Science fiction involves speculative elements based on established scientific laws or postulated future scientific discoveries. It differs from fantasy in grounding imaginary elements in science. Common themes include settings in the future, outer space, or involving new technology. Popular subgenres include hard science fiction focusing on physics; soft science fiction focusing on social sciences; cyberpunk set in dystopian near-futures dominated by corporations; and space opera featuring large-scale adventures in space. Recurring characters include aliens, cyborgs with enhanced abilities, mutants, espers with psychic powers, and hive minds occupying multiple bodies.