The need to scale is in high demand in an age where everything is moving to the cloud. Though the standard Apache configuration could handle a website with moderate traffic, the minute it gets slash dotted or twitted multiple times could spell an embarrassing crash landing! If you are the administrator of such a website then good luck finding another job! On the other hand you value high availability in the midst of popularity then read on. On this one day workshop, we will show you how to scale your website and webapps to scale to handle thousands of simultaneous sessions the right way. The topics covered will include: - Setting up Apache and NGiNXM - Setting up a sample LAMP web app - Benchmarking Apache performance - Fine tuning Apache to improve performance - Fine tuning NGiNX to improve performance - Discussion about code level improvements when developing custom webapps using PHP

1. Scaling Apache for LAMP
Buddhika Siddhisena
(Co-Founder & CTO of THINKCube Systems)
bud@thinkcube.com | twitter @geekaholic

2. What is Apache
The folk story is that Apache was named after "A-patchy-server", which was the result of NCSA httpd
server being patched a lot. The project was started by Brian Behlendorf
Today, Apache is still the most popular web server out there running more than half of the websites
on the net. It is actively developed by the Apache Software Foundation along with many other software
projects.
Besides its primary function of being a website, Apache can also be configured as a reverse proxy for
load balancing.

3. Installing Apache
The easiest method of installing Apache along with PHP and MySQL (aka LAMP) is to use the tasksel
command.
tasksel
Alternatively install each package manually:
apt-get install apache2 libapache2-mod-php5 mysql-server
Installing a sample LAMP app - Drupal
In order to test out Apache performance as we tune it, it is good to setup a real world full fledged CMS
such as Drupal.
Download the latest version of Drupal from drupal.org
Follow the Drupl setup guide
Install the Devel module into Drupal modules directory
Login to Drupal as admin and using the devel plugin, populate Drupal with sample data for testing
(Configuration -> Development -> Generate Content)

4. Setting up Benchmarking tools
Setup Autobench
Autobench is a handy script to stress test a webserver by sending an increasing number of requests. It
works by calling the httperf tool iteratively with increasing parameters.
Download autobench and follow directions to compile.
In order to plot graphs, you need to install gnuplot via apt. As of this writing, the script used to plot
the graph has a bug calling the current version of gnuplot and requires the following minor
modification.
$ sudo vi which bench2graph
line ~78 should be
echo set style data linespoints >> gnuplot.cmd

5. Baseline benchmark with Autobench
Lets benchmark our standard Apache setup to get an idea of default performance.
autobench --single_host --host1 localhost --uri1 /drupal --quiet
--low_rate 20 --high_rate 200 --rate_step 20 --num_call 10
--num_conn 5000 --timeout 5 --file results.tsv
Basically the above will test a single host, localhost/drupal by sending it 20 connections per second,
each having 10 requests up to 200 connections per second incrementing by 20. The total number of
connections are capped at 5000 while any request that takes more than 5 seconds to respond is
considered unsuccessful.
Plotting the results
Using the result.tsv file and the included bench2graph utility, you can plot a graph into a postscript
file.
bench2graph results.tsv results.ps

7. Tuning Apache - Enable GZip
You can decrease network overhead and make pages load faster, there by reducing the amount of
time a client is connected by compressing pages using gzip. All modern browser support rendering
compressed files.
In order to benchmark its effect, you can install a tool such as Firebug on the client side.

8. Tuning Apache - Enable GZip
Enable the mod_deflate module. On Ubuntu :
a2enmod deflate && a2enmod headers
Then we'll configure deflate to compress everything except images.
sudo vi /etc/apache2/modules-enabled/deflate.conf
1 <Location />
2 # Insert filter
3 SetOutputFilter DEFLATE
4
5 # Don't compress images
6 SetEnvIfNoCase Request_URI .(?:gif|jpe?g|png)$ no-gzip dont-vary
7
8 # Make sure proxies don't deliver the wrong content
9 Header append Vary User-Agent env=!dont-vary
10
11 </Location>

9. Apache configuration tuning
There are a few key parameters that can be tuned:
KeepAlive - By default its set to ON which is good. Clients will make all requests in one shot via
http 1.1.
KeepAliveTimeout - Better to keep it low. Defaults to 15 sec. Make sure thats enough. Rule is 1.5
to 2 times your page load speed.
TimeOut - The default is 5 minutes which might be long to allow for one process. Adjust
accordingly.
StartServers, MinSpareServers, MaxSpareServers - Generally even on a busy site you may not need
to tweak. Apache can self regulate.
MaxClients - The maximum number of clients (threads) Apache will handle simultaneously.

10. Calculating MaxClients
ps -eafly |grep apache2|awk '{print $8}'|sort -n
Use free to figure out how much memory is available. Cache is also considered free memory but you
might want to leave some and not assume all cache will be used.
free
By deviding free memory by the average memory used by an Apache thread, you can estimate the
number of MaxClients.
e.g: Assuming Apache memory usage and free memory are as follows
$ ps -eafly |grep apache2|awk '{print $8}'|sort -n
816
3896
3896
3896
3896
20844
$ free
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 508904 447344 61560 0 141136 213468
-/+ buffers/cache: 92740 416164
Swap: 407544 4364 403180
Memory avail ~= 60000 (free) + 100000 (cached) ~= 160 MB and Memory per thread ~= 4 MB Then a
safe value for MaxClients = 40

11. Improving PHP performance
We can improve PHP performance by
1. Caching pages (useful if dynamic content doesn't change often)
2. PHP Opcode optimizations (pre-compile php)
Fortunately we can get the benefit of both using PHP APC, which is a PHP accellerator!
apt-get install php-apc
You can verify installation by loading a php page having phpinfo(); and searching for apc. Or if you
have php5-cli installed:
php -r "phpinfo();" | grep apc
Using memcached
Memcached is a distributed cache for storing key-value pairs in memory for faster access with
reduced trips to the database. Some popular PHP apps can use memcache if available. memcached
does not instantly accellerate PHP!
apt-get install memcached php5-memcache
service memcached start

12. More Tips for improving performance
Keep DirectoryIndex file list as short as possible.
Whenever possible disable .htaccess via AllowOverride none
Use Options FollowSymLinks to simplify file access process in Apache
Minimize the use of mod_rewrite or at least complex regexs
If logs are unnecessary disable them or log to another server via syslog.
For Deny/Allow rules use IPs rather then domains. (prevents superfluous DNS lookups).
Do not enable HostnameLookups (DNS is slow).
For dynamic sites see if you can separate dynamic vs static content into two servers

13. Scaling Architectures
Buddhika Siddhisena
(Co-Founder & CTO of THINKCube Systems)
bud@thinkcube.com | twitter @geekaholic

14. Architecture overview
In terms of scaling the web server there are few options.
1. Single machine (Scale vertically)
Basically the easiest to setup. Scaling is a matter of buying a better server or upgrading it!
2. App-DB machines (2-Tier)
Separate DB from App, as a result each can be scaled separately.

15. Architecture overview contd...
3. Load balancer + App-DB machines (3-Tier)
Load balancer (aka reverse proxy) will route requests betwen multiple backend HTTP servers while
caching results.

16. Data Independence
It is good to isolate the data from the app by hosting it on a separate server. This was the two aspects
can be scaled independantly. Some methods to consider:
Store DB data on MYSQL running on a separate server
Enable file sharing to share data files using NFS, rsync
Clustering MYSQL across multiple servers using mysqlcluster
Cluster file system via DRDB, GFS2 or as Facebook does using Bittorrent

17. Setting up an HTTP accellerator
using Apache

18. Apache as a reverse proxy
In this setup, the reverse server is what the user will contact while the real webserver can be hidden
behind a private network.
1. On the reverse proxy server :
Enable required modules for caching reverse proxy.
a2enmod proxy
a2enmod proxy_connect
a2enmod proxy_http
a2enmod cache
2. Configure proxy module
vi /etc/apache2/modules-enabled/proxy.conf
1 <Proxy *>
2 AddDefaultCharset off
3 Order deny,allow
4 Deny from all
5 Allow from all
6 </Proxy>
7 ProxyVia On

19. Apache as a reverse proxy contd...
3. Setup (public) virtual host
Next we configure an empty virtual host that is configured to the public site. But instead of showing
the document root we do a reverse proxy.
vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/public-domain.com
1 <VirtualHost *:80>
2
3 ServerName your-public-domain.com
4
5 <Proxy *>
6 Order deny,allow
7 Allow from all
8 </Proxy>
9
10 ProxyPass / http://your-private-domain.com/
11 ProxyPassReverse / http://your-private-domain.com/
12
13 </VirtualHost>
a2ensite public-domain.com
service apache2 reload

20. Using Nginx

21. What is Nginx?
Nginx was designed as a reverse proxy first, and an HTTP server second
Unlike Apache, Nginx uses a non blocking process model
Two modes of operation for Nginx:
1. Use Nginx for the static content and Apache for PHP
2. Use FastCGI to embed PHP

22. Nginx process model in a nutshell
Receive request, trigger events in a process
The process handles all the events and returns the output
Process handles events in parallel
Limitation is PHP can no longer be embedded ( mod_php ) inside process as PHP is not asynchronous
Unlike Apache, Nginx doesn't not have an .htaccess equivelant. You need to reload server after
making any chage, making it difficult to use for shared hosting

23. Using Nginx and Apache side-by-side
In this setup we put Nginx as the frontend http accellerator and Apache as the backend app server. If
you want to run this on the same physical server you'll need to either change the Apache port from 80
to another value or bind and Nginx to their own IP addresses with the same server.
Listen 8080
or using the ip address
Listen 127.0.0.1:8080
Now we're ready to install Nginx
sudo apt-get install nginx

24. Apache style virtual host in Nginx
Nginx uses a different format for defining virtual hosts than Apahche.
1 <VirtualHost>
2 DocumentRoot "/usr/local/www/mydomain.com"
3 ServerName mydomain.com
4 ServerAlias www.mydomain.com
5 CustomLog /var/log/httpd/mydomain_access.log common
6 ErrorLog /var/log/httpd/mydomain_error.log
7 ...
8 </VirtualHost>
becomes...
1 server {
2 root /usr/local/www/mydomain.com;
3 server_name mydomain.com www.mydomain.com;
4
5 # by default logs are stored in nginx's log folder
6 # it can be changed to a full path such as /var/log/...
7 access_log logs/mydomain_access.log;
8 error_log logs/mydomain_error.log;
9 ...
10 }

25. Redirecting all PHP requests to Apache
The following example will server all static content via nginx while redirect dynamic content (php) to
Apache
1 server {
2 listen 80 default;
3 server_name localhost;
4
5 access_log /var/log/nginx/localhost.access.log;
6
7 location / {
8 root /var/www;
9 index index.html index.htm;
10 }
11
12 ## Parse all .php file in the /var/www directory
13 location ~ .php$ {
14 # these two lines tell Apache the actual IP of the client being forwarded
15
16 proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
17 proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
18
19 # this next line adds the Host header so that apache knows which vHost to serve
20
21 proxy_set_header Host $host;
22
23 # And now we pass back to apache
24 proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
25
26 }
27 }

26. References
How To Improve Website Performance (With Drupal, LAMP)
PHP Performance tuning
HipHop compiler by Facebook
How the code you write affects PHP benchmarks
Scaling Facebook with OpenSource tools
Scaling drupal
DRBD for HA distributed file system

27. Thank you
bud@thinkcube.com | twitter @geekaholic