Urine and Stool analysis.ppt urine and stool analysis ssuser668f10
This document provides information about urine analysis and stool analysis in medical laboratories. It discusses the physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine, including examination of color, volume, pH, and presence of cells, casts, crystals, and other findings. It also discusses the macroscopic and microscopic examination of stool, including examination of color, consistency, and presence of parasites, eggs, larvae, cells, crystals, fungi, plant materials, and other findings. The document provides examples of different types of parasites, fungi, and other microorganisms that may be observed during microscopic examination of stool.
This document describes various normal and abnormal red blood cell and white blood cell morphologies seen in blood cell examination. It discusses normal red blood cells and then various red blood cell abnormalities including hypochromic, poikilocytes, spherocytes, elliptocytes, target cells, and sickle cells. It also details the normal maturation process of granulocytes from myeloblast to neutrophil and the morphological characteristics of myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes, metamyelocytes, bands, and segmented neutrophils. Finally, it shows images and descriptions of normal lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and platelets.
Practical 40 biochemical test microbiology.pdfssuser668f10
This document outlines various methods used to identify unknown bacterial species, including microscopic examination, culture-based techniques, biochemical tests, serological identification, and molecular methods. Microscopic examination involves staining bacterial smears to determine cell morphology and arrangement. Cultural characteristics like colony morphology, pigmentation, and hemolysis are also examined. Biochemical tests identify metabolic pathways and enzyme production. Serological tests use antibodies to identify species. Molecular methods like PCR and DNA probes allow for rapid and accurate identification compared to older phenotypic techniques. A combination of these methods is usually required to definitively identify an unknown bacterial species.
Leukopoiesis is the process by which white blood cells are produced, including granulopoiesis which produces granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and lymphopoiesis which produces lymphocytes. Granulopoiesis occurs through multipotent stem cells that differentiate through several progenitor cells and precursors over 6-10 days. Lymphopoiesis occurs through both lymphoid stem cells in the bone marrow and antigen dependent maturation in lymph nodes and thymus to produce T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. The main types of white blood cells are neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes/
This document provides an overview of entomology and arthropods. It defines entomology as the study of insects and their classification. There are several branches of entomology including medical entomology, which deals with insects that affect human and animal health. The document describes the key characteristics of arthropods including their exoskeleton, segmented bodies, and jointed appendages. It outlines the development stages of arthropods from egg to adult and classifies the major groups, including insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. The document also discusses the medical importance of arthropods as disease vectors and outlines common vector-borne parasites.
This document discusses various biochemical tests used to identify bacteria, including:
- Indole, urease, citrate, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, triple sugar iron, oxidase, catalase tests.
- It provides the principles, reagents and procedures for each test. Positive and negative controls are also mentioned. These tests help determine a bacteria's ability to ferment carbohydrates and produce or break down certain enzymes and metabolites. The results of multiple tests can be used to accurately identify unknown bacterial species.
Type of Tumors بلال العميسي( مختبرات طبية).pptxssuser668f10
This document discusses the characteristics and classification of neoplasms. It defines neoplasia as new abnormal growth and distinguishes between benign and malignant tumors. The key differences are that benign tumors grow slowly, remain localized, and do not invade other tissues or spread to other parts of the body, while malignant tumors grow rapidly, invade surrounding tissues, and metastasize to distant sites. The document further classifies tumors based on tissue of origin and other histological features, and describes the cellular and molecular changes involved in the development and progression of cancer.
Urine and Stool analysis.ppt urine and stool analysis ssuser668f10
This document provides information about urine analysis and stool analysis in medical laboratories. It discusses the physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine, including examination of color, volume, pH, and presence of cells, casts, crystals, and other findings. It also discusses the macroscopic and microscopic examination of stool, including examination of color, consistency, and presence of parasites, eggs, larvae, cells, crystals, fungi, plant materials, and other findings. The document provides examples of different types of parasites, fungi, and other microorganisms that may be observed during microscopic examination of stool.
This document describes various normal and abnormal red blood cell and white blood cell morphologies seen in blood cell examination. It discusses normal red blood cells and then various red blood cell abnormalities including hypochromic, poikilocytes, spherocytes, elliptocytes, target cells, and sickle cells. It also details the normal maturation process of granulocytes from myeloblast to neutrophil and the morphological characteristics of myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes, metamyelocytes, bands, and segmented neutrophils. Finally, it shows images and descriptions of normal lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and platelets.
Practical 40 biochemical test microbiology.pdfssuser668f10
This document outlines various methods used to identify unknown bacterial species, including microscopic examination, culture-based techniques, biochemical tests, serological identification, and molecular methods. Microscopic examination involves staining bacterial smears to determine cell morphology and arrangement. Cultural characteristics like colony morphology, pigmentation, and hemolysis are also examined. Biochemical tests identify metabolic pathways and enzyme production. Serological tests use antibodies to identify species. Molecular methods like PCR and DNA probes allow for rapid and accurate identification compared to older phenotypic techniques. A combination of these methods is usually required to definitively identify an unknown bacterial species.
Leukopoiesis is the process by which white blood cells are produced, including granulopoiesis which produces granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and lymphopoiesis which produces lymphocytes. Granulopoiesis occurs through multipotent stem cells that differentiate through several progenitor cells and precursors over 6-10 days. Lymphopoiesis occurs through both lymphoid stem cells in the bone marrow and antigen dependent maturation in lymph nodes and thymus to produce T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. The main types of white blood cells are neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes/
This document provides an overview of entomology and arthropods. It defines entomology as the study of insects and their classification. There are several branches of entomology including medical entomology, which deals with insects that affect human and animal health. The document describes the key characteristics of arthropods including their exoskeleton, segmented bodies, and jointed appendages. It outlines the development stages of arthropods from egg to adult and classifies the major groups, including insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. The document also discusses the medical importance of arthropods as disease vectors and outlines common vector-borne parasites.
This document discusses various biochemical tests used to identify bacteria, including:
- Indole, urease, citrate, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, triple sugar iron, oxidase, catalase tests.
- It provides the principles, reagents and procedures for each test. Positive and negative controls are also mentioned. These tests help determine a bacteria's ability to ferment carbohydrates and produce or break down certain enzymes and metabolites. The results of multiple tests can be used to accurately identify unknown bacterial species.
Type of Tumors بلال العميسي( مختبرات طبية).pptxssuser668f10
This document discusses the characteristics and classification of neoplasms. It defines neoplasia as new abnormal growth and distinguishes between benign and malignant tumors. The key differences are that benign tumors grow slowly, remain localized, and do not invade other tissues or spread to other parts of the body, while malignant tumors grow rapidly, invade surrounding tissues, and metastasize to distant sites. The document further classifies tumors based on tissue of origin and other histological features, and describes the cellular and molecular changes involved in the development and progression of cancer.
This document discusses agglutination tests, which cause antigens and antibodies to clump together when mixed. It focuses on agglutination tests using latex particles or other carriers coated with antigens. These qualitative or quantitative tests can identify bacteria, diagnose infections like typhoid, and detect antibodies. For example, the ASO latex slide agglutination test detects antibodies to streptolysin O, an exotoxin from streptococci bacteria that causes sore throats and other diseases. The test involves mixing serum samples with latex particles coated in streptolysin O, and observing for agglutination which indicates the presence of antibodies.
This document discusses clinical enzymology and enzymes of clinical significance. It provides information on several key enzymes including ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, and α-amylase. ALT and AST are liver enzymes that are elevated in liver damage or disease. ALP is also elevated in liver diseases but also bone diseases. GGT is specific to liver and pancreas and useful for monitoring alcohol use. α-Amylase is produced in the pancreas and salivary glands and elevated in pancreatitis. The document discusses the normal ranges, sources of error, and causes of increased levels for several important clinical enzymes.
Cardiac function tests are used to determine if there has been damage to cardiac tissue by measuring certain enzymes, proteins, lipids, and ratios that are released after a cardiac event. The tests outlined in the document include creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST), cardiac troponins I and T, myoglobin, lipid profile measurements of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, VLDL and their ratios, and apolipoproteins A1 and B. These markers provide information to help diagnose conditions like myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and atherosclerosis.
Balantidium coli is the largest protozoan parasite that can infect humans. It causes the disease balantidiasis, which resembles amoebic dysentery and can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloody stool. The parasite lives in the large intestine of humans and other primates. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of trophozoites or cysts in stool samples. Treatment involves antibiotics like metronidazole or tetracycline.
Anticoagulants like EDTA, oxalate, sodium citrate, and sodium fluoride prevent blood from clotting by various mechanisms. EDTA is the anticoagulant of choice for cell counts and smears as it preserves cell morphology while binding calcium. Oxalate can shrink or swell red blood cells. Sodium citrate complexes with calcium to prevent clotting and is used for coagulation studies and ESR. Sodium fluoride inhibits glycolysis and is used for blood sugar estimation. Heparin prevents thrombin formation but is more expensive and can affect cells. Each anticoagulant has specific advantages and disadvantages for different tests.
Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy. It involves 10 steps where glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules along with the generation of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. The citric acid cycle then oxidizes pyruvate to extract more energy, producing CO2, FADH2, and GTP/ATP. Gluconeogenesis is the reverse process that generates glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. Diabetes occurs when the body cannot properly regulate blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance.
This document discusses agglutination tests, which cause antigens and antibodies to clump together when mixed. It focuses on agglutination tests using latex particles or other carriers coated with antigens. These qualitative or quantitative tests can identify bacteria, diagnose infections like typhoid, and detect antibodies. For example, the ASO latex slide agglutination test detects antibodies to streptolysin O, an exotoxin from streptococci bacteria that causes sore throats and other diseases. The test involves mixing serum samples with latex particles coated in streptolysin O, and observing for agglutination which indicates the presence of antibodies.
This document discusses clinical enzymology and enzymes of clinical significance. It provides information on several key enzymes including ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, and α-amylase. ALT and AST are liver enzymes that are elevated in liver damage or disease. ALP is also elevated in liver diseases but also bone diseases. GGT is specific to liver and pancreas and useful for monitoring alcohol use. α-Amylase is produced in the pancreas and salivary glands and elevated in pancreatitis. The document discusses the normal ranges, sources of error, and causes of increased levels for several important clinical enzymes.
Cardiac function tests are used to determine if there has been damage to cardiac tissue by measuring certain enzymes, proteins, lipids, and ratios that are released after a cardiac event. The tests outlined in the document include creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST), cardiac troponins I and T, myoglobin, lipid profile measurements of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, VLDL and their ratios, and apolipoproteins A1 and B. These markers provide information to help diagnose conditions like myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and atherosclerosis.
Balantidium coli is the largest protozoan parasite that can infect humans. It causes the disease balantidiasis, which resembles amoebic dysentery and can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloody stool. The parasite lives in the large intestine of humans and other primates. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of trophozoites or cysts in stool samples. Treatment involves antibiotics like metronidazole or tetracycline.
Anticoagulants like EDTA, oxalate, sodium citrate, and sodium fluoride prevent blood from clotting by various mechanisms. EDTA is the anticoagulant of choice for cell counts and smears as it preserves cell morphology while binding calcium. Oxalate can shrink or swell red blood cells. Sodium citrate complexes with calcium to prevent clotting and is used for coagulation studies and ESR. Sodium fluoride inhibits glycolysis and is used for blood sugar estimation. Heparin prevents thrombin formation but is more expensive and can affect cells. Each anticoagulant has specific advantages and disadvantages for different tests.
Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy. It involves 10 steps where glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules along with the generation of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. The citric acid cycle then oxidizes pyruvate to extract more energy, producing CO2, FADH2, and GTP/ATP. Gluconeogenesis is the reverse process that generates glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. Diabetes occurs when the body cannot properly regulate blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance.