Scholarly Communication
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This document summarizes the history of scholarly communication and the ongoing crisis in academic publishing. It discusses the emergence of the first scientific journals in the 17th century and the growth of publishing through the 19th and 20th centuries, driven by technological advances and increases in higher education and research funding. It outlines how commercial academic publishers emerged to take on publishing and distribution, leading to steadily rising subscription costs that strained library budgets. The document then covers the development of open access in response, through initiatives like arXiv, SPARC, and advocacy by library organizations. It notes ongoing innovations in publishing models, tools, and libraries' roles amid significant ongoing changes in the field.
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Scholarly Communication
- 1. Scholarly Communication & the Impact of the Institutional Repository September 21, 2018 Sherry Tinerella, Arkansas Tech, Interdisciplinary Research Series
- 2. First Scientific Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 1665 http://rstl.royalsocietypublishin g.org/content/1/1/0.2.full.pdf+ html
- 3. 19th Century 1814 steam powered cylinder increased the speed of publishing – illustration: Wikipedia • Technology improved • Morrill Act • Public Education H.E. • Increase in Research
- 4. https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2007/10/beep-beep- beep-beep/edwin-marcus-sputnik-cartoon-2/ Mid-20th Century • Sputnik • Increased support for research • Increased funding • Formation of the NSF
- 5. University presses & learned societies turning work over to commercial publishers -> 1979 American Council of Learned Societies –shout out to stakeholders to be mindful of what’s going on. 1980s- First discussions about electronic publishing (Fjallbrant) 1960s 1970s 1980s
- 6. http://southernlibrarianship.icaap.org/content/v09n03/mcguigan_g01.html Faculty/Scholars & Students Need new research available Research funded by institution or government Produce research Academic Journal Publishers Take researcher’s work Publish Peer Review Reading Done by faculty/scholars for publishers Academic Libraries Pay exuberant subscription fees for access to this research
- 7. 1986 – 2003 215% price increase in journal fees while consumer price index rose only 68% (Albert) 2011 Elsevier – the biggest academic- journal publisher $1.2 billion profit Profit margins of 37% (greater than Google or Apple) By the Numbers Research libraries spent 2.7 times more for serials in 1998 to 1999 than in 1985 – 1986 for 6% less titles (Albert) 2008 STM segment 19 billion Top 10 publishers = 43% of the revenue North America 60% of market (McGuigan G.S. & Russell)
- 8. https://www.library.pitt.edu/subscriptions University of Pittsburgh: University Library System Up to 91,000 by 2015 Ulrich’s Pitt ULS
- 9. Association of Research Libraries A division of the American Library Association http://www.arl.org/storage/documents/expenditure-trends.pdf
- 10. Scholarly Publishing Crisis – Unsustainable • Steadily increasing costs – All disciplines • 11.3% annually since 1963 (1997) • 83% increase between 1990 - 1995 • Declining or stagnant budgets • Serials 58% of budget in ARL libraries Library involvement • Cut titles • Form consortia for better pricing • Formation of the Scholarly Publishing & Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC) (Tinerella, 1999) 1990s – The Crisis in Scholarly Publishing
- 11. Image credit: Dave Simonds The Economist (2012) https://www.economist.com/leaders/2012/04/14/open-sesame Open the Gates
- 12. Open Access • 1991 with arXiv – e-print service – sciences Coalition for Networked Information • 1990 founded by ARL & Educause – promote digital information technology to advance scholarship SPARC • 1998 formed by ARL open advocacy
- 13. Action by Groups of Librarians • Promote open access • Advocate through legislation • Open Education Resources • Track big deal cancelations • Alternative business models
- 15. Meanwhile… A whole lot of shakin’ goin’ on Innovations Everywhere: • Web-based sharing • Copyright • Business models • Academic libraries • Hacks
- 17. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05968-3 Newest Tools: Unpaywall Microsoft Academic Search
- 18. Coming Soon to Arkansas Tech: Digital Commons
- 19. Things to Think About How does this information affect you? Do you want to be part of the change? How can your librarian assist you? http://libguides.atu.edu/scholarlycommunication
Editor's Notes
- Oral documentation hand-written Wood block printing 15th century Gutenberg’s printing press Letters, books, newspapers Anagrams and deposit account
- 17th century Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society - 1665 1st peer-reviewed scientific journal 18th century Learned societies publications Commercially produced journals Expanding in quantity
- 1814 steam powered cylinder increased the speed of publishing (Fjällbrant) Image wikimedia 1st american contribution 19th century various improvements to printing technologyv – Morrill Act land-grant for higher ed Centralizing public education More researcher, more publishing, more divisions Quality concern 1933 ARL resolution based on Medical L. A. measure to Not subscribe to journals that practice certain pricing models 1950s In the meantime – European publishing flourishing
- Post Sputnik – forming of the NSF – increased support and funding for research Following European publishing trends Universities let go of disseminating it their findings 1960s key time to have prevented publishing – increase in commercial publishing in the acquisition of top quaity journals 1979 Learned societies – call for mindfulness of stakeholders
- 60’s was the time to nip this.
- 1986 – 2003 215% price increase in journal fees (AJE) Scholarly publishing crisis Library involvement Sparc Vince article Ala involvement Open access Progress Impact of ir
- 1993 – 2009 from – to over 180,000
- Research Gate – Academia.edu SciHub pirates Twitter #icanhazpdf illegal New models for big publishers APC, still making more money Companies to assist with publishing Predatory publishers profitable industry rampant in parts of Asia Copyright model creative commons Collection development Interlibrary loan – use in collection development Librarianship – data management, scholarly communications, digital, etc.
- Jeffrey Beall List Credibility Acceptance