The document discusses the neurophysiological mechanisms and neurobehavioral model of insomnia. It begins by outlining the two main systems that regulate sleep and wakefulness - the homeostatic system and circadian system, as well as the arousal system. It then presents a neurobehavioral model of insomnia which involves interactions between these physiological systems and psychological/behavioral factors. The model posits that insomnia may stem from imbalances or dysfunctions in the homeostatic system, circadian system and/or arousal system, as well as maladaptive sleep-related cognitions and behaviors. Clinical implications and studies on insomnia patients are discussed to support this neurobehavioral conceptualization of insomnia.
The document summarizes key topics related to sleep and biological rhythms. It discusses measures of sleep such as EEG and EMG recordings, the stages and cycles of sleep, dreaming and functions of sleep. It also covers neural regulation of arousal and different sleep states. Biological rhythms like circadian and seasonal rhythms are governed by the suprachiasmatic nucleus which receives light input and synchronizes rhythms via chemical signals. Disorders like insomnia and sleep apnea are also mentioned.
This document discusses sleep and biological rhythms. It summarizes that sleep is characterized by altered consciousness, lack of movement, and dreaming. Sleep occurs in cycles alternating between non-REM and REM sleep. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) contains the biological clock that regulates circadian rhythms. The SCN receives light input and synchronizes circadian rhythms in cells that each have their own daily oscillation. Disruptions to sleep can cause disorders like insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and sleep paralysis.
The document summarizes key information about sleep and sleep disorders. It discusses how sleep deprivation impacts brain function and health. Specific sleep stages are outlined including non-REM and REM sleep. Common sleep disorders like sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, insomnia, and narcolepsy are examined along with their effects on brain chemistry and function. Statistics are provided on the prevalence of sleep problems in the United States. The roles of neurotransmitters like cortisol, GABA, dopamine, and hypocretin in regulating sleep and in the development of sleep disorders are explored.
Consciousness refers to our awareness of ourselves and our environment, which varies depending on our attention. While conscious attention is focused on tasks, unconscious processes still occur. Daydreaming and fantasizing are common and may serve purposes like preparation, creativity, and stress relief. Biological rhythms like our circadian rhythm regulate sleep-wake cycles, with individuals varying as morning or evening types. Sleep occurs in stages including light, deep, and REM sleep, each with different brain wave patterns. Sleep serves functions like restoration and growth, and disorders can disrupt these functions.
Aton et al., Neuron, 2009 - Mechanisms of Sleep-Dependent Consolidation of Co...SaraAton
This study investigated the cellular mechanisms involved in sleep-dependent consolidation of ocular dominance plasticity (ODP), a form of cortical plasticity triggered by monocular deprivation. The study found that:
1) Sleep consolidates ODP primarily by strengthening responses to stimulation of the non-deprived eye.
2) Consolidation is inhibited by reversible intracortical antagonism of NMDA receptors or cAMP-dependent protein kinase during post-deprivation sleep.
3) Consolidation is associated with sleep-dependent increases in neuronal activity in visual cortex and phosphorylation of proteins required for glutamatergic synapse potentiation.
This demonstrates that synaptic strengthening via NMDA receptor and
The document discusses sleep and wakefulness from a neurological perspective. It describes how sleep is a brain process characterized by different stages, including non-REM sleep (NREM) and REM sleep. NREM and REM sleep can be measured using electroencephalography (EEG) brain wave patterns. Factors such as age, circadian rhythms, homeostasis, and the autonomic nervous system regulate sleep-wake cycles.
Sleep fragmentation in insomnia is caused by hyperarousal, evidenced by increased brain activity and reduced inhibition in frontal, parietal and temporal regions. Quantitative EEG and MRI spectroscopy show higher frequency EEG waves and lower GABA levels during sleep and wakefulness. Positron emission tomography reveals less decrease in brain metabolism from wake to sleep in insomniacs, especially in areas involved in cognition, attention and self-awareness. Insomnia may result from failure of arousal systems to decline fully between sleep-wake cycles.
Our brains are surprisingly adaptable and open to learning. Our thoughts, feelings, actions, memories, learning and imaginations are the result of what happens in our synapses. A functional normal brain should have good balance of brain waves, blood flow and matabolism and neurotransmitters. Brain training and neuroplasticity by different neuromodulation modalities will help us to have a better mental state and thus a better world.
The document summarizes key topics related to sleep and biological rhythms. It discusses measures of sleep such as EEG and EMG recordings, the stages and cycles of sleep, dreaming and functions of sleep. It also covers neural regulation of arousal and different sleep states. Biological rhythms like circadian and seasonal rhythms are governed by the suprachiasmatic nucleus which receives light input and synchronizes rhythms via chemical signals. Disorders like insomnia and sleep apnea are also mentioned.
This document discusses sleep and biological rhythms. It summarizes that sleep is characterized by altered consciousness, lack of movement, and dreaming. Sleep occurs in cycles alternating between non-REM and REM sleep. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) contains the biological clock that regulates circadian rhythms. The SCN receives light input and synchronizes circadian rhythms in cells that each have their own daily oscillation. Disruptions to sleep can cause disorders like insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and sleep paralysis.
The document summarizes key information about sleep and sleep disorders. It discusses how sleep deprivation impacts brain function and health. Specific sleep stages are outlined including non-REM and REM sleep. Common sleep disorders like sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, insomnia, and narcolepsy are examined along with their effects on brain chemistry and function. Statistics are provided on the prevalence of sleep problems in the United States. The roles of neurotransmitters like cortisol, GABA, dopamine, and hypocretin in regulating sleep and in the development of sleep disorders are explored.
Consciousness refers to our awareness of ourselves and our environment, which varies depending on our attention. While conscious attention is focused on tasks, unconscious processes still occur. Daydreaming and fantasizing are common and may serve purposes like preparation, creativity, and stress relief. Biological rhythms like our circadian rhythm regulate sleep-wake cycles, with individuals varying as morning or evening types. Sleep occurs in stages including light, deep, and REM sleep, each with different brain wave patterns. Sleep serves functions like restoration and growth, and disorders can disrupt these functions.
Aton et al., Neuron, 2009 - Mechanisms of Sleep-Dependent Consolidation of Co...SaraAton
This study investigated the cellular mechanisms involved in sleep-dependent consolidation of ocular dominance plasticity (ODP), a form of cortical plasticity triggered by monocular deprivation. The study found that:
1) Sleep consolidates ODP primarily by strengthening responses to stimulation of the non-deprived eye.
2) Consolidation is inhibited by reversible intracortical antagonism of NMDA receptors or cAMP-dependent protein kinase during post-deprivation sleep.
3) Consolidation is associated with sleep-dependent increases in neuronal activity in visual cortex and phosphorylation of proteins required for glutamatergic synapse potentiation.
This demonstrates that synaptic strengthening via NMDA receptor and
The document discusses sleep and wakefulness from a neurological perspective. It describes how sleep is a brain process characterized by different stages, including non-REM sleep (NREM) and REM sleep. NREM and REM sleep can be measured using electroencephalography (EEG) brain wave patterns. Factors such as age, circadian rhythms, homeostasis, and the autonomic nervous system regulate sleep-wake cycles.
Sleep fragmentation in insomnia is caused by hyperarousal, evidenced by increased brain activity and reduced inhibition in frontal, parietal and temporal regions. Quantitative EEG and MRI spectroscopy show higher frequency EEG waves and lower GABA levels during sleep and wakefulness. Positron emission tomography reveals less decrease in brain metabolism from wake to sleep in insomniacs, especially in areas involved in cognition, attention and self-awareness. Insomnia may result from failure of arousal systems to decline fully between sleep-wake cycles.
Our brains are surprisingly adaptable and open to learning. Our thoughts, feelings, actions, memories, learning and imaginations are the result of what happens in our synapses. A functional normal brain should have good balance of brain waves, blood flow and matabolism and neurotransmitters. Brain training and neuroplasticity by different neuromodulation modalities will help us to have a better mental state and thus a better world.
This document provides an overview of the physiology of sleep. It discusses the regulation and definition of sleep, the stages of sleep including REM and NREM sleep, and the electrophysiological criteria for sleep stages. It also summarizes the organization of sleep in adults, the effects of sleep on various body systems like the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine system. Finally, it outlines the neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness including the roles of the reticular activating system, hypocretin, VLPO area, and other sleep-promoting substances.
The document discusses biological rhythms and sleep. It describes circadian rhythms regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus and synchronized to the light-dark cycle via the retinohypothalamic pathway. Sleep has two states - slow-wave sleep and REM sleep - which alternate in cycles. Neural circuits in the forebrain, brainstem, pons, and hypothalamus regulate sleep-wake states. Sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and REM behavior disorder. Maintaining good sleep hygiene can help treat disorders.
The document discusses various topics related to sleep including:
- The stages of sleep including NREM (stages 1-4) and REM sleep.
- The neurobiology and physiology of sleep regulation involving brain structures like the hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and brainstem nuclei.
- Key factors that influence sleep-wake cycles like the circadian rhythm, neurotransmitters, hormones, and the two-process model of sleep regulation involving homeostatic and circadian processes.
This document provides an overview of sleep, including its definition, stages, neurobiology, and relevance to psychiatry. It describes the two main types of sleep - REM and NREM sleep - and the different stages of NREM sleep. The neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness involves separate but interacting systems in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain. Key structures and neurotransmitters that promote wakefulness include the ascending reticular activating system, locus ceruleus, tuberomamillary nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, and hypocretin. Age and circadian rhythms also influence sleep patterns.
The document summarizes key topics related to sleep and biological rhythms. It discusses measures of sleep such as EEG and EMG recordings, the stages and cycles of sleep including non-REM and REM sleep, functions of sleep regarding restoration and dreaming, and neural regulation of arousal and different sleep states. It also covers circadian rhythms controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and seasonal rhythms interacting with the pineal gland and melatonin secretion.
- Animals generate circadian and circannual rhythms that regulate sleep/wake cycles, eating/drinking patterns, temperature, hormone secretion and other functions on 24-hour and yearly cycles respectively.
- Humans have a circadian rhythm slightly longer than 24 hours that is reset by light/dark cues. Disruption of circadian rhythms can cause jet lag. The suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates circadian rhythms.
- Sleep stages include NREM (stages 1-4) and REM sleep. REM is characterized by dreaming and paralysis while NREM deepens across stages 1-4. Sleep aids restoration, energy conservation, memory consolidation and more.
Basic science of sleep by dr. rujul modiRujul Modi
The document provides an overview of the basic science of sleep. It discusses the stages of sleep including REM and NREM sleep. It describes the neurobiology and physiology of sleep, including the structures and neurotransmitters involved in regulating sleep and wakefulness. The document also discusses how sleep is organized in cycles and how it changes with age. It provides definitions of sleep and covers topics like the functions of sleep and its assessment.
Neurobiology of sleep_disorders_lattova(5280ab0cb6099)Hena Jawaid
This document provides an overview of neurobiology of sleep and sleep disorders. It defines normal sleep, describes the circadian rhythm and two-process model that regulate sleep-wake cycles. It outlines the reticular activating system and flip-flop switch that control transitions between wake and sleep states. Non-REM and REM sleep are characterized based on EEG patterns. Polysomnography and other tools for measuring sleep are discussed. Common sleep disorders like insomnia are introduced.
The document provides an overview of normal sleep physiology and sleep disorders. It discusses the stages of normal sleep including NREM and REM sleep. It describes how sleep is regulated by the circadian rhythm and sleep homeostasis processes. Several sleep disorders are classified according to the DSM-V and ICSD including insomnia disorders, sleep-related breathing disorders, hypersomnolence disorders, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, parasomnias, and sleep-related movement disorders. Primary insomnia disorders include chronic insomnia disorder, short-term insomnia disorder, and psychophysiological insomnia characterized by heightened arousal and learned sleep-preventing associations.
The document discusses electroencephalography (EEG) patterns during different states of consciousness such as wakefulness and sleep. It describes the different sleep stages including non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. NREM sleep involves high-amplitude slow waves while REM sleep involves low-amplitude fast waves similar to wakefulness. The neural mechanisms controlling arousal, NREM sleep and REM sleep are also summarized.
Sleep has two types - rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. REM sleep is associated with dreaming and eye movements while NREM sleep has four stages with different brain wave patterns. Sleep is regulated by circadian rhythms and homeostasis. The brainstem contains sleep centers like the raphe nucleus and locus ceruleus that induce REM and NREM sleep respectively. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, nightmares, night terrors and somnambulism. Movement disorders during sleep include restless legs syndrome and leg cramps.
This document provides a summary of Dr. A V Srinivasan's presentation on the management of insomnia in the modern era. It begins with background on the Greek and Roman personifications of sleep. It then discusses normal sleep architecture and stages, factors that can affect sleep, and common sleep disorders like insomnia, hypersomnias, circadian rhythm disorders and parasomnias. It also summarizes the effects of neurological/psychiatric conditions and medications on sleep architecture and how diagnosis of sleep disorders is conducted. The overall document provides a comprehensive overview of sleep and sleep disorders.
Sleep involves different stages including non-REM sleep and REM sleep. The stages can be measured through polysomnography which tracks brain activity, eye movements, and muscle activity. Non-REM sleep involves reduced brain and muscle activity and is when most physical restoration occurs. REM sleep involves an active brain and paralyzed muscles except for eye movements; it is when most vivid dreaming occurs. Sleep serves functions like restoration and energy conservation, and is regulated by biological processes in the brain.
The document discusses the neural mechanisms involved in sleep and waking. It mentions several key brain areas and systems:
- The cerebral cortex is responsible for monophasic sleep patterns while the hypothalamus controls polyphasic sleep patterns. Abnormalities in the hypothalamus can cause excessive sleepiness.
- The reticular activating system (RAS) in the brainstem is the primary waking center. Stimulation of the RAS causes arousal while lesions cause somnolence.
- The thalamus also plays a role in arousal through its diffuse thalamic projection system. Electrical stimulation at different frequencies can induce either arousal or sleep.
- Theories of sleep such as the evolutionary theory propose that periods of
Sleep is essential for health and cognitive function. It involves NREM and REM sleep stages measured using polysomnography. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, hypersomnolence, and narcolepsy. Insomnia is difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep and is treated with sleep hygiene, relaxation, and medication. Hypersomnolence involves excessive daytime sleepiness and is treated with stimulants. Narcolepsy involves REM sleep intrusion and is diagnosed by decreased REM latency on polysomnography.
1) All animals have endogenous circadian rhythms that regulate sleep-wake cycles on a 24-hour basis, as well as annual rhythms. The suprachiasmatic nucleus controls circadian rhythms.
2) There are different stages of sleep characterized by different brain wave patterns. Slow-wave sleep predominates early in the night while REM sleep increases later in the night.
3) Various brain structures and neurotransmitters regulate arousal and sleep, including the reticular formation, basal forebrain, hypothalamus, and orexin. Disorders can result from imbalances.
Circadian rhythms refer to biological cycles that occur over approximately 24 hours. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus acts as the master pacemaker regulating circadian rhythms. Lesions to the SCN abolish circadian rhythms, while transplanted SCN tissue can impart rhythms to recipient animals. The SCN receives light input from retinal ganglion cells that contain melanopsin photoreceptors sensitive to blue light wavelengths.
Psychology of Sleep ~ Prof. Dr. Tarek AsaadDr Tarek Asaad
Dr. Tarek Asaad provides definitions and details about sleep psychology and physiology. Sleep is defined and compared to coma and hypnosis. Non-REM sleep and REM sleep are discussed, including their percentages of total sleep time and differences in body physiology and dreams. The sleep cycle and evolution of sleep across age groups is examined. Finally, the mechanisms of sleep/wake regulation, including the two-process model of circadian and homeostatic processes, and functions of sleep physiologically and psychologically are outlined.
The document provides an overview of sleep physiology, including:
(1) It describes the differences between sleep and coma, and defines Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep and Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep.
(2) It explains that NREM and REM sleep alternate throughout the night in cycles lasting approximately 90 minutes, with NREM occupying around 75-80% of sleep time.
(3) The document discusses current theories about the neural basis of sleep, including the roles of serotonin, melatonin, and cholinergic neurons in regulating sleep-wake cycles and inducing different sleep stages.
This document summarizes various methods used to screen for hypnotic activity of drugs. It describes tests such as potentiation of hexobarbital sleeping time in mice, experimental insomnia induced by foot shocks in rats, and EEG registration in conscious cats. These tests evaluate how candidate drugs alter sleep-wake cycles and sleep architecture by measuring parameters like duration of sleep induced by hexobarbital, levels of wakefulness during foot shock stress, and changes in EEG wave patterns during different sleep stages. Modifications to the methods aimed to improve efficiency and translate findings to humans are also discussed.
2010 09-24-闕志克老師-cloud computing where do we gonccuscience
1) The document discusses cloud computing and Taiwan's positioning in the cloud computing industry. It outlines the basic concepts of cloud computing including infrastructure as a service, platform as a service, and software as a service models.
2) It examines where Taiwan can fit within the cloud computing "food chain" and identifies opportunities in becoming a major hardware/software solution provider for cloud service providers through developing technologies like container computers and cloud operating systems.
3) The conclusion emphasizes that cloud computing involves consolidation of IT infrastructures and usage-based resource allocation. It also states that ITRI's integrated data center solution of Container Computer 1.0 and Cloud OS 1.0 could provide 80% of the functionality of current market leaders
This document provides an overview of the physiology of sleep. It discusses the regulation and definition of sleep, the stages of sleep including REM and NREM sleep, and the electrophysiological criteria for sleep stages. It also summarizes the organization of sleep in adults, the effects of sleep on various body systems like the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine system. Finally, it outlines the neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness including the roles of the reticular activating system, hypocretin, VLPO area, and other sleep-promoting substances.
The document discusses biological rhythms and sleep. It describes circadian rhythms regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus and synchronized to the light-dark cycle via the retinohypothalamic pathway. Sleep has two states - slow-wave sleep and REM sleep - which alternate in cycles. Neural circuits in the forebrain, brainstem, pons, and hypothalamus regulate sleep-wake states. Sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and REM behavior disorder. Maintaining good sleep hygiene can help treat disorders.
The document discusses various topics related to sleep including:
- The stages of sleep including NREM (stages 1-4) and REM sleep.
- The neurobiology and physiology of sleep regulation involving brain structures like the hypothalamus, basal forebrain, and brainstem nuclei.
- Key factors that influence sleep-wake cycles like the circadian rhythm, neurotransmitters, hormones, and the two-process model of sleep regulation involving homeostatic and circadian processes.
This document provides an overview of sleep, including its definition, stages, neurobiology, and relevance to psychiatry. It describes the two main types of sleep - REM and NREM sleep - and the different stages of NREM sleep. The neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness involves separate but interacting systems in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain. Key structures and neurotransmitters that promote wakefulness include the ascending reticular activating system, locus ceruleus, tuberomamillary nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, and hypocretin. Age and circadian rhythms also influence sleep patterns.
The document summarizes key topics related to sleep and biological rhythms. It discusses measures of sleep such as EEG and EMG recordings, the stages and cycles of sleep including non-REM and REM sleep, functions of sleep regarding restoration and dreaming, and neural regulation of arousal and different sleep states. It also covers circadian rhythms controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and seasonal rhythms interacting with the pineal gland and melatonin secretion.
- Animals generate circadian and circannual rhythms that regulate sleep/wake cycles, eating/drinking patterns, temperature, hormone secretion and other functions on 24-hour and yearly cycles respectively.
- Humans have a circadian rhythm slightly longer than 24 hours that is reset by light/dark cues. Disruption of circadian rhythms can cause jet lag. The suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates circadian rhythms.
- Sleep stages include NREM (stages 1-4) and REM sleep. REM is characterized by dreaming and paralysis while NREM deepens across stages 1-4. Sleep aids restoration, energy conservation, memory consolidation and more.
Basic science of sleep by dr. rujul modiRujul Modi
The document provides an overview of the basic science of sleep. It discusses the stages of sleep including REM and NREM sleep. It describes the neurobiology and physiology of sleep, including the structures and neurotransmitters involved in regulating sleep and wakefulness. The document also discusses how sleep is organized in cycles and how it changes with age. It provides definitions of sleep and covers topics like the functions of sleep and its assessment.
Neurobiology of sleep_disorders_lattova(5280ab0cb6099)Hena Jawaid
This document provides an overview of neurobiology of sleep and sleep disorders. It defines normal sleep, describes the circadian rhythm and two-process model that regulate sleep-wake cycles. It outlines the reticular activating system and flip-flop switch that control transitions between wake and sleep states. Non-REM and REM sleep are characterized based on EEG patterns. Polysomnography and other tools for measuring sleep are discussed. Common sleep disorders like insomnia are introduced.
The document provides an overview of normal sleep physiology and sleep disorders. It discusses the stages of normal sleep including NREM and REM sleep. It describes how sleep is regulated by the circadian rhythm and sleep homeostasis processes. Several sleep disorders are classified according to the DSM-V and ICSD including insomnia disorders, sleep-related breathing disorders, hypersomnolence disorders, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, parasomnias, and sleep-related movement disorders. Primary insomnia disorders include chronic insomnia disorder, short-term insomnia disorder, and psychophysiological insomnia characterized by heightened arousal and learned sleep-preventing associations.
The document discusses electroencephalography (EEG) patterns during different states of consciousness such as wakefulness and sleep. It describes the different sleep stages including non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. NREM sleep involves high-amplitude slow waves while REM sleep involves low-amplitude fast waves similar to wakefulness. The neural mechanisms controlling arousal, NREM sleep and REM sleep are also summarized.
Sleep has two types - rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. REM sleep is associated with dreaming and eye movements while NREM sleep has four stages with different brain wave patterns. Sleep is regulated by circadian rhythms and homeostasis. The brainstem contains sleep centers like the raphe nucleus and locus ceruleus that induce REM and NREM sleep respectively. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, nightmares, night terrors and somnambulism. Movement disorders during sleep include restless legs syndrome and leg cramps.
This document provides a summary of Dr. A V Srinivasan's presentation on the management of insomnia in the modern era. It begins with background on the Greek and Roman personifications of sleep. It then discusses normal sleep architecture and stages, factors that can affect sleep, and common sleep disorders like insomnia, hypersomnias, circadian rhythm disorders and parasomnias. It also summarizes the effects of neurological/psychiatric conditions and medications on sleep architecture and how diagnosis of sleep disorders is conducted. The overall document provides a comprehensive overview of sleep and sleep disorders.
Sleep involves different stages including non-REM sleep and REM sleep. The stages can be measured through polysomnography which tracks brain activity, eye movements, and muscle activity. Non-REM sleep involves reduced brain and muscle activity and is when most physical restoration occurs. REM sleep involves an active brain and paralyzed muscles except for eye movements; it is when most vivid dreaming occurs. Sleep serves functions like restoration and energy conservation, and is regulated by biological processes in the brain.
The document discusses the neural mechanisms involved in sleep and waking. It mentions several key brain areas and systems:
- The cerebral cortex is responsible for monophasic sleep patterns while the hypothalamus controls polyphasic sleep patterns. Abnormalities in the hypothalamus can cause excessive sleepiness.
- The reticular activating system (RAS) in the brainstem is the primary waking center. Stimulation of the RAS causes arousal while lesions cause somnolence.
- The thalamus also plays a role in arousal through its diffuse thalamic projection system. Electrical stimulation at different frequencies can induce either arousal or sleep.
- Theories of sleep such as the evolutionary theory propose that periods of
Sleep is essential for health and cognitive function. It involves NREM and REM sleep stages measured using polysomnography. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, hypersomnolence, and narcolepsy. Insomnia is difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep and is treated with sleep hygiene, relaxation, and medication. Hypersomnolence involves excessive daytime sleepiness and is treated with stimulants. Narcolepsy involves REM sleep intrusion and is diagnosed by decreased REM latency on polysomnography.
1) All animals have endogenous circadian rhythms that regulate sleep-wake cycles on a 24-hour basis, as well as annual rhythms. The suprachiasmatic nucleus controls circadian rhythms.
2) There are different stages of sleep characterized by different brain wave patterns. Slow-wave sleep predominates early in the night while REM sleep increases later in the night.
3) Various brain structures and neurotransmitters regulate arousal and sleep, including the reticular formation, basal forebrain, hypothalamus, and orexin. Disorders can result from imbalances.
Circadian rhythms refer to biological cycles that occur over approximately 24 hours. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus acts as the master pacemaker regulating circadian rhythms. Lesions to the SCN abolish circadian rhythms, while transplanted SCN tissue can impart rhythms to recipient animals. The SCN receives light input from retinal ganglion cells that contain melanopsin photoreceptors sensitive to blue light wavelengths.
Psychology of Sleep ~ Prof. Dr. Tarek AsaadDr Tarek Asaad
Dr. Tarek Asaad provides definitions and details about sleep psychology and physiology. Sleep is defined and compared to coma and hypnosis. Non-REM sleep and REM sleep are discussed, including their percentages of total sleep time and differences in body physiology and dreams. The sleep cycle and evolution of sleep across age groups is examined. Finally, the mechanisms of sleep/wake regulation, including the two-process model of circadian and homeostatic processes, and functions of sleep physiologically and psychologically are outlined.
The document provides an overview of sleep physiology, including:
(1) It describes the differences between sleep and coma, and defines Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep and Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep.
(2) It explains that NREM and REM sleep alternate throughout the night in cycles lasting approximately 90 minutes, with NREM occupying around 75-80% of sleep time.
(3) The document discusses current theories about the neural basis of sleep, including the roles of serotonin, melatonin, and cholinergic neurons in regulating sleep-wake cycles and inducing different sleep stages.
This document summarizes various methods used to screen for hypnotic activity of drugs. It describes tests such as potentiation of hexobarbital sleeping time in mice, experimental insomnia induced by foot shocks in rats, and EEG registration in conscious cats. These tests evaluate how candidate drugs alter sleep-wake cycles and sleep architecture by measuring parameters like duration of sleep induced by hexobarbital, levels of wakefulness during foot shock stress, and changes in EEG wave patterns during different sleep stages. Modifications to the methods aimed to improve efficiency and translate findings to humans are also discussed.
2010 09-24-闕志克老師-cloud computing where do we gonccuscience
1) The document discusses cloud computing and Taiwan's positioning in the cloud computing industry. It outlines the basic concepts of cloud computing including infrastructure as a service, platform as a service, and software as a service models.
2) It examines where Taiwan can fit within the cloud computing "food chain" and identifies opportunities in becoming a major hardware/software solution provider for cloud service providers through developing technologies like container computers and cloud operating systems.
3) The conclusion emphasizes that cloud computing involves consolidation of IT infrastructures and usage-based resource allocation. It also states that ITRI's integrated data center solution of Container Computer 1.0 and Cloud OS 1.0 could provide 80% of the functionality of current market leaders
The document is a presentation by Edward Chang from Google Research in Beijing. It discusses search and social synergies, including how search can lead to social interactions and vice versa. It also covers the scalability and elasticity challenges of cloud computing platforms at Google's scale. Specific techniques mentioned include distributed latent Dirichlet allocation for modeling large-scale text data and UserRank for evaluating user contributions.
2010 07-26-interdisciplinary research and learningnccuscience
This document summarizes Ming-Yang Kao's talk on interdisciplinary research and learning. The talk covered Kao's research areas including algorithms, finance, DNA self-assembly, and more. It provided examples of projects in predicting stock markets using computational complexity and data compression techniques. The talk also discussed designing index-based stock portfolios as a hard computational problem. Finally, it offered general thoughts on opportunities, values, and strategies for interdisciplinary research and learning.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and well-being.
Through ab initio calculations, researchers discovered the mechanism behind the Verwey transition in magnetite, solving a decades-old problem. The calculations revealed an ordering of t2g orbitals on the iron sublattice in the low-temperature phase. This orbital ordering leads to charge ordering consisting of alternating Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. Resonant x-ray scattering experiments confirmed these findings. The discovery explains the long-standing mystery of the entropy change at the Verwey transition.
The document discusses computing waiting times for queueing systems using queueing theory. It introduces concepts such as average waiting time, variance of waiting time, probability distribution functions of waiting time, M/M/1 queue models, and performance measures like throughput and utilization. Examples are provided to illustrate comparisons between single and multiple server queue models.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
1. SLEEP
S L E E P
國立政治大學 心理學系
由基礎研究到臨床應用 ─
談失眠的病理機制
政治大學心理學系 楊建銘
2. 睡 Outline
Neurophysiological Mechanisms of
Sleep/Wake Regulation
Neurobehavioral Model of Insomnia
SLEEP
Clinical Implications
3. 睡
NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHNISMS
SLEEP
OF SLEEP/WAKE REGULATION
4. Brain Systems
睡 for Sleep/Wake Regulation
“Sleep is of the brain, by the brain and for the brain.”
~ Allan Hobson, 2005, Nature
SLEEP
5. 睡 Neurophysiological Aspects
of Sleep/Wake Regulation
Homeostatic
Two- System
process
SLEEP
model
of sleep
Sleep
regulation
Circadian vs.
System Wake/Arousal
Arousal
System
6. 睡 Neurophysiological Aspects
of Sleep/Wake Regulation
Homeostatic
System
SLEEP
Sleep
Circadian vs.
System Wake/Arousal
Arousal
System
7. 睡 Homeostatic Regulation
of Sleep
The homeostatic sleep drive is determined by the
amount of prior sleep and waking/activities.
SLEEP
16. 睡 Circadian Regulation of Sleep
Genetic control of circadian process
SLEEP
17. 睡 Neurophysiological Aspects
of Sleep/Wake Regulation
Homeostatic
System
SLEEP
Sleep
Circadian vs.
System Wake/Arousal
Arousal
System
18. 睡 Arousal System
The arousal system does not regulate
sleep directly, but may inhibit sleep by
promoting waking and arousal.
SLEEP
Factors that may trigger arousal:
- Sensory stimulus
- Emotion and motivation
21. 睡 Neurophysiological Aspects
of Sleep/Wake Regulation
Homeostatic
System
SLEEP
Sleep
Circadian vs.
System Wake/Arousal
Arousal
System
22. Homeostatic Regulation
睡 in Insomnia
Neurophysiological findings
- Reduced EEG slow wave activity (Merica & Gaillard,
1992)
- Reduced brain GABA measured by Proton
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (Winkelman et al.,
SLEEP
2008)
- The increase of slow wave activity after sleep
deprivation seen in normal sleepers was less
obvious in insomnia patients (Gaillard, 1978; Reynolds
et al., 1984; Schneider-Helmert, Whitehouse, Kumar, &
Lijzenga, 2001)
Psychological/Behavioral factors
- Sleeping outside of the nocturnal sleep period
- Reduced daytime activities
- Increased resting in bed
- Coffee drinking
23. 睡 Neurophysiological Aspects
of Sleep/Wake Regulation
Homeostatic
System
SLEEP
Sleep
Circadian vs.
System Wake/Arousal
Arousal
System
24. Circadian Regulation
睡 in Insomnia
Neurophysiological findings
- Shifting in circadian phase: Circadian
Rhythm Sleep Disorders
SLEEP
- Extreme circadian type or less flexible
circadian system as a predisposing factor
- Decreased melatonin level in insomniacs?
Psychological/Behavioral Factors
- Irregular or changes of sleep-wake schedule
- Sleep-in during weekend to catch up lost sleep
- Lack of environmental time cues (e.g. light
exposure)
25. 睡
SLEEP A Case of Young Adults
Complaining of Insomnia
26. 睡 週末晚睡晚起的影響研究
延後實驗情境 基準實驗情境
pm am pm am
*8:00 10:00 12:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 *8:00 10:00 12:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00
週一至
週四
SLEEP
週五
週六
週日 SSS SSS SSS SSS
VAMS VAMS VAMS VAMS
Sleep Log Sleep Log
Cognitive Tests Cognitive Tests
Wake Sleep * The timing indicated is for subjects whose habitual
bedtime is 11:00 pm and wake-up time is 7:00 am.
28. 睡 Sunday Night Sleep Logs
Baseline Delayed
Item Mean SD Mean SD t p
SLEEP
SOL 12.98 15.86 19.69 27.98 1.81 0.083
WASO 1.13 2.03 0.67 1.33 -1.33 0.196
TBT 476.74 37.51 474.41 38.13 -0.66 0.516
TST 465.65 39.39 454.00 44.06 -1.78 0.087
Sleep Quality 5.62 1.17 5.62 1.13 0.00 1.000
Diff. Waking 3.31 1.38 3.35 1.47 0.14 0.890
29. Cognitive Tests
睡 on Monday Morning
Controlled Oral Word-list
Word Association Memory Test
30 12
SLEEP
Number 25 10
of 20 8
Words
Baseline Week
15 6
Delayed Week
10 4
5 2
0 0
t = -3.49, p = .002 t = -2.71, p = .011
31. 睡 Salivary DLMO: After delayed
weekend schedule
24.00
#1
23.00 #2
SLEEP
#4
Time
22.00 #5
#7
21.00 #11
#12
#16
20.00
#17
#19
19.00 Average
Friday Monday
32. 睡 Neurophysiological Aspects
of Sleep/Wake Regulation
Homeostatic
System
SLEEP
Sleep
Circadian vs.
System Wake/Arousal
Arousal
System
33. Arousal System
睡 in Insomnia
Physiological hyperarousal, as measured by
- CNS activities: e.g. EEG, PET, ……
- ANS indices: e.g. heart rate, HRV, VO2, ……
SLEEP
- Stress related hormones
Psychological/Behavioral Factors
- Stress
- Emotional disturbances
- Cognitive hyperarousal
- Conditioning of arousal
- Use of stimulants
34. 睡
SLEEP ERPs in the first 5 min S2 sleep
(Yang & Lo, 2007)
35. 睡 Neurobehavioral Model
of Insomnia
Psychological/Behavioral Neurophysiological
Facotrs Systems
Homeostatic
SLEEP
Behavioral
Practices System
Sleep
Sleep Circadian vs.
Cognition System Wake/Arousal
Emotional
Arousal Arousal
System
37. 睡 Dysfunctional Sleep Beliefs
in Young Adults (19.7±1.5 years old)
Table 1. Group comparisons between subjects with frequent sleep disturbance (WSD) and without frequent sleep disturbance
(NSD) of the scores on the FIRST and the DBAS-10
WSD group NSD group
SLEEP
Effect
(N = 383) (N = 145) Size*
Mean SD Mean SD F p
FIRST 22.6 4.75 18.88 4.76 64.17 < .001 0.78
DBAS-10
Total Score 60.91 14.4 53.29 15.01 28.76 < .001 0.52
Factor I 32.81 8.78 30.27 9.29 8.55 0.004 0.29
Factor II 16.43 5.17 13.72 5.04 29.35 < .001 0.53
Factor III 11.67 4.08 9.3 4.1 35.29 < .001 0.58
* Cohen's d effect size for the mean difference.
38. 睡 Dysfunctional Beliefs vs. Vulnerability to
Insomnia in Non-insomniac Young Adults
Table II. Correlations between the FIRST score and the DBAS-10 factor and item scores in the subjects
without frequent sleep disturbance (N = 145)
Correlation with
Factor/Item Content
the FIRST score
DBAS Factor I Beliefs about the immediate negative consequences of insomnia 0.27**
SLEEP
Beliefs about the long-term negative consequences of insomnia
DBAS Factor II 0.33**
DBAS Factor III Beliefs about the need for control over insomnia 0.35 **
DBAS-10 01 Need 8 hours of sleep to function 0.15**
DBAS-10 02 Need to catch up on poor sleep 0.12**
DBAS-10 03 Insomnia seriously affects health 0.18**
Should stay in bed and try harder when having sleep problems
DBAS-10 04 0.10*
DBAS-10 05 Worried may lose control of sleep 0.22**
DBAS-10 06 Poor sleep will interfere with daytime activities 0.22**
DBAS-10 07 Poor sleep disturbs daytime mood 0.25**
DBAS-10 08 Poor night’s sleep affects the whole week 0.29**
DBAS-10 09 Lack of energy due to poor sleep 0.22**
DBAS-10 10 No control over racing mind 0.43**
DBAS-10 Total
Score 0.38**
*p<0.05; ** p<0.01
39. 睡 Maladaptive Sleep-Related Behaviors
Normal young adults: Sleep hygiene practices
correlated significantly with subjective sleep
quality as well as with daytime sleepiness
SLEEP
(Brown et al., 2002; Mastin et al., 2006).
Insomnia patients: They were found to
engaged in poorer sleep hygiene practices in
some studies (Lacks & Rotert, 1986; Kohn &
Espie, 2005; Jefferson, 2005), but not in the
other studies (Harvey, 2000; McCrae et al.,
2006).
46. Pathological Model of Insomnia:
睡 An Example
人格特質
SLEEP
生理
亢奮 不當的因應/認知
壓力原 暫時性失眠 長期失眠
認知
亢奮
47. 睡 Pathological Model of Insomnia:
An Example
人格特質
SLEEP
生理
亢奮 不當的因應/認知
壓力原 暫時性失眠 長期失眠
認知
亢奮
48. NIH 2005 State of the Science
睡 Conference Statement
“Behavioral and CBTs have demonstrated efficacy in
RCTs.”
“there are indications that the beneficial effects of CBT,
SLEEP
in contrast to those produced by medications, may last
well beyond the termination of treatment.”
“There is no evidence that such treatment produces
adverse effects, but thus far, there has been little, if
any, study of this possibility.”
“However, because few clinicians are experts in the
use of CBT for the treatment of chronic insomnia,
these techniques are not in widespread use.”
49. CBT vs. Hypnotic for Sleep
睡
SLEEP Maintenance Insomnia in Elderly
Morin et al. JAMA 1999; 281:991-999.
50. 睡 CBT vs. Hypnotic for
Sleep-Onset Insomnia
60
Changes in Sleep Latency, %
50
SLEEP
40
30
Mid-Tx
20 Post-Tx
10
0
CBT Combination Pharmacotherapy Placebo
Therapy
Treatment Condition
(Jacobs, G.D., et al. Ach Intern Medicine 2004;164: 1888-1896)
51. 睡 CBT for Insomnia
Changes of
Sleep Cognition
Changes of
Sleep Behaviors
SLEEP
Understanding Stabilization &
Adjustment of
Better
the Pathological
Model of Insomnia Circadian Rhythms Sleep!!
Stress Management
& Relaxation
Training
Hypnotics
Tapering
52. 睡 Treatment Outcome: ISI
Treatment effect: F = 56.8, p < .001
Group effect: F = .27, p = .77
Interaction: F = 18.15, p < .001
SLEEP
25
***
20 ***
15
ISI-pre ISI-post
10
5
0
CBT COMB PT
*** p < .001