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從國際神經科學發展趨勢
 談政大的心腦研究:
以「大腦多巴胺能為你做什麼?」為例


        Ruey-Ming Liao (廖瑞銘)

            Institute of Neuroscience
           Department of Psychology
   Research Center for Mind, Brain and Learning

   National Cheng-Chi University (國立政治大學)




                                                  Nov. 23, 2009
Brain Dopamine
and Reward Learning
54 years ago, James Olds and Peter Milner at
McGill University discovered Intracranial Self
Stimulation (ICSS).
Dopamine systems in the brain
• Origins:
   – Substantia nigra (A9)                大腦多巴胺系統
   – Ventral tegmental area (A10)


• Dopamine pathways:
   – Nigrostriatal: A9 to striatum
   – Mesolimbic: A10 to nucleus accumbens
   – Mesocortical: A10 to prefrontal cortex




                       A9
                       A10
過去的研究顯示大腦多巴胺是
支配酬賞動機的神經基礎

a “bottom-up” perspective of dopamine
reward
- any “top-down” cognitive involvement ??



< Phillips, Vacca & Ahn (2008) Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 90: 236-249 >
Why conditioned behavior?
為什麼需要動物制約行為模式進行研究
• Behavior can be classified into three levels
  in terms of learning theory in
  psychobiology
  – reflexive or non-learned: locomotor activity
  – stimulus-response (S-R) conditioning
     • Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning / S-S
     • Operant (instrumental) conditioning / R-S
  – cognition
研究方法
• Animal behavioral models (of the rat)
   – conditioned place preference
   – contrast
   – choice
• Pharmacological treatments
   – amphetamine & dopamine receptor blocker
• Neurotoxic lesions in dopamine related areas
  of the brain
Conditioned Place Preference (CPP)
         場地制約偏好行為
• Procedure.
  – 前測 pretest
  – 制約 conditioning
     • Drug-paired.
     • Saline-paired.
  – 後測 posttest
周邊注射 amphetamine or cocaine
  引發場地制約偏好行為的學習




                Liao et al. (1998) Chin J Physiol 41: 85-92
中樞注射 AMP or COC 於依核
 引發場地制約偏好行為的學習




           Liao et al. (2000) Life Sci, 67, 2033-2043
中樞注射多巴胺受器拮抗劑(SCH & RAC)於依核
  阻斷AMP引發的場地制約偏好行為的學習

                        350           *                          saline-paired
                                                                 amphetamine-paired
                        280




           TIME (sec)
                        210


                        140


                          70

                                     8         7        8         8           7
                           0
                                  Vehicle      1μg       10μg      1μg        10μg
                                                   SCH23390           Raclopride




                        Liao (2008) Pharmacol Biochem Behav 89(3): 367-373.
Contrast: reward value comparison


• Negative contrast 負向對比 (由奢入簡)
  – 32 % down to 4 %


• Anticipatory contrast
  – 4% now, but 32% later
Successive negative contrast (SNC)
                          B1                                         B2
  Control                 4%                                         4%
   group                Sucrose                                    Sucrose 
(unshifted)             solution                                   solution

                          B1
                                                                      B2
 Contrast                32%                                         4%
  group                 Sucrose                                    Sucrose
 (shifted)              solution                                   solution
    Licking frequency




                                                         shifted
                                   Training sessions (days)
Automated lickometer (single tube for SNC)
Benzodiazepines
   & negative contrast
抗焦慮症藥物減弱負向對比行為




Systemic injection of
diazepam attenuates the
negative contrast as
manipulated by shifting
sucrose solution from 32%
down to 4 %.



Liao & Chuang (2003) Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 74: 953-960
Local infusion of diazepam into amygdala, but not
   dorsal hippocampus, attenuated negative contrast.




Liao & Chuang (2003) Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 74: 953-960
Most of previous data show that
benzodiazepines encounter the
anxiety reaction under the
negative contrast.

Q: Is brain dopamine involved in
the negative contrast?
Decreased DA
 efflux in nucleus
 accumbens and
 successive
 negative contrast




Phillips et al (2008) Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 90: 236-249
increased DA
  efflux in nucleus
  accumbens and
  successive
  positive contrast




Phillips et al (2008) Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 90: 236-49
Anticipatory contrast (AC)
                                             B1                                     B2
               Control                       4%       Interval (ISI) 30 s           4%
                group                     Sucrose                                 Sucrose 
             (unshifted)                  solution                                solution

                                                                                      B2
                                             B1
                        Contrast             4%                                      32% 
                                                      Interval (ISI) 30 s
                         group            Sucrose 
                        (shifted)
                                                                                   Sucrose 
                                          solution                                 solution




                                                                                              Licking frequency, B2
Licking frequency, B1




                                    預期對比效果




                           Training sessions (days)                Training sessions (days)
Automated lickometer (double tubes for AC)
orbitofrontal cortex;
        OFC             nucleus accumbens core;
                                 NACc
                                                  basolateral amygdala;
                                                           BLA
Lesion of OFC attenuated AC effects
                                                        OFC Sham Lesion
                      10
                           B1                                       B2
Licking Volume (ml)


                      8
                                                              *
                                              *       * * * *   *
                      6                 * *       *
                                    *
                      4

                      2
                                                                                 4% - 4% (n = 7)
                                                                                 4% - 32% (n = 7)
                      0
                           0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
                                                               Days


                                                          OFC Lesion
                      10
                            B1                                      B2
Licking Volume (ml)




                       8
                                                                *
                       6

                       4

                       2
                                                                                 4% - 4% ( n = 7)
                                                                                 4% - 32% (n = 8)
                       0
                           0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
                                                           Days
Lesion of NACc attenuated AC effects
                                                         NACc Sham Lesion
                              10
                                    B1                               B2
        Licking Volume (ml)



                               8                      * * * * * *
                                                * * *
                               6

                               4

                               2
                                                                                         4% - 4% (n = 8)
                                                                                         4% - 32% (n = 8)
                               0
                                   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
                                                                 Days

                                                            NACc Lesion
                          10
                                   B1                               B2
Licking Volume (ml)




                              8

                              6

                              4

                              2
                                                                                         4% - 4% (n = 7)
                                                                                         4% - 32% (n = 8)
                              0
                                  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
                                                                 Days
Lesion of BLA did not affect AC effects
                                                    BLA Sham Lesion
                       10
                             B1                                  B2
Liking Volume (ml)



                        8
                                                   * *     * *
                        6
                                             * *       * *
                                           *
                                     * *
                        4

                        2
                                                                                  4% - 4% (n = 7)
                                                                                  4% - 32% (n = 8)
                        0
                            0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
                                                            Days

                                                       BLA Lesion
                       10
                             B1                                  B2
 Licking Volume (ml)




                        8

                                                           * *
                        6
                                           *   * * * * *
                        4              *

                        2
                                                                                  4% - 4% (n = 6)
                                                                                  4% - 32% (n = 8)
                        0
                            0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

                                                            Days
Is brain dopamine related
to higher order cognition?

behavior learned beyond S-R association
Run-climb-run (RCR) behavioral task

• a goal-directed behavior based on reward
  motivation

• dopamine dependent
 - SCH23390 & raclopride suppress RCR


• from simple motivation to complex choice
  – Any motivated behavior can be based on the
    analysis of cost and benefit.
Choice on RCR:
(high cost high benefit vs. low cost low benefit)
  Training phase 1: short rope




   Training phase 2: long rope




     Test: concurrence choice task
Nucleus accumbens, but not dorsolateral striatum,
involved in the choice response on a run-climb-
run behavioral task
100                       100


 80                        80


 60                       60


40                        40


20                         20


  0                         0
Limbic circuitry involved in drug
 reward and addiction behavior




             Everitt & Robbins (2005) Nat. Neurosci. 8:1481-9
Stimulant (cocaine) induced D1 receptor
associated intracellular signaling events




                    Anderson & Pierce (2005) Pharmacol & Therap 106:389-403
多元化的神經科學研究
神經科學的國際發展趨勢
• Society for Neuroscience
   – 1970 年成立(年會出席人數約一千人)
Society for Neuroscience 2009 年會
• 2009 年年會出席人數約三萬七千人
Journal of Neuroscience
      研究主題分類
‧細胞與分子神經科學
‧行為神經科學
‧認知神經科學(社會神經科學)
‧系統神經科學(計算神經科學)
‧臨床神經科學(神經病理)
國立政治大學
心智、大腦與學習研究中心
Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Learning



    發展國際一流大學及
     頂尖研究中心計畫
校內跨單位的研究人力組合




心理系   資科系    應數系      心腦學中心




經濟系   教育學系   師資培育中心    神經科學
                       研究所
研究成員

心腦學中心              資訊科學系
       藍 亭   楊立行
                    陳良弼    蔡子傑   李蔡彥 廖文宏


心理系
顏乃欣   柯美全
                   語言所     經濟系 教育系
                            陳樹衡        詹志禹
                    何萬順
                    萬依萍
廖瑞銘   黃淑麗    蔡介立



                   應用數學系 師資培育中心
許文耀   楊建銘            陸 行         葉玉珠
以神經科學的方式探測
  研究主題: 大腦的認知運作



                                 情感神經科學
神經經濟學                            Affective
Neuroeconomics                   Neuroscience


                                  計算神經科學
教育神經科學                     Computational Neuroscience
Educational Neuroscience
研究成果:質量兼俱


2007-2009 年心腦學中心期刊論文發表成果—
     SCI 及SSCI 類期刊之篇數統計
研究成果:質量兼俱


   2007-2009 年心腦學中心期刊論文發表成果—
SCI 及SSCI 類期刊之Impact Factor 平均分數統計表
研究成果:質量兼俱


 2007-2009 年心腦學中心期刊論文發表成果—
SCI 及SSCI 類期刊之影響係數(Impact Factor, IF )統計

               3.5
                                             SCI
                 3
                                             SSCI
                                             SCI & SSCI
     IF 平均分數




               2.5

                 2

               1.5

                 1

               0.5
                     2007年   2008年   2009年
研究成果
 依2007年評鑑雙月刊第九期所刊載
 「各大學精神病學/心理學學門整合資料」中,
 IF平均分數:中正大學— 1.4; 台灣大學— 2.3
未來遠景


持續推動”拔尖”的研究
-體感“痛”與“癢”覺的神經藥理機制
-以眼動機制探討閱讀相關的認知歷程
-以神經經濟學探討認知、心理、文化因子的複雜度

強化跨領域之心腦研究及技術研發
未來遠景:持續推動”拔尖”的研究
未來遠景:持續推動”拔尖”的研究


「趨樂避苦」的神經心理藥理學
  (neuropsychopharmacology)
- 體感“痛”與“癢”覺的神經藥理機制
- 酬賞動機的神經機制
未來遠景:持續推動”拔尖”的研究
未來遠景:持續推動”拔尖”的研究


閱讀與大腦的認知神經科學
-以眼動儀探討閱讀相關的認知歷程
網頁閱讀     中文閱讀      繪本閱讀




                          女性




                          男性
未來遠景:持續推動”拔尖”的研究
 未來遠景:持續推動”拔尖”的研究


神經經濟學
- 以神經經濟學探討認知、心理、文化因子的複雜度
  (跨校國科會整合計畫已啟動)
- 積極參與國際推動神經經濟學交流活動
  Board of Society for Neuroeconomics(顏乃欣)
未來遠景:強化跨領域之心腦研究


形成研究團隊爭取國科會大型整合型計畫
- 以情意計算與主動計算技術建構優質學習、休閒及睡眠之環境
  (3年期,1783萬元;已執行完成)

- 神經科學跨領域研究人才培育規劃 (3年期,3089萬元;執行中)

- 情緒標準刺激與反應常模的基礎研究 (3年期,1276萬元*3;執行
中)

- 認知、心理、與文化因子的突現性複雜現象:
  整合代理人基計算經濟學、實驗經濟學、與腦神經經濟學之研究架構
  (3年期;執行中)

- 政陽團隊「台灣心智科學腦造影中心」MRI / MEG建置計畫
  (2年期,經費預估約2.6億元;已提出申請,審查中)
未來遠景

       政治大學
       讓台灣人看見未來遠景
       心腦研究
       讓政大人遇見”認知學習”
       世界在改變
       我們要加速因應之
       挑戰顛峰,超越自我
a learning brain in our mind
acknowledgement
• National Science Council
• those students worked in my lab
Thank you for your attention
   driven by dopamine

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