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- 1. SPAC MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLOContact About Us Photo Home O U T E R S C I E N C E 8
- 2. MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLOContact About Us Photo Home WELCOME, ASTRONAUTS. Learn More
- 3. a near-perfect vacuumwithout any air. It is not empty: it contains many forms of radiation, as well as particles of gas, dust, and other matter floating around the void. From the Earth, we can observe planets, stars, and galaxies that are within 46.5 billion light-years in any direction from our planet. This region of space is called the observable universe. The estimated age of the universe is from 11.4 billion to 13.8 billion years. MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLO Contact About Us Photo Home SPA CE
- 4. For all intentsand purposes, outer space is basically what lies beyond the Earth’s atmosphere. For example, the Sun, planets, stars, and galaxies - all these things are in outer space. The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) satellite was the first to detect it, but it was only when scientists re-analyzed the data that the discovery was made. So does this mean that the Moon, the International Space Station, and thousands of satellites all orbit the Earth in inner space, and not outer space? If we were to stick to the definition of “inner space” then yes, but there’s a broader definition of space we need to consider. MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLO Contact About Us Photo Home ABOUT OUTER SPACE
- 5. From our Earth-boundperspective, outer space is everything that lies outside the boundary separating the Earth from space. There are different definitions of where exactly outer space begins. The most widely used boundary is Karman’s line, which sits 100 km above mean sea level. Starting from this mark, the air becomes too thin for regular aircraft (relying on lift) to fly. MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLO Contact About Us Photo Home ABOUT OUTER SPACE Earth ends and outer space starts at the Kármán line, some 62 miles (100 kilometers) above the planet’s surface. KARMAN’S LINE
- 6. MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLOContact About Us Photo Home Outer space can be divided into several regions. They are determined by magnetic fields and “winds” that dominate within them. OUTER SPACE STRUCTURE • Geospace is the region of outer space near the Earth. It lies between the Earth’s upper atmosphere and the outermost reaches of the Earth’s magnetic field. • Interplanetary space is the outer space within the Solar System. It is defined by the solar wind, which forms a heliosphere – a giant “bubble” around the Sun and its planets. At heliopause (the outer edge of the heliosphere), it passes over into interstellar space. • Interstellar space is the physical space between the star systems in a galaxy. It is filled with the interstellar medium (ISM), which consists of gas and dust. • Intergalactic space is the physical space between galaxies. It is very close to a total vacuum, as it’s generally free of dust and debris.
- 7. OUR SOLAR SYSTEM MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLOContact About Us Photo Home Our solar system includes the Sun, eight planets, five officially named dwarf planets, and hundreds of moons, and thousands of asteroids and comets. Our solar system is located in the Milky Way, a barred spiral galaxy with two major arms, and two minor arms. Our Sun is in a small, partial arm of the Milky Way called the Orion Arm, or Orion Spur, between the Sagittarius and Perseus arms. Our solar system orbits the center of the galaxy at about 515,000 mph (828,000 kph). It takes about 230 million years to complete one orbit around the galactic center. Our solar system extends much farther than the planets that orbit the Sun. The solar system also includes the Kuiper Belt that lies past Neptune's orbit. This is a ring of icy bodies, almost all smaller than the most popular Kuiper Belt Object – dwarf planet Pluto.
- 8. OUR SOLAR SYSTEM MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLOContact About Us Photo Home Beyond the fringes of the Kuiper Belt is the Oort Cloud. This giant spherical shell surrounds our solar system. It has never been directly observed, but its existence is predicted based on mathematical models and observations of comets that likely originate there. Our solar system extends much farther than the planets that orbit the Sun. The solar system also includes the Kuiper Belt that lies past Neptune's orbit. This is a ring of icy bodies, almost all smaller than the most popular Kuiper Belt Object – dwarf planet Pluto. The Oort Cloud is made of icy pieces of space debris - some bigger than mountains – orbiting our Sun as far as 1.6 light-years away. This shell of material is thick, extending from 5,000 astronomical units to 100,000 astronomical units. One astronomical unit (or AU) is the distance from the Sun to Earth, or about 93 million miles (150 million kilometers).
- 9. MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLOContact About Us Photo Home OTHER MEMBERS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM our planet is just a small part of the Solar system. Solar System is also a part of a bigger galaxy - one of the many galaxies in a universe. The most common and familiar members of the solar system are: the Sun, Planets, and the Moons. However, there are other celestial bodies up there.
- 10. MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLOContact About Us Photo Home
- 11. MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLOContact About Us Photo Home ASTERO IDS • AKA “minor planets” or “planetoids” (star-like bodies) • airless rocky and metallic objects - too small to be called as planets. • SIZE: the largest at about 329 miles (530 kilometers) in diameter – to bodies that are less than 33 feet (10 meters) across. The total mass of all the asteroids combined is less than that of Earth's Moon. • 1801 (CERES) - 1st discovered asteroid by Giuseppe Piazzi.
- 12. CER ES 2 PALLA S MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLOContact About Us Photo Home A S T E R O I D S • Largest object in the Asteroid’s Belt. • 974 km in diameter • 25% of mass of all asteroids combined • second most massive body in the main asteroid belt, accounting for almost 9% of the total mass of all asteroids. 4 VESTA • third largest asteroid. • It is named after Pallas Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom. 10 HYGIE A • Fourth largest asteroid in the Solar System, measuring 434 kilometers in diameter. • is in the constellation of Pisces
- 13. 2.1-3.3 Astronomical Unit(AU) MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLO Contact About Us Photo Home Most Asteroids found in the Asteroid Belt A S T E R O I D S 1 AU = 149, 603, 500 km
- 14. S- TYPE MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLOContact About Us Photo Home • 75% of known asteroids. • dark or almost coal- black. • CONSISTS: Clay and silicate rocks. Very similar to Carbonaceous chondrite meteorites; some claims that composition is similar to sun - EXCEPT with H, He, C L A S S E S O F A S T E R O I D S C- TYPE • 17% of known asteroids. • relatively bright, reddish to greenish in color. • CONTAINS: stony materials, nickel iron, and magnesium silicate materials. M- TYPE • 8% of known asteroids. • CONTAINS: metallic elements. • bright, reddish in color, made up mostly of pure nickel-iron.
- 15. MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLOContact About Us Photo Home
- 16. MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLOContact About Us Photo Home COMETS • AKA “dirty snowballs” or “icy mudballs” • MADE UP: frozen water, super cold methane, ammonia, CO2 ices • Gottfried Kirch - the first telescopic discovery of a comet was made by Kirch. • They orbit the sun in highly elliptical orbits that can take hundreds of thousands of years to complete. • According to NASA, as of January 2023, the current number of known comets is 3,743. • Comets are large objects made of dust and ice that orbit the Sun. Best known for their long, streaming tails, these ancient objects are leftovers from the formation of the solar system 4.6 billion years ago. • Comets are mostly found way out in the solar system. Some exist in a wide disk beyond the orbit of Neptune called the Kuiper Belt.
- 17. MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLOContact About Us Photo Home 1 0 P O P U L A R C O M E T S HALLEY’S COMET • most famous of all comets. • OBSERVED BY: Edmund Halley (1682). He correctly predicted it would return in 1757. • 8 kilometres (5 miles) wide and 16 km (10 miles) long, travels around the Sun every 75 to 76 years in an elongated orbit. SHOEMA KER LEVY-9 HYAKUT AKE HALE BOPP • distinguished itself by breaking into 21 pieces under the stresses of Jupiter’s gravity in 1992 and then slamming in succession into the giant planet in 1994. • An icy-blue blob with a faint gas tail created the most spectacular comet display for 20 years as Comet Hyakutake passed just 15 million kilometres (9.3 million miles) from Earth. • It was the closest the comet had come to the Sun in 9000 years. The comet left astronomers puzzled as it produced X-rays 100 times more intense than predicted. • Comet Hale Bopp made its closest approach to Earth for 4000 years in January 1997. The last time the cosmic wanderer was seen near Earth was during the Bronze age in 2000 BC.
- 18. MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLOContact About Us Photo Home 1 0 P O P U L A R C O M E T S COMET BORRELLY • Comet Borrelly was only the second to be spied close-up by a spacecraft. NASA’s Deep Space 1 paid a visit in 2001 and gave researchers a detailed glimpse of the comet’s pitch-black core. Its snapshots revealed that the rocky nucleus is shaped like a giant 8-kilometer-long bowling pin, and the entire comet is curiously lopsided. COMET ENCKE TEMPEL- TUTTEL COMET WILD 2 • the second comet discovered to be periodic, by German Astronomer Johann Franz Encke in 1819. • the progenitor of the annual Leonid meteor shower. Thousands of shooting stars streak across the night sky every November, as the Earth passes through the dust particles and rocky meteoroids haphazardly shed by the comet. • Very bright meteor showers were seen in 2002 as Earth passed through debris trails left in 1767 and 1866. But astronomers have predicted that these may have been the last major Leonid storms for up to 30 years. . • visited by NASA’s Stardust in January 2004. • roughly 5 km in diameter and riddled with depressions, craters and cliffs. These may have been formed by jets of gas exploding out from beneath the surface.
- 19. MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLOContact About Us Photo Home T O P 1 0 C O M E T S COMET TEMPEL 1 CHURYUMO V- GERASIMEN KO • Tempel 1 is 6 km in size and hurtles along at 10 km (6 miles) per second. Its orbit has been changed by the gravity of Jupiter since it was discovered in 1867, and it now orbits the Sun every 5 to 6 years. • Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenk o – or Chury – in 2014. The co met is thought to be around five kilometers across and cu rrently orbits the sun about every 6.6 years. Its orbit use d to be much larger, but inte ractions with Jupiter’s gravity since 1840 have knocked it i nto a much smaller orbit.
- 20. MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLOContact About Us Photo Home P A R T S O F A C O M E T
- 21. MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLOContact About Us Photo Home
- 22. MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLOContact About Us Photo Home METEOR OIDS • small pieces of stony or metallic space debris - usually parts of a comet that breaks apart orbiting the Sun. • brightest meteors are called FIREBALLS. METEOR SHOWER • Popularly known as “shooting stars” or “falling stars”. • occur annually or at regular intervals as the Earth passes through the trail of dusty debris left by a comet. Meteor showers are usually named after a star or constellation that is close to where the meteors appear in the sky.
- 23. MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLOContact About Us Photo Home ASSIGNME NT 1.What are the Parts of a Comet? Define each. 2.What are Short-Period Comets? 3.What are Long-Period Comets? 4.Define Kuiper Belt. 5.Define Oort Cloud. A. DEFINE B. DIFFERENTIATE Differentiate Meteoroid, Meteors, and Meteorites. 11-05-2024
- 24. THANK MRS. PATRICE KHO-SEDULLOContact About Us Photo Home UNIT II ENDS HERE M I S S I O N A C C O M P L I S H E D
Editor's Notes
- #3 If there’s an outer space, then it stands to reason that there must also be an inner space. This is defined as being the area between the Earth’s surface and the edge of the Earth’s atmosphere. That’s roughly 50 times the Earth’s diameter and well past the Moon. That said, the atmosphere is so incredibly tenuous at that distance that it wasn’t detected until the end of the 20th century.
- #4 If there’s an outer space, then it stands to reason that there must also be an inner space. This is defined as being the area between the Earth’s surface and the edge of the Earth’s atmosphere. That’s roughly 50 times the Earth’s diameter and well past the Moon. That said, the atmosphere is so incredibly tenuous at that distance that it wasn’t detected until the end of the 20th century.
- #5 If there’s an outer space, then it stands to reason that there must also be an inner space. This is defined as being the area between the Earth’s surface and the edge of the Earth’s atmosphere. That’s roughly 50 times the Earth’s diameter and well past the Moon. That said, the atmosphere is so incredibly tenuous at that distance that it wasn’t detected until the end of the 20th century.