learning and memory pathways

1. NEURO CHEMISTRY
OF
LEARNING & MEMORYSeminar Submitted to
VIJAYA INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES FOR
WOMEN
In Partial Fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of the Degree
BACHELOR OF PHARMACY
Under the guidance of
Mrs. D.Santhi Krupa, M.Pharm
Associate professor
Department of Pharmacology
Submitted by: -
M. Tejasri

3. INTRODUCTION
Neurochemistry of learning and memory we discuss
mainly the Aids which can enhances learning and
memory process ,Types, Process of Learning and
Memory, role of neurotransmitters, and Synaptic
changes in CNS.

4. DEFINITION

5. TYPES
Different types of learning are
• Motor learning
• Verbal learning
• Concept learning
• Discrimination learning
• Learning of principles
• Problem solving
• Attitude learning

6. TYPES
Different types of memory are

7. FACTORS
Factors affecting Learning
• Intellectual factor
• Learning factors
• Physical factors
• Mental factors
• Emotional and social factors
• Teacher’s Personality
• Environmental factor

8. FACTORS
Factors Affecting Memory
• Thyroid Problems
• Menopause
• Lack of Sleep
• Anxiety and Depression
• Certain Medications
• Stress
• A Higher "Infectious Burden"

9. LEARNING & MEMORY AIDS
There is no doubt that the best way to remember or learn is to
pay attention, understand, and practice. This aids will help to
learn and memorise the things easily are
Learning Aids
• Visual (Verbal) Print or Duplicated
• Visual (Pictorial) Non-projected Two-dimensional
• Audio
• Visual Non-projected Three-dimensional
• Visual Projected
• Audio-visual Projected

10. LEARNING & MEMORY AIDS
Memory Aids
• The place method
• The coding method
• The face name method
• The keyword method

11. PROCESS OF LEARNING AND MEMORY

12. PROCESS OF LEARNING AND MEMORY
Process of Learning
It involves cognitive stage,Associative Stage, Autonomous Stage

13. . NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Various neurotransmitters involved in
Learning and Memory
• Acetylcholine
• Dopamine
• Serotonin
• GABA
• Glutamate

14. ACETYICHOLINE
Neurotransmitter at all autonomic ganglia, at many
autonomically innervated organs, at the neuromuscular
junction, and at many synapses in the CNS.

15. ACETYLCHOLINE
SYNTHESIS
STORAGE
TERMINATION

16. ACETYLCHOLINE
Cortical structures
Ach released
Increases activity of neurons
Depolarisation
Suppression of adaptations
Increases memory

17. ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS

18. GLUTAMATE
Glutamate
Enhance signal transduction
&
Synaptic plasticity
Increases learning and memory

19. DOPAMINE
Dopamine
Increases extracellular dopamine
Limbic region &hippocampus
Increases memory

20. LEARNING AND MEMORY DISORDERS
Learning Disabilities
 Dyslexia
 Dysgraphia
 Dyspraxia
 Dysphasia
 Aphasia
 Central Auditory Processing Disorder
 Non-Verbal Learning Disorder

21. LEARNING AND MEMORY DISORDERS
Memory disorders
Neurological damage
Alzheimer's or Huntington’s disease
 Ageing

22. DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis learning disabilities include
Child psychiatrists
Neuropsychologist
Psychometrist

23. LEARNING AND MEMORY ENHANCERS
Nootropics also called smart drugs, memory enhancers, neuro
enhancers, cognitive enhancers, and intelligence enhancers—
are drugs, supplements and functional foods that improve one
or more aspects of mental function. Specific effects can include
improvements to working memory,motivation, or attention
 Amphetamine
 Methenlphenidate
 Eugeroics
 Xanthines

24. CONCLUSION
Learning is the strengthening of existing responses . Memory is
a phase of Learning. Learning and memory processes involves
a cascade of complex reactions, structural changes in different
regions of brain, along with the role of neurotransmitters i.e.,
increased levels of Ach, Glutamate, Epinephrine, Dopamine.
Neurotransmitters in turn is concerned with generating
Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential, Sensitization and Long term
Potentiation the major cellular mechanisms that underlies
learning and memory

25. REFERENCES
– "Dietary Supplements: What You Need to Know" US Food
and Drug Administration. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
– "Smart Drugs and Should We Take Them?". Dolan DNA
Learning Center. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
- Dudai, Y. The Neurobiology of Memory: Concepts, Findings,
Trends. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1949.
– Gazzaniga, Michael S. The Ethical Brain: The Science of Our
Moral Dilemmas (P.S.). New York, N.Y: Harper Perennial.,
2006; p. 184.
– Giurgea C . Pharmacology of integrative activity of the brain.
Attempt at nootropic concept in psychopharmacology.
Actual Pharmacol ., 1872; 25: 115–56.

26. REFERENCES
– "Smart Drugs and Should We Take Them". Dolan DNA Learning
– Center. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
– Dudai, Y. The Neurobiology of Memory: Concepts, Findings,
Trends. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1949.
– Gazzaniga, Michael S. The Ethical Brain: The Science of Our Moral
Dilemmas (P.S.). New York, N.Y: Harper Perennial., 2006; p. 184.
– Giurgea C . Pharmacology of integrative activity of the brain.
Attempt at nootropic concept in psychopharmacology. Actual
Pharmacol ., 1872; 25: 115–56.
– Giurgea C . Pharmacology of integrative activity of the brain.
Attempt at nootropic concept in psychopharmacology. Actual
Pharmacol ., 1872; 25: 115–56.

27. THANK YOU