Sarah Maria, 1st Year B.Ed. Social Science Practical -- 107.1 EDU103.pptx

ST. JOSEPH COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION FOR WOMEN,
ERNAKULAM
Practical 107.1 – Creation of blog and uploading any learning material
in the blog.
Topic -- Adventures in a Banyan Tree and Kerala from eighth to
eighteenth century.
EDU103: development and resources in Educational Technology

Submitted by,
Sarah Maria
1st Year B.Ed. Social Science
Roll no:14
Submitted to,
Anu Cleetus,
Assistant Professor
St. Joseph’s College of Teacher Education for Women, Ernakulum

• Hello everyone, hope each of my readers are feeling good.
Today, we are going two learn two chapters from two
different subjects. It encompasses a chapter from English
textbook from 10th grade and a chapter from social science
textbook from 9th grade through branching programme. Hope
each one you would be able to learn those vast contents in
most easy way. 

SLIDE – 1 PARAGRAGH READING
This short paragraph is an abstract from profound writer Ruskin Bond’s short story entitled as
“Adventures in a Banyan Tree” from grade 10th English Textbook.
Though the house and grounds of our home in India were Grandfather's domain, the
magnificent old banyan tree was mine-chiefly because Grandfather, at the age of sixty-five,
could no longer climb it. Grandmother used to tease him about this, and would speak of a
certain countess of Desmond, an English woman who lived to the age of 117, and would have
lived longer if she hadn’t fallen while climbing an apple tree. The spreading branches of the
banyan tree, which curved to the ground and took root again, forming a maze of arches, gave
me endless pleasure. The tree was older than the house, older than Grandfather, as old as the
town of Dehra, nestling in a valley at the foot of the Himalayas.
1

Adventures in a Banyan Tree by Ruskin Bond
6

SLIDE – 2
1. "...house and grounds were of Grand father’s domain. But the magnificent
old banyan tree was mine." Why did the boy say so?
a) Because Grandfather, at the age of sixty-five, could no longer climb it. (see slide
number 3)
b) Because an English woman who lived to the age of 117, and would have lived
longer if she hadn’t fallen while climbing an apple tree. (see slide number 5 )
c) The spreading branches of the banyan tree, which curved to the ground and took
root again, forming a maze of arches, gave me endless pleasure. (see slide
number 4)
2

SLIDE – 3
1Q (a) Sorry dear.. Your answer is incorrect. Kindly read the passage
given in the frame carefully.
It was a statement said by boy’s grandmother to satirize his urge to climb the
Banyan tree even at the age of 65.
Hence, dear your answer is incorrect.
Please go to slide 1 and read the passage once again…. All the best
dear…Learn again!
3

SLIDE – 4
• 1Q (c) Congratulations dear, your answer is correct. You chose the
correct option.
During the childhood days, granny used banyan tree as a major spot to enjoy
every bit her early lives. Its curvy branches gave her immense pleasure.
Go to slide 6 and read the next paragraph carefully and answer the question
appropriately
All the best dear… Keep achieving!
9

SLIDE – 5
1Q (b) Oops sorry dear.. Your answer is incorrect. Kindly read the
passage given in the frame carefully.
It was a statement said by the boy’s granny to his grandpa satirically to make
her husband remind that, his health conditions and his age is inappropriate to
do such childish things. To make him understand, granny narrates an incident
being faced by 115 year old woman who died of climbing a tree.
dear…Learn again!
10

• My first friend and familiar was a small grey squirrel. Arching his back and
sniffing into the air, he seemed at first to resent my invasion of his privacy. But,
when he found that I did not arm myself with a catapult or air-gun, he became
friendlier. And, when I started leaving him pieces of cake and biscuit, he grew
bolder, and finally became familiar enough to take food from my hands.
11

SLIDE – 7
2. How did the squirrel become a friend of the boy?
a) Arching his back and sniffing into the air, he seemed at first to resent my
invasion of his privacy. (see slide number 9 )
b) My first friend was a small grey squirrel. (see slide number 10)
c) When he found that I did not arm myself with a catapult or air-gun, he became
friendlier. And, when I started leaving him pieces of cake and biscuit, he grew
bolder, and finally became familiar enough to take food from my hands, hence
became a friend of the boy. (see slide number 8)
12

SLIDE – 8
• 2Q(c) Congratulations dear, your answer is correct. You chose the
correct option.
In the second paragraph, it entails the story behind how the boy befriend
his pet squirrel for the first time…
Go to slide 11 and read the next paragraph carefully and answer the question
appropriately
13

SLIDE – 9
2Q (a) Oops sorry dear.. Your answer is incorrect. Kindly read the
The situation actually stated how the boy explains his hardships to make the
grey squirrel as his pet. The boy later understood, his intrusion harms the
privacy and freedom.
dear…Learn again!
14

SLIDE – 10
The second paragraph tells us about the appearance of the squirrel.
dear…Learn again!
15

SLIDE –11 PARAGRAGH READING
• Before long he was delving into my pockets and helping himself to whatever he
could find. He was a very young squirrel, and his friends and relatives probably
thought him headstrong and foolish for trusting a human. In the spring, when the
banyan tree was full of small red figs, birds of all kinds would flock into its
branches, the red-bottomed bulbul, cheerful and greedy; gossiping rosy-pastors;
and parrots and crows, squabbling with each other all the time. During the fig
season, the banyan tree was the noisiest place on the road
16

SLIDE – 12
3. What did the friends of the squirrel think about his friendship with a
human? What might have made them think so?
a) His friends and relatives probably thought him headstrong and foolish for
trusting a human. (see slide number 14 )
b) Birds of all kinds might have thought that, this little boy can be best
accompanied as a good human companion. (see slide number 15 )
c) These creatures might have profusely as a dangerous beings. (see slide number
13 )
17

SLIDE – 13
3Q (c) Oops sorry dear.. Your answer is incorrect. Kindly read the
This statement stated that how birds knowns the barbaric nature of human
beings.
dear…Learn again!
18

SLIDE – 14
3Q (a) Congratulations dear, your answer is correct. You chose the
correct option.
The author images the views of other birds whom might have mocked the tiny
squirrel for befriending with a human, knowing the real nature of human
beings.
Go to slide 16 and read the next question carefully and answer it appropriately
19

SLIDE – 15
Seeing the innocence of the little boy, birds might have thought that the
squirrel can be is in safe hands with the boy, which are lines not even stated in
the story
dear…Learn again!
20

SLIDE – 16
4. How was the banyan tree the noisiest place during the fig season? Read the
above paragraph.
a) birds of all kinds would flock into its branches, the red-bottomed bulbul,
cheerful and greedy; gossiping rosy-pastors; and parrots and crows, squabbling
with each other all the time which is how the banyan tree becomes the noisiest
place.. (see slide number 18 )
b) birds of all kinds would sees banyan tree as a room of shelter; which is why
banyan tree becomes the noisiest place.. (see slide number 17)
c) The home of the boy was a home of various varieties of flora; which is why
banyan tree becomes the noisiest place.. (see slide number 19)
21

SLIDE – 17
Though the statement given in option b is a fact; but here in this short story
author clearly embarks upon colourful scenery which he had witnessed during
his childhood days during the fig season.
dear…Learn again!
22

SLIDE – 18
4Q (c) Congratulations dear, your answer is correct. You chose the correct
option.
Here in this story---- birds of all kinds would flock into its branches, the red-
bottomed bulbul, cheerful and greedy; gossiping rosy-pastors; and parrots and
crows, squabbling with each other all the time--- is a beautiful narration given
by the author to cheer the readers and frame a beautiful scenery in their minds.
Go to slide 21 and read the next paragraph carefully and answer it
appropriately
23

SLIDE – 20
Banyan trees are always the safe place and home for birds of all flocks. This is
true, but here the author tries to plunge into the beauty of viewing banyan tree
at spring season, where he used many phrases to bring the beauty of nature
through lines….
dear…Learn again!
24

SLIDE – 21 PARAGRAPGH READING
• Halfway up the tree I had built a small platform on which I would often spend the
afternoons when it wasn't too hot. I could read there, propping myself up against
the bole of the tree with cushions taken from the drawing room. Treasure Island,
Huckleberry Finn, The Mowgli stories, and the Novels of Edgar Rice Burroughs
and Louisa May Alcott made up my bag of very mixed reading. When I did not
feel like reading, I could look down through the banyan leaves at the world below,
at Grandmother hanging up or taking down the washing, at the cook quarrelling
with a fruit vendor or at Grandfather grumbling at the hardy Indian marigolds
which insisted on springing up all over his very English garden. Usually nothing
very exciting happened while I was in the banyan tree, but on one particular
afternoon I had enough excitement to last me through the summer.
25

SLIDE – 22
5. How did the boy make the spring season exciting for himself?
a) Building a small platform on which he would often spend the afternoons when it
wasn't too hot. (see slide number 23 )
b) More often, boy hanging up with the grandmother by taking down the washing,
observing at the cook quarrelling with a fruit vendor or at Grandfather
grumbling at the hardy Indian marigolds which insisted on springing up all over
his very English garden. (see slide number 25 )
c) The boy makes his spring joyful through reading short stories, vaguely sitting
aback on the cushion for watching the banyan tree, observing the daily chores
and things happening in his home; which includes observing how grandmother
care for her Indian marigolds, watching tiny quarrels happening between the
cook and with grandfather. (see slide number 24 )
26

SLIDE – 23
• 5Q (a) Oops sorry dear.. Your answer is incorrect. Kindly read the
Every children during their childhood times used to make small shelter homes
using blankets, with cupboards by sitting inside or even create a platform to
spent their time. But here in this story the author clearly stated the different
hobbies that the little boy practiced to spent his times.
dear…Learn again!
27

SLIDE – 24
• 5Q (c) Congratulations dear, your answer is correct. You chose the
correct option.
The boy used many ways to make use of every minutes joyful. And it was not just
confined to; simply watching and spending time under the banyan tree.
Go to slide 26 and read the next question carefully and answer it appropriately
28

SLIDE – 25
• 5Q (c) Oops sorry dear.. Your answer is incorrect. Kindly read the
Grandmothers are the best companions of every children. This is a general
truth. They care for us even in the presence of our parents. We love them to the
moon and back. But here in this story, the boy not only spent time with his
granny, he also make use of his time fruitful in many ways…
dear…Learn again!
29

SLIDE – 26 PARAGRAPH READING
• It was an April afternoon. And the warm breezes of approaching summer had sent
everyone, including Grandfather, indoors. I was feeling drowsy myself and was
wondering if I should go to the pond behind the house for a swim, when I saw a
huge black cobra gliding out of a clump of cactus and making for some cooler part
of the garden. At the same time a mongoose (whom I had often seen) emerged
from the bushes and went straight for the cobra. In a clearing beneath the tree, in
bright sunshine, they came face to face. Cobra knew only too well that the grey
mongoose, three feet long, was a superb fighter, clever and aggressive. But the
cobra was skillful and experienced fighter too. He could move swiftly and strike
with the speed of light, and the sacs behind his long, sharp fangs were full of
deadly venom. It was to be a battle of champions.
30

SLIDE – 27
6. What was the incident that triggered a long lasting excitement for the boy in
summer?
a) It was an April afternoon, the boy saw a mongoose and a cobra fight to death in
the garden, while I sat directly above them in the banyan tree. (see slide number
30)
b) Witnessing a cobra gliding through the mangrove tree which had created a
massive, dreadful impact. (see slide number 29)
c) wondering the pond behind the house for a swim, when he would see a huge
black cobra gliding out of a clump of cactus and making for some cooler part of
the garden. (see slide number 28 )
31

SLIDE – 28
Viewing a huge cobra under the pond behind the house was not the triggered
experience the boy had undergone.
dear…Learn again!
32

SLIDE – 29
Though, Witnessing a cobra gliding through the mangrove tree which is a
massive, dreadful impact for every individuals, that was not the case for the
boy in the story.
dear…Learn again!
33

SLIDE – 30
6Q (a) Congratulations dear, your answer is correct. You chose the
correct option.
Witnessing a mongoose and a cobra fight to death in the garden, was the
triggered experience he had faced.
appropriately
34

• ……. It was to be a battle of champions. Hissing defiance, his forked tongue
darting in and out, the cobra raised three of his six feet off the ground, and spread
his broad, spectacled hood. The mongoose bushed his tail. The long hair on his
spine stood up (in the past, the very thickness of his hair had saved him from bites
that would have been fatal to others).
35

SLIDE – 32
7. How did the mongoose manage to escape from the snake's bite?
a) The mongoose bushed his tail. The long hair on his spine stood up in the past,
the very thickness of his hair had saved him from bites that would have been
fatal to others. (see slide number 33)
b) The mongoose jumped from one bush to other bushes. (see slide number 35)
c) The mongoose was already up in the banyan tree. (see slide number 34)
36

SLIDE – 33
7Q (a)Congratulations dear, your answer is correct. You chose the
correct option.
Mongoose used his tail to and his long hair on his spine stood up has saved his
life from cobra.
Go to slide 39 and read the next chapter carefully and answer it appropriately
37

SLIDE – 34
7Q (c)Oops sorry dear.. Your answer is incorrect. Kindly read the
Mongoose wasn’t up in the banyan tree when he saw the huge
cobra– instead he was under the banyan tree.
dear…Learn again!
38

SLIDE – 35
Mongoose are extra terrestrial mammals. Snakes will kill a mongoose to
protect themselves, but cobras and black mambas are unlikely to actually eat
the mongoose. Hence, he didn’t protect himself from black cobra, but he faced
his extra dangerous enemy courageously
dear…Learn again!
39

SLIDE – 36 GLOSSARY
• The short story entitled as – “Adventures in a Banyan Tree” is one among the
prominent work of author-cum-reader Ruskin Bond. In this short story, little
sequential parts are considered for our study. This brief sketch of analysis
provides an overall idea about the chapter. The story revolves around a boy
and the adventures he have been witnessing from the top of a banyan tree in
his garden. Through this short story, the author embarked on the idea co-
existence of living organisms. It stress on the notion of maintaining a cordial
relation with all the living things for creating a sustainable- ecofriendly-
healthy environment.
40

SECOND LEARNING MATERIAL
SLIDE - 37
41

SLIDE – 38
• Hello everyone, now we are moving onto one chapter from social science
textbook of class 9th grade students. The title of the chapter is “Kerala from Eighth
to Eighteenth century”. A small portion is taken into consideration.
42

• The period between the 8th and the 18th century is considered as the Medieval period of Kerala.
Many political, social and economic changes took place during this period. The most important
source of information about the Naadukal of Kerala the Vattezhuthuu documents. Naadukal
emerged during the period of Tamizhakam about which we have studied earlier. The naadukal were
the places where the people established their agricultural settlement. Naadukal consisted of
numerous kudis and Urukal. Observe the given keypoints.
o Many Uru constituted a Nadu.
o The chief of Nadu were Naduvazhi.
o The Kudis were the families of occupational groups engaged in agriculture.
o The chief of Kudi was Kudipathi Kudi.
o Many kudis constituted the Ur.
o The chief of Uru is Uralaar
43

SLIDE – 40
1. According to historians, which source of document provides detailed
information about “Naadukal of Kerala ”?
a) Thaaliyola (see slide number 42)
b) Chera Inscriptions (see slide number 44 )
c) Vattezhuthu documents (see slide number 43 )
44

SLIDE – 41
IMAGES OF THALIYOLA, VATTEZHUTHU, AND CHERA
INSCRIPTIONS
45

SLIDE – 42
1Q(a) Oops sorry dear.. Your answer is incorrect. Kindly read the
Palm-leaf manuscripts are manuscripts made out of dried palm leaves. Palm
leaves were used as writing materials in the Indian subcontinent and in
Southeast Asia reportedly dating back to the 5th century BCE.
dear…Learn again!
46

SLIDE – 43
1Q(c) Congratulations dear, your answer is correct. You chose the
correct option.
You are right…Vatteluttu, popularly Romanised as Vattezhuthu, was a syllabic
alphabet of south India and Sri Lanka used for writing the Tamil and
Malayalam languages. Vattezhuthu belonged to the group of Tamil-Malayalam
scripts among the Southern Brahmi derivatives which provides a vast
information about Kerala society.
appropriately
47

SLIDE – 44
Chera inscriptions could prove to be a landmark in the history of Chera rule
in South India . It has been mostly found at various temples, which only
provides Tamil History.
dear…Learn again!
48

• The Swaroopams were the ruling families with the right of self-rule and they
followed matrilineal system of inheritance (Marumakkathayam). The Swaroopams
had their own military. Arisippadijanam of Venadu, Padamalanayanmar of Kolathu
Nadu and Lokaru of Nediyiruppu were such armies.
• Until the 18th century the Naduvazhi Swaroopams continued without much
change. By the second half of the 18th century the Sultans of Mysore, Hyder Ali
and Tipu Sultan led military campaigns which created frenzy among the
Naduvazhis of northern Kerala. Nediyiruppu, Kola and other smaller Swaroopams
quickly came under the Mysore Sultans. Fearing the attack from Mysore Sultans
many Naduvazhis and Desavazhis fled to Venadu. The Perumpadappu Swaroopam
of Kochi soon accepted the suzerainty of the Mysore Sultans. Only Travancore
resisted the attacks
49

SLIDE – 46
2. What is the term Swaroopams means? As per scholarly articles, which were
the three popular Swaroopams prevailed in Ancient Kerala Society?
a) The Swaroopams were also known as the Naduvazhis. They were the ruling families of Kochi
who had the right to self-rule and followed the patrilineal system of ruling. The prominent
among them wereTrippapporu Swaroopam, Perumpadappu Swaroopam, Kolaswaroopam in
Chirakkal. (see slide number 48 )
b) The Swaroopams were the ruling families with the right of self-rule and they followed
matrilineal system of inheritance of Marumakkathayam. . Arisippadijanam of Venadu,
Padamalanayanmar of Kolathu Nadu and Lokaru of Nediyiruppu were prominent Swaroopams
prevailed in ancient Kerala. (see slide number 47)
50

SLIDE – 47
2Q (b) Congratulations dear, your answer is correct. You chose the
correct option.
Swaroopams were self-formation units which were ruled by joint families of
chieftains. The oldest person in the family assumed leadership in Swaroopams.
There were conflicts among Swaroopams rulers for power and wealth. The
joint family of the chieftain was also known as Swaroopam. The eldest member
of the family became the ruler.
appropriately
51

SLIDE – 48
Swaroopams were the ruling families with the right of self-rule and they
followed matrilineal system and not followed patrilineal system.
dear…Learn again!
52

• There were rules and norms control the social relationships during the Medieval period. During the
Perumal period there was a custom called Muzhikkulam Kacham. It was mainly applicable to the
Brahmins and the temple communities. During the Perumal period traditional customs mainly
controlled the society. After this period, "Kachams' disappeared and another set of customs and
mores known as "Keezhmaryada" gained prominence. There were different Maryadas. •
Desamaryada • Thozhilmaryada • Swaroopamaryada • Shudramaryada • Jathimaryada which was
followed by the occupational groups.
54

SLIDE -- 52
3. Which are the four different types of occupational groups existed during the
medieval era?
a) Scholars, Farmers, Artisans, and Merchants. (see slide number 55 )
b) People involved in handicrafts and the making of metal types of equipment. People engaged in
trade. People involved in weaving and oil production. People involved in temple rituals. (see slide
number 53 )
c) There were different Maryadas. • Desamaryada • Thozhilmaryada • Swaroopamaryada •
Shudramaryada • Jathimaryada which were considered as occupational groups. (see slide number
54 )
55

SLIDE -- 53
3Q(b) Oops sorry dear.. Your answer is incorrect. Kindly read the
These were the general classification of occupational groups in India which
were significant during colonial period.
dear…Learn again!
56

SLIDE -- 54
correct option.
There were different occupational groups existed during the medieval kerala.
They were termed as Maryadas. They are ---- • Desamaryada •
Thozhilmaryada • Swaroopamaryada • Shudramaryada • Jathimaryada.
appropriately
57

SLIDE -- 55
Scholars, Farmers, Artisans, and Merchants were the occupational groups
prevailed in the early European Settlements.
appropriately
58

59
• Mushakavamsakavyam explains that all the people who worshipped different
Goddesses co-existed peacefully in the Medieval Kerala like in tan ashram
premises where the wild animals forgot their rivalry and lived peacefully. Along
with the exchange of goods in trade, different cultures also got exchanged. The
trade relationships played a crucial role in developing cultural integration in
Kerala.
• It was during the medieval period that Kerala became a land where people of
different religions started living in peace and harmony. The Brahmins, the Jains,
the Buddhists, the Jews, the Christians and the Muslims spread during this period.
The rulers of Kerala viewed all religions equally. Naduvazhis used to grant the
Jains, the Buddhists, the Jews, the Christians and the Muslims different kinds of
rights

SLIDE -- 57
4. Name the textbook which indicates the cordial and harmonious relations that
existed between Christians, Jews, Hindus and Buddhists during medieval times
in India ?
a) Thirunelli Edicts (see slide number 59)
b) Tarisappalli Copper Plate (see slide number 58)
c) Mushakavamsakavyam (see slide number 60)
60

SLIDE – 58
4Q(b) Oops sorry dear.. Your answer is incorrect. Kindly read the
These are the first important inscriptions in the state of which the exact date
was found. As per historic documents, the first Venad ruler is the Ayyanadikal
who issued these title deeds. Though, it is an ancient inscription that provide
information on Kerala's Muslim community, the information available are not
sufficient.
dear…Learn again!
61

SLIDE – 59
Thirunelli eddicts are edict of referring to the ownership of the land during the
reign of Naaduvazhis.
dear…Learn again!
62

SLIDE – 60
correct option.
Mushakavamsakavyam, written in the 11th century, is said to be the first royal
lineage ever penned in Kerala and India. This poem narrates the rule of about
150 kings from Ramaghata to Srikantan of the Mushaka dynasty that ruled
Kolathunadu till the 11th century. It was written by Athula who was the court
poet of King Srikantan--- stated the co-existence religious groups during the
medieval period.
appropriately
63

• The language and dialects of the people who migrated to Kerala contributed to the
growth of the language. Tamil influenced Malayalam in the southern Kerala and
influence of Kannada is evident in Malayalam in northern Kerala. Malayalam was
also influenced by the language of the people who had come through the sea route
for trade.
• Influence of the Arabs led to the development of Arab- Malayalam. Muhiyudheen
mala written in the 17th century by Khasi Mohammad is an example of Arab-
Malayalam literature.
• The Christian missionaries who came to Kerala also developed literature in
Malayalam. Let's look at the literary works of the missionaries. •
Samkshepavedartham • Puthan Pana by Arnos Pathiri • Varthamanapusthakam of
Paremakkal Thoma Kathanar
64

SLIDE – 62
• It was during the medieval period that distinct art forms of Kerala developed.
During the medieval period there was progress in the fields of Ayurveda,
Mathematics, Astrology and Architecture. In-depth experiments were conducted in
the field of Mathematics and Architecture.
• Sankaranarayanan, Sangamagrama Madhavan, Vadassery Parameswaran and
Neelakanda Somayaji were the prominent mathematicians of this period.
• It was during the medieval period that growth in literature and poetry in
Malayalam language, distinct art forms, important socio-economic institutions,
growth in scientific field etc. happened. In brief, the salient features of Kerala
culture developed during this period.
65

SLIDE – 63
5. List some of the important language and religions that influenced
the development of Malayalam as a new language?
a) Tamil influenced Malayalam in the southern Kerala and influence of Kannada is
evident in Malayalam in northern Kerala. (see slide number 66)
b) Influence of the Arabs led to the development of Arab- Malayalam. The
Christian missionaries who came to Kerala also developed literature in
Malayalam. (see slide number 65)
c) All of the above statements. (see slide number64)
66

SLIDE – 64
correct option.
The language and dialects of the people who migrated to Kerala contributed to
the growth of the Malayalam language. Tamil and kannada are prominent
among them. Muhiyudheen mala written in the 17th century by Khasi
Mohammad is an example of Arab- Malayalam literature. The literary works
of the missionaries like • Samkshepavedartham • Puthan Pana by Arnos
Pathiri • Varthamanapusthakam of Paremakkal Thoma Kathanar show the
development of Malayalam literature.
Dear… finally you have completed the whole questions… congratulations dear
All the best… Keep achieving!
67

SLIDE – 65
Though the answer is partially correct; it is being stated that not only Muslim,
Christianity as two religions which had contributed immensely to the
development Malayalam literature, languages too played a significant role in it.
dear…Learn again!
68

SLIDE – 66
Though the answer is partially correct; it is being stated that not only Kannada
and Tamil as two languages which had contributed immensely to the
development Malayalam literature, religions too played a significant role in it.
appropriately
69

SLIDE – 53 GLOSSARY
• The title of the chapter is “Kerala from Eighth to Eighteenth century” talks about
on the administrative system of Medieval Kerala, how Malayalam language,
literature, art forms and sciences flourished during the medieval times. The
chapter also deals with the role of trade relations in the cultural synthesis of
Kerala. Hence, tiny glimpses of this portion provides a brief idea about the
transition of Kerala in all its aspects.
70

Dear learners, hope you have received a vast
knowledge about these chapters through
branching programme …. Thank you dears for
referring my ppt. 
71

Sarah Maria, 1st Year B.Ed. Social Science Practical -- 107.1 EDU103.pptx

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