Report on satellite communication

1. SEMINAR ON
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
PRESENTED BY
UDOYEN, EDIDIONG AKPAN (EE/T/13/526)
TO THE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING/TECHNOLOGY
MADONNA UNIVERSITY NIGERIA
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
ENGR. OMECHE AMBROSE
MAY 2018

2. • History
• How Satellite Works
• Kepler’s Law
• Satellite Orbits
• Satellite Launching
• Applications
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Conclusion

3. • Early in October 1957 communications stations started picking up a regular beeping noise coming
from space. The signals were coming from Russia's Sputnik 1, the world's first man-made satellite.
• It was January 1958, before a Jupiter rocket successfully launched Explorer 1, the first American
satellite.
• In July 1963 the Hughes Aircraft Corporation launched the experimental Syncom 2 for NASA, the
world's first geosynchronous communications satellite. Its earlier sister, Syncom 1, had been blown
up on launch earlier that year, but the second version was a huge success. It carried the first live two-
way satellite call between heads of state when President John F. Kennedy in Washington, D.C.,
telephoned Nigerian Prime Minister Abubaker Balewa in Africa.
• The third Syncom satellite transmitted live television coverage of the 1964 Olympic Games from
Tokyo.
• The world's first commercial communications satellite was Early Bird, built for the Communications
Satellite Corporation (COMSAT) by Hughes. The satellite was launched on April 6, 1965, and
placed in commercial service after moving into geosynchronous orbit 22,300 miles above the equator.
That meant it was always on station to provide line of sight communications between Europe and
North America. Early Bird didn't have a battery - and worked only when its solar panels were
exposed to the sun.

4. • A Earth Station sends message in
GHz range. (Uplink)
• Satellite Receive and retransmit
signals back. (Downlink)
• Other Earth Stations receive
message in useful strength area.
(Footprint)

5. • 1st Law: Kepler’s first law states that the path followed by a satellite around its primary (the earth)will be
an ellipse.
• 2nd Law: Kepler’s second law states that for equal intervals of time, the area covered by the satellite will
be same with respect to center of mass of the earth.
• 3rd Law: The square of the periodic time of orbit is proportional to the cube of the mean distance between
the two bodies.
Johann Kepler developed empirically three laws of planetary motion, based on conclusions drawn from the
extensive observations of Mars by Tycho Brahe (taken around the year 1600). While they were originally
defined in terms of the motion of the planets about the Sun, they apply equally to the motion of natural or
artificial satellites about the Earth.

6. • Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO): 36,000 km
above Earth, includes commercial and
military communications satellites, satellites
providing early warning of ballistic missile
launch.
• Medium Earth Orbit (MEO): from 5000 to
15000 km, they include navigation satellites
(GPS).
• Low Earth Orbit (LEO): from 500 to 1000
km above Earth, includes military
intelligence satellites, weather satellites.

7. • First Stage ─ The first stage of launch vehicle contains
rockets and fuel for lifting the satellite along with launch
vehicle from ground.
• Second Stage ─ The second stage of launch vehicle
contains smaller rockets. These are ignited after
completion of first stage. They have their own fuel tanks
in order to send the satellite into space.
• Third Stage ─ The third (upper) stage of the launch
vehicle is connected to the satellite fairing. This fairing is
a metal shield, which contains the satellite and it protects
the satellite.
• Fourth Stage ─ Satellite gets separated from the upper
stage of launch vehicle, when it has been reached to out
of Earth's atmosphere. Then, the satellite will go to a
“transfer orbit”. This orbit sends the satellite higher into
space.

8. • In communication such as T.V. telephony, data transfer such as mail and internet etc. are mostly
done through different communication satellites these days.
• Remote sensing and Earth observation can be done with the help of lower Earth Orbits (LEO)
Satellite.
• Metro logical applications such as weather survey to study different layers and amount of ozone’s
content in the atmosphere.
• Military applications like short distance local communication from any camp to another, to study
the location of the enemy etc.,

9. • High channel capacity (>100 Mb/s)
• Stable cost environment (no long-distance
cables or national boundaries)
• Wide area coverage (whole North
America, for instance)
• Coverage can be shaped by antenna
patterns
• Expensive to launch
• Expensive ground stations required
• Limited orbital space (geosynchronous)
• Constant ground monitoring required for
positioning and operational control

10. Satellites remain the best utilization used for
communications due to their speed and other
advantages mentioned in this presentation.