositions, are developed from concepts and propositions. The scientific method involves both deductive and inductive reasoning to move from theories to hypotheses to empirical testing.
The Research Process
This document summarizes a statistics lecture about the research process and why statistics are needed in optometry and vision science. It discusses the steps of evidence-based practice including asking questions, acquiring evidence, appraising evidence, and applying evidence. It also covers generating and testing theories, levels of measurement, measurement error, validity, reliability, types of research such as correlational and experimental research, and methods of data collection and analysis. The goal is to explain the research process and why statistics are an essential tool for evidence-based practice in optometry.
Research methodology
This document provides an overview of research methodology and the scientific method used in psychological research. It discusses that research aims to create new knowledge or use existing knowledge in new ways. There are two main types of research - qualitative and quantitative. The scientific method involves recognizing a problem, collecting data through observation and experimentation, and formulating and testing hypotheses. It consists of six key steps and has characteristics like being systematic, relying on empirical data, and aiming for objectivity. Research in psychology also assumes empiricism, determinism, parsimony, and testability. The main types of scientific investigations are controlled laboratory experiments, field experiments, ex post facto field studies, and ex post facto laboratory studies.
Nature of Science and Experimentation
Here are 2 questions about the notes:
1. What are the key differences between pure science and applied science?
2. What are the essential components that make up a valid scientific experiment?
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While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
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ここ3000字までしか入らないけどタイトルの方がたくさん文字入ると思います。
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ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
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Scientific Approach to Knowledge
- 1. The Scientific Approach to Knowledge College Chemistry Christian Schill Udemy Course
- 2. Science ● ● ● Science is empirical- meaning it is based on observation and experiment Scientists observe and perform experiments on the physical world to learn about it. Broken into many sub levels: – Biology – Chemistry – Physics – Astronomy
- 3. Observations There are two kinds of Observation ● Qualitative ● Quantitative – – ● Qualitative: describing how a process happens Quantitative: measuring or quantifying something about the process. These observations lead scientists to formulate a hypothesis (a tentative interpretation or explanation of the observations)
- 4. Experiments ● ● ● ● When a hypothesis is formulated it must be tested by an experiment. An experiment are highly controlled procedures designed to generate such observations. The results of the experiment may support one's hypothesis or disprove it. When a hypothesis is disproven it must be modified or changed and once again tested.
- 5. Scientific Law ● ● ● In some cases, a series of similar experiments can lead to the development of a scientific law. Scientific Laws are brief statements which summarizes past observations and predicts future ones. The Law of Conservation of Mass- “In a chemical reaction, mater is neither created nor destroyed.”
- 6. Theory ● ● ● One or more well- established hypotheses may form the basis of a Scientific theory. A theory is a model for the way nature is and tries to explain not merely what nature does but also why. Atomic Theory- Proposed by John Dalton, proposes that matter is made up of small, indestructible particles he called atoms
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