RxJava for Android - GDG DevFest Ukraine 2015

What it means to be Reactive?
RxJava for Android
Constantine Mars
Senior Android Developer @ DataArt
GDG Dnipro and JUG Dnepr

–Ivan Morgillo, Alter Ego solutions, speech on DroidCon Berlin’2015
“A piece of cake, you know”

#dfua
Faces of the Reactive Programming World
Ben Christensen, Netflix - RxJava
Erik Meijer, Applied Duality - Rx.NET
Jake Wharton, Square - RxAndroid
Ivan Morgillo, Alter Ego - first book
about RxAndroid

Fundamentals
The basic concepts behind Rx

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Time to meditate...
Everything is a stream…

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The one who is listening is Observer
And the other one, who is emitting events, is Subject, or Observable
*Illustration from O’Reilly® HeadFirst “Design Patterns” book:

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This is well known interface in for both Android and Desktop developers
Observer = Listener
t.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Timber.d("something");
}
});
.JAVA

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We will use it throughout presentation
Lambda syntax
t.setOnClickListener(v -> Timber.d("something"));
.JAVA

RxJava. Observable & Observer
Basics

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It’s the source of events
Observable
rx.Observable<Integer> observable = rx.Observable.create(
new rx.Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
@Override
public void call(Subscriber<? super Integer> subscriber) {
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
Integer integer = random.nextInt(MAX);
subscriber.onNext(integer);
}
subscriber.onCompleted();
}
});
.JAVA
Be aware: there is java.util.Observable besides rx.Observable - they’re not the same

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It’s the source of events. It handles subscriptions through OnSubscribe callback
Observable
@Override
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
}
}
});
.JAVA

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It’s the source of events. It handles subscriptions through OnSubscribe callback.
When observer subscribes, it is named subscriber inside of a call()
Observable
@Override
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
}
}
});
.JAVA

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Observer
rx.Observer<Integer> observer = new rx.Observer<Integer>() {
@Override
public void onCompleted() {
display.show("completed");
}
@Override
public void onError(Throwable e) {
display.show("error: " + e.getMessage());
}
@Override
public void onNext(Integer integer) {
display.show("next: " + integer);
}
};
observable.subscribe(observer);
.JAVA
It’s the bunch of Reactive callbacks that should be registered through
subscription.

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It’s the bunch of Reactive callbacks that should be registered through
subscription. And handles incoming onNext(), onCompleted() and onError() from
Observable
Observer
@Override
}
@Override
}
@Override
}
};
.JAVA

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But to make magic we need one more thing...
Observer
@Override
}
@Override
}
@Override
}
};
.JAVA

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To subscribe. This means creating Subscription.
Subscription
Subscription subscription = observable.subscribe(observer);
...
if(!subscription.isUnsubscribed()) {
subscription.unsubscribe();
}
.JAVA

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To subscribe. This means creating Subscription.
In fact Subscription class is rarely used, but can be useful to unsubscribe when we
don’t need to receive events
Subscription
Subscription subscription = observable.subscribe(observer);
...
if(!subscription.isUnsubscribed()) {
subscription.unsubscribe();
}
.JAVA

#dfua
Looks more readable, isn’t it?
At least takes one screen, not three :)
Observable + Observer with lambdas
rx.Observable<Integer> observable = rx.Observable.create(subscriber -> {
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
subscriber.onNext(random.nextInt(MAX));
});
observable.subscribe(
integer -> display.show("next: " + integer),
throwable -> display.show("error: " + throwable.getMessage()),
() -> display.show("completed"));
.JAVA

#dfua
Reactive Systems are:
*Check ReactiveManifesto.org for detailed definitions:
Message Driven
Responsive
Resilient
Scalable (Elastic)

From everything, ...even from air :)
Creating Observables

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Observable.from()
ENTER FILENAME/LANG
ArrayList<Integer> arrayList = new ArrayList<>();
int MAX_N = random.nextInt(12) + 5;
for (int i = 0; i < MAX_N; i++) arrayList.add(random.nextInt(MAX));
rx.Observable.from(arrayList)
.subscribe(
integer -> display.show("next: " + integer),
() -> display.show("complete"));
.JAVA

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Observable.just()
ENTER FILENAME/LANG
private List<Integer> generate() {
Random r = new Random();
int n = r.nextInt(5) + 5;
ArrayList<Integer> a = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
a.add(r.nextInt(100));
return a;
}
public void just() {
rx.Observable.just(generate())
.subscribe(integer -> display.show("next: " + integer),
}
.JAVA

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Observable.interval()
Random r = new Random();
rx.Observable.interval(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.map(t -> new long[]{t, r.nextInt(100)})
.limit(5)
.subscribe(
tuple -> display.show("next: " + Arrays.toString(tuple)),
throwable -> {
},
.JAVA

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Retrofit
RestAdapter restAdapter = new RestAdapter.Builder()
.setEndpoint("https://api.github.com")
.build();
GitHubService service = restAdapter.create(GitHubService.class);
// Retrofit can return observable which we handle as any other observable
service.listRepos("c-mars")
.flatMap(Observable::from)
.limit(10)
.subscribe(repo -> display.show("next: " + repo.toString()),
() -> display.show("completed"));
.JAVA

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RxBindings
Button button;
...
RxView.clicks(button)
.map(v -> ++counter)
.debounce(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
.subscribe(c -> display.show("button " + c));
.JAVA

Filtering, conditions
RxJava Goods

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Blocking
private final AmmeterReadings[] data = {
new AmmeterReadings(1, 0.5),
...
};
private static float getMaxValue(AmmeterReadings[] data) {
return MathObservable.max(rx.Observable.from(data)
.map(AmmeterReadings::getCurrent))
.toBlocking().firstOrDefault(0L);
}
.JAVA
By default rx.Observable is async. But it can be converted to BlockingObservable
and return result in-place, using functional computations.

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first, last, take, orDefault
...
};
}
.JAVA
We can take first, last or any item from BlockingObservable. If it’s empty, we can
define default value.

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take from Observable
...
};
return MathObservable.max( rx.Observable.from(data)
.map(AmmeterReadings::getCurrent)
.takeLast(5) )
}
.JAVA
rx.Observable (non-blocking) provides method take() to take multiple items from
stream.

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singleOrDefault
rx.Observable.range(0, 0)
.singleOrDefault(-1)
.forEach(i -> getDisplay().show("single:" + i));
.JAVA
Check whether rx.Observable contains only one event/item.

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defaultIfEmpty
rx.Observable.range(0, max)
.defaultIfEmpty(999)
.forEach(i -> getDisplay().show("range 0->" + max + ", value (999 if empty):"
+ String.valueOf(i)));
.JAVA
Almost the same as singleOrDefault

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toIterable
final Integer[] data = {200, 4, 145, -1, 10, -12, 80};
Iterable<Integer> iterable = rx.Observable.from(data)
.toBlocking().toIterable();
for (Integer i : iterable) {
display.show("iterable:" + i.toString());
}
.JAVA
BlockingObservable.toIterable() converts rx.Observable to collection

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forEach
final Integer[] data = {200, 4, 145, -1, 10, -12, 80};
rx.Observable.from(data)
.forEach(i -> display.show("iterable:" + i.toString()));
.JAVA
forEach() is just shorcut to .subscribe()

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takeUntil
.takeUntil(i -> i == 5)
.forEach(i -> getDisplay().show(String.valueOf(i)));
// out: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
.JAVA
Just a variant of take(), which completes when condition matches.

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contains
rx.Observable.range(0, max)
.contains(2)
.forEach(i -> getDisplay().show("range: " + 0 + "->" + max + ",contains 2: " +
String.valueOf(i)));
// out: true (or false)
.JAVA
Check whether stream contains certain value

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filter
.filter(i -> i > 5 && i < 9 )
.forEach(i -> getDisplay().show(i));
// out: 6, 7, 8
.JAVA
Like takeUntil, just filter :)

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debounce
long[] times = {3, 2, 1, 5, 2, 6};
rx.Observable<Pair<Integer, Long>> observable = rx.Observable.create(subscriber -> {
int sz = times.length;
for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
try {
long t = times[i];
TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(t);
subscriber.onNext(new Pair<>(i, t));
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
subscriber.onError(e);
}
}
});
observable.debounce(4, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
.subscribe(pair -> getDisplay().show("out: value=" + pair.first + ", time=" +
pair.second));
.JAVA

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sample
long[] times = {3, 2, 1, 5, 4, 3, 1};
rx.Observable<Pair<Integer, Long>> observable = rx.Observable.create(subscriber -> {
int sz = times.length;
for (int i = 0; i < sz; i++) {
try {
long t = times[i];
TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(t * 10);
subscriber.onNext(new Pair<>(i, t));
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
subscriber.onError(e);
}
}
});
observable.sample(40, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
.subscribe(pair -> getDisplay().show("out: value=" + pair.first + "; time=" +
pair.second));
.JAVA

Merge and combine
RxJava Goods

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merge
rx.Observable first = Observable.range(0, 5); //int[]
rx.Observable second = Observable.from(new String[]{"one", "two", "three", "four",
"five"}); //String[]
rx.Observable.merge(first, second)
.forEach(item -> getDisplay().show(item.toString()));
.JAVA
Merges items from separate rx.Observables to single stream

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zip
rx.Observable<Integer> first = Observable.range(0, 5); //int[]
rx.Observable<String> second = Observable.from(new String[]{"one", "two",
"three", "four", "five"}); //String[]
rx.Observable.zip(first, second, (i, s) -> new Pair(s, i))
.forEach(pair -> getDisplay().show(pair.toString()));
.JAVA
Merges items from separate rx.Observables to single stream using combining
function.

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retry
rx.Observable<Integer> canFail = rx.Observable.create(new Observable.OnSubscribe<Integer>() {
@Override
for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
switch (i) {
case 3:
if (!failedOnce) {
failedOnce = true;
subscriber.onError(new Error());
return;
}
break;
case 5:
subscriber.onError(new Throwable());
return;
}
subscriber.onNext(i);
}
}
});
.JAVA

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retry
canFail.retry((integer, throwable) -> {
boolean retry = (throwable instanceof Error);
getDisplay().show("retry, errors: " + integer);
return retry;
})
.subscribe(i -> {
getDisplay().show(i);
}, throwable -> {
getDisplay().show("error: " + throwable.getMessage());
});
.JAVA

#dfua
retry
In case of error we can check condition in retry() and then
re-subscribe and try once more

Math and aggregate
RxJava Goods

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MathObservable
...
};
}
.JAVA
Plugin MathObservable: compile 'io.reactivex:rxjava-math:1.0.0'
max, average, sum, count

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Average
rx.Observable<Integer> integers = rx.Observable.range(0, 10);
MathObservable.averageInteger(integers).subscribe(avg -> {
getDisplay().show(avg);
});
.JAVA
Many methods of MathObservable has type-aware alternatives

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reduce
rx.Observable.range(0, 10).reduce((a, b) -> {
int c = a + b;
getDisplay().show("reduce: a=" + a + " + " + b + " = " + c);
return c;
}).forEach(value -> getDisplay().show("result: " + value));
.JAVA
Classic reduce operation, common for all functional programming languages

Ubiquitous mediums that like actors can play any role
RxJava Subjects

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Creating Subjects
PublishSubject<String> subject = PublishSubject.create();
example(subject);
…
ReplaySubject<String> subject = ReplaySubject.createWithSize(2);
example(subject);
.JAVA
Subjects have method .create() for this. ReplaySubject can also be created with
predefined number of events to replay on subscription.

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Example code
private void example(Subject<String, String> subject) {
subject.onNext("before 1");
subject.subscribe(s -> getDisplay().show("subscribed: " + s));
subject.onNext("after 5");
subject.onCompleted();
}
.JAVA
Subject can act both like Observable and Observer. So we can call .onNext,
.onComplete manually and trigger subscription callbacks

#dfua
Subjects behaviour
PublishSubject
Is just a proxy for events
AsyncSubject
Replays only last event onComplete
ReplaySubject
Replays last N events and
then proxies the same as
Publish
BehaviorSubject
Replays only last event and
then proxies the same as
Publish

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ReactiveX Diagrams
In a hour of despair - seek inspiration at ReactiveX.io

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Schedulers
rx.Observable.from(readFromFile(context))
.subscribeOn(Schedulers.io())
.forEach(line -> textView.append("n" + line));
.JAVA
By default rx.Observable is single-threaded. Here come Schedulers to hide
threading and synchronization behind the functional interface.
Just call .subscribeOn() and define which kind of threading you want

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Schedulers
rx.Observable source = rx.Observable.range(0, 10).map(integer -> {
List<Integer> outs = new ArrayList<>();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < 1000; j++) {
outs.add((int) Math.pow(i, j));
}
}
return outs;
}).flatMap(Observable::from);
MathObservable.sumInteger(source)
.subscribeOn(Schedulers.computation())
.subscribe(integer -> textView.setText("final sum: " + integer.toString()));
.JAVA

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Android UI
.JAVA
Scheduler move execution to another appropriate thread. But when we try to
update UI from this chain - something bad happens...

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Android UI
.JAVA
Caused by: android.view.ViewRootImpl$CalledFromWrongThreadException: Only the
original thread that created a view hierarchy can touch its views.
E/AndroidRuntime: at
android.view.ViewRootImpl.checkThread(ViewRootImpl.java:6556)
E/AndroidRuntime: at
android.view.ViewRootImpl.invalidateChildInParent(ViewRootImpl.java:942)
E/AndroidRuntime: at android.view.ViewGroup.invalidateChild(ViewGroup.java:5081)
E/AndroidRuntime: at android.view.View.invalidateInternal(View.java:12713)
E/AndroidRuntime: at android.view.View.invalidate(View.java:12677)
E/AndroidRuntime: at android.view.View.invalidate(View.java:12661)
...
CONSOLE

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AndroidSchedulers
rx.Observable.from(readFromFile(context))
.subscribeOn(Schedulers.io())
.observeOn(AndroidSchedulers.mainThread())
.forEach(line -> textView.append("n" + line));
.JAVA
.subscribeOn defines thread on which computations run,
.observeOn defines thread on which rx.Observer callbacks will run

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Activity Lifecycle
// Activity
private Subscription subscription;
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
this.subscription = observable.subscribe(this);
}
...
protected void onDestroy() {
this.subscription.unsubscribe();
super.onDestroy();
}
.JAVA
Use subscription or CompositeSubscription

#dfua
Where to look?
● JavaDoc: http://reactivex.io/RxJava/javadoc/rx/Observable.html
● List of Additional Reading from RxJava Wiki:
https://github.com/ReactiveX/RxJava/wiki/Additional-Reading
● RxJava Essentials by Ivan Morgillo:
https://www.packtpub.com/application-development/rxjava-essentials
● RxMarbles - interactive diagrams: http://rxmarbles.com/

#dfua
ReactiveX RxJava Additional Reading

Thank you!
Questions?
+ConstantineMars
dataart.com.ua
dnipro.gdg.org.ua

RxJava for Android - GDG DevFest Ukraine 2015

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