Running Head: Post-Partum
1
Postpartum depression
2
Postpartum depression
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Postpartum depression
The birth of a child brings with it feelings of joy and happiness to the family and relatives but more so the mother. It may also result to depression after the birth the newborn. This leads to a condition referred to as postpartum depression. Postpartum depression describes the range of emotions, physical and behavioral changes that mothers experience after the birth of the baby. These feelings may include hopelessness, isolation, worthlessness and lack of interest in the baby which are harmful to both the mother and the baby as it may result to harming the baby (Dobson, 2000). This condition is different from the baby blues that normally last for a few days after the birth of the baby. Baby blues on the other hand is characterized by sad feelings, anxiousness, mood swings and loss of appetite.
So, what causes this disorder among women? Melinda(2013) observes that postpartum depression is caused by the changes in the levels of hormones of women during pregnancy. During the period of pregnancy, there is an increase in the levels of estrogen and progesterone. After delivery, there is a sudden reduction in the levels of the hormones including thyroid which causes the brain to develop feelings of hopelessness and sadness.She adds that a woman who has experienced a miscarriage is likely to develop the disorder. The factors that are likely to cause the disorder among pregnant women are poor support from family, friends and relatives, giving birth to a sickly baby, stress or prior experience of depression in ones’ life. Moreover, the chances of post-partum depression are increased by the occurrence of the bipolar disorder among the woman’s family members.
The symptoms of the disorder include losing interest in the activities that the individual loved to do, insomnia, inability to concentrate, loss of appetite that may eventually lead to weight loss and feeling hopeless. In addition, the mother has hallucinations that make her to hear or see things that are not present. These may also be compounded with the thoughts of suicide or killing the baby.
In turn, the disorder has a ripple effect to the emotion and physical behavior of the mother. Her behavior normally changes for the worse. The mother develops weak and negative emotions that may cause her to harm herself or her child. Physically, she becomes less active with little or no interest in the activities that once were her hobby. The woman also becomes weaker due to poor feeding habits as a result of loss of appetite. Subsequently, she becomes detached from her partner and her friends. Dobson (2000) observes that those who do not recognize the disorder may take the attitude to be a negative one thus harming the relationship that they had with the woman. In addition, the mother losses interest in the baby and this may lead to the development of negative f.
The causes, symptoms, and ways to treat postpartum depression.pptxEnquiry Pharmacy
Bringing a child into the world is undoubtedly a joyful and emotional experience. However, for some new mothers, the period following childbirth can be characterised by a deep sense of melancholy and helplessness. Postpartum depression (PPD) is the term for this. The health of the mother and the functioning of the family as a whole are both significantly impacted by this condition, which affects many women worldwide. We will examine the causes, signs, risk factors, potential side effects, and therapies for postpartum depression in this thorough article, putting light on a mental health problem that is frequently misunderstood and disregarded.
Motherhood and Depression Navigating the Challenges.pdfAthena Okas
Motherhood is often portrayed as a joyful and fulfilling journey, marked by tender moments and a sense of accomplishment. However, the reality is that the path to motherhood can also be riddled with challenges, one of the most formidable being depression.
Shulamit Glaubach MD heads a private psychiatry practice in San Francisco where she treats postpartum depression. Postpartum depression affects women who have given birth and can cause feelings of shame, anxiety, sadness, and mood swings. It is more common in women with a history of depression or who experienced it with prior pregnancies. Children of mothers with untreated postpartum depression may develop social difficulties. There are treatment decisions to consider, with the priority being a healthy mother. Many women hesitate to seek help due to mistaken beliefs that their feelings indicate a character flaw, when postpartum depression is a real condition affecting women of all backgrounds.
Physical, emotional, and psychological well-being are especially important for women due to the stresses of their many roles and responsibilities. A woman's role in the home, family, community and society is irreplaceable as they juggle household chores, childcare, work and cultural obligations. This juggling can cause stress, so taking care of one's wellness is vital. Women are also more prone to stress and depression than men due to social and biological factors like hormones and life events. During pre-menstrual phases, pregnancy, postpartum, and menopause, biological changes increase depression risk. Left unaddressed, depression can negatively impact relationships, parenting and quality of life. Improving awareness, screening
This document provides information about depression treatment in Utah, including outpatient and inpatient options. It discusses symptoms of depression and different types like bipolar disorder and postpartum depression. Treatment methods at Pathways Real Life Recovery are explained, including evaluations, medication, individual/group/family therapy. Pathways offers programs at two Utah locations and accepts insurance, monitoring clients for up to 3 years after treatment. The overall message is that depression can be treated through personalized care plans.
This article postpartum depression awareness is aimed at one of the most important factors in helping mental health amongst humanity, bringing awareness to it.
With the wide ranging and ever changing mood disorders that humans are faced with, it has never been more important to shed as much light as possible on the impact this is having and how we can help support and improve the road ahead for those affected.
Postpartum depression is one of these mood disorders that affects 1 out of 7 moms and 1 out of 10 partners/dads.
When symptoms related to “baby blues” such as excessive tiredness, sadness, irritability, and anxiety last longer than 2 weeks, this is a red flag for the onset of PPD.
It is where bringing awareness to these long lasting feelings can help reduce the severity, shorten the longevity of the symptoms, and incorporate a support system to bring back the life you were meant to live.
As the months of May and June are recently behind us, we need to reflect on the significance those months had for women and men.
May is the month for women’s mental health while June is that for men. These months help bring awareness to mental health for mothers and fathers and the mood disorders that encompass the journey of becoming a parent.
Understanding Postpartum Depression for Partners
PPD in partners may look similar to that in moms and may be completely different. Every case is unique, yet just as important in understanding, addressing, and finding support.
This is the definition of PPD when searched on Google, according to the Oxford Language,
“depression suffered by a mother following childbirth, typically arising from the combination of hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to motherhood, and fatigue.”
While attention should be focused on moms as they have gone through a life changing event with their body, notice there is no mention of partners/fathers in this explanation.
Let’s adopt the “leave no man behind” mentality and include partners and fathers as being potential candidates for PPD as well!
Here are common symptoms of PPD in partners:
Anger and irritability
A negative change in diet
Loss of identity
Lack of energy
Disinterest in activities or hobbies
Social withdrawal or isolation
Disconnect from baby and mom
There are also factors to consider that could increase the likelihood of PPD developing in partners, such as:
Previous history of mood disorders
Mom is experiencing PPD
Financial stress
Health issues with baby
Weak support system
Lack of knowledge and self-awareness
The Impact of Postpartum Depression
PPD is a mental health condition that like other health conditions if left untreated can create a very difficult road to recovery, uncomfortable living conditions, strained relationships, and potentially longer lasting symptoms.
Life with a newborn is an unnavigated landscape for every parent as they are trying to figure the baby out while the baby figures life out. Things can become very messy wh
Breaking the Silence: Postpartum Depression Awareness
This article is aimed at one of the most important factors in helping mental health amongst humanity, bringing awareness to it.
With the wide ranging and ever changing mood disorders that humans are faced with, it has never been more important to shed as much light as possible on the impact this is having and how we can help support and improve the road ahead for those affected.
Postpartum depression is one of these mood disorders that affects 1 out of 7 moms and 1 out of 10 partners/dads.
When symptoms related to “baby blues” such as excessive tiredness, sadness, irritability, and anxiety last longer than 2 weeks, this is a red flag for the onset of PPD.
It is where bringing awareness to these long lasting feelings can help reduce the severity, shorten the longevity of the symptoms, and incorporate a support system to bring back the life you were meant to live.
As the months of May and June are recently behind us, we need to reflect on the significance those months had for women and men.
May is the month for women’s mental health while June is that for men. These months help bring awareness to mental health for mothers and fathers and the mood disorders that encompass the journey of becoming a parent.
Understanding Postpartum Depression for Partners
PPD in partners may look similar to that in moms and may be completely different. Every case is unique, yet just as important in understanding, addressing, and finding support.
This is the definition of PPD when searched on Google, according to the Oxford Language,
“depression suffered by a mother following childbirth, typically arising from the combination of hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to motherhood, and fatigue.”
While attention should be focused on moms as they have gone through a life changing event with their body, notice there is no mention of partners/fathers in this explanation.
Let’s adopt the “leave no man behind” mentality and include partners and fathers as being potential candidates for PPD as well!
Here are common symptoms of PPD in partners:
Anger and irritability
A negative change in diet
Loss of identity
Lack of energy
Disinterest in activities or hobbies
Social withdrawal or isolation
Disconnect from baby and mom
There are also factors to consider that could increase the likelihood of PPD developing in partners, such as:
Previous history of mood disorders
Mom is experiencing PPD
Financial stress
Health issues with baby
Weak support system
Lack of knowledge and self-awareness
The Impact of Postpartum Depression
PPD is a mental health condition that like other health conditions if left untreated can create a very difficult road to recovery, uncomfortable living conditions, strained relationships, and potentially longer lasting symptoms.
Life with a newborn is an unnavigated landscape for every parent as they are trying to figure the baby out while the baby figures life out. Things ca
The causes, symptoms, and ways to treat postpartum depression.pptxEnquiry Pharmacy
Bringing a child into the world is undoubtedly a joyful and emotional experience. However, for some new mothers, the period following childbirth can be characterised by a deep sense of melancholy and helplessness. Postpartum depression (PPD) is the term for this. The health of the mother and the functioning of the family as a whole are both significantly impacted by this condition, which affects many women worldwide. We will examine the causes, signs, risk factors, potential side effects, and therapies for postpartum depression in this thorough article, putting light on a mental health problem that is frequently misunderstood and disregarded.
Motherhood and Depression Navigating the Challenges.pdfAthena Okas
Motherhood is often portrayed as a joyful and fulfilling journey, marked by tender moments and a sense of accomplishment. However, the reality is that the path to motherhood can also be riddled with challenges, one of the most formidable being depression.
Shulamit Glaubach MD heads a private psychiatry practice in San Francisco where she treats postpartum depression. Postpartum depression affects women who have given birth and can cause feelings of shame, anxiety, sadness, and mood swings. It is more common in women with a history of depression or who experienced it with prior pregnancies. Children of mothers with untreated postpartum depression may develop social difficulties. There are treatment decisions to consider, with the priority being a healthy mother. Many women hesitate to seek help due to mistaken beliefs that their feelings indicate a character flaw, when postpartum depression is a real condition affecting women of all backgrounds.
Physical, emotional, and psychological well-being are especially important for women due to the stresses of their many roles and responsibilities. A woman's role in the home, family, community and society is irreplaceable as they juggle household chores, childcare, work and cultural obligations. This juggling can cause stress, so taking care of one's wellness is vital. Women are also more prone to stress and depression than men due to social and biological factors like hormones and life events. During pre-menstrual phases, pregnancy, postpartum, and menopause, biological changes increase depression risk. Left unaddressed, depression can negatively impact relationships, parenting and quality of life. Improving awareness, screening
This document provides information about depression treatment in Utah, including outpatient and inpatient options. It discusses symptoms of depression and different types like bipolar disorder and postpartum depression. Treatment methods at Pathways Real Life Recovery are explained, including evaluations, medication, individual/group/family therapy. Pathways offers programs at two Utah locations and accepts insurance, monitoring clients for up to 3 years after treatment. The overall message is that depression can be treated through personalized care plans.
This article postpartum depression awareness is aimed at one of the most important factors in helping mental health amongst humanity, bringing awareness to it.
With the wide ranging and ever changing mood disorders that humans are faced with, it has never been more important to shed as much light as possible on the impact this is having and how we can help support and improve the road ahead for those affected.
Postpartum depression is one of these mood disorders that affects 1 out of 7 moms and 1 out of 10 partners/dads.
When symptoms related to “baby blues” such as excessive tiredness, sadness, irritability, and anxiety last longer than 2 weeks, this is a red flag for the onset of PPD.
It is where bringing awareness to these long lasting feelings can help reduce the severity, shorten the longevity of the symptoms, and incorporate a support system to bring back the life you were meant to live.
As the months of May and June are recently behind us, we need to reflect on the significance those months had for women and men.
May is the month for women’s mental health while June is that for men. These months help bring awareness to mental health for mothers and fathers and the mood disorders that encompass the journey of becoming a parent.
Understanding Postpartum Depression for Partners
PPD in partners may look similar to that in moms and may be completely different. Every case is unique, yet just as important in understanding, addressing, and finding support.
This is the definition of PPD when searched on Google, according to the Oxford Language,
“depression suffered by a mother following childbirth, typically arising from the combination of hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to motherhood, and fatigue.”
While attention should be focused on moms as they have gone through a life changing event with their body, notice there is no mention of partners/fathers in this explanation.
Let’s adopt the “leave no man behind” mentality and include partners and fathers as being potential candidates for PPD as well!
Here are common symptoms of PPD in partners:
Anger and irritability
A negative change in diet
Loss of identity
Lack of energy
Disinterest in activities or hobbies
Social withdrawal or isolation
Disconnect from baby and mom
There are also factors to consider that could increase the likelihood of PPD developing in partners, such as:
Previous history of mood disorders
Mom is experiencing PPD
Financial stress
Health issues with baby
Weak support system
Lack of knowledge and self-awareness
The Impact of Postpartum Depression
PPD is a mental health condition that like other health conditions if left untreated can create a very difficult road to recovery, uncomfortable living conditions, strained relationships, and potentially longer lasting symptoms.
Life with a newborn is an unnavigated landscape for every parent as they are trying to figure the baby out while the baby figures life out. Things can become very messy wh
Breaking the Silence: Postpartum Depression Awareness
This article is aimed at one of the most important factors in helping mental health amongst humanity, bringing awareness to it.
With the wide ranging and ever changing mood disorders that humans are faced with, it has never been more important to shed as much light as possible on the impact this is having and how we can help support and improve the road ahead for those affected.
Postpartum depression is one of these mood disorders that affects 1 out of 7 moms and 1 out of 10 partners/dads.
When symptoms related to “baby blues” such as excessive tiredness, sadness, irritability, and anxiety last longer than 2 weeks, this is a red flag for the onset of PPD.
It is where bringing awareness to these long lasting feelings can help reduce the severity, shorten the longevity of the symptoms, and incorporate a support system to bring back the life you were meant to live.
As the months of May and June are recently behind us, we need to reflect on the significance those months had for women and men.
May is the month for women’s mental health while June is that for men. These months help bring awareness to mental health for mothers and fathers and the mood disorders that encompass the journey of becoming a parent.
Understanding Postpartum Depression for Partners
PPD in partners may look similar to that in moms and may be completely different. Every case is unique, yet just as important in understanding, addressing, and finding support.
This is the definition of PPD when searched on Google, according to the Oxford Language,
“depression suffered by a mother following childbirth, typically arising from the combination of hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to motherhood, and fatigue.”
While attention should be focused on moms as they have gone through a life changing event with their body, notice there is no mention of partners/fathers in this explanation.
Let’s adopt the “leave no man behind” mentality and include partners and fathers as being potential candidates for PPD as well!
Here are common symptoms of PPD in partners:
Anger and irritability
A negative change in diet
Loss of identity
Lack of energy
Disinterest in activities or hobbies
Social withdrawal or isolation
Disconnect from baby and mom
There are also factors to consider that could increase the likelihood of PPD developing in partners, such as:
Previous history of mood disorders
Mom is experiencing PPD
Financial stress
Health issues with baby
Weak support system
Lack of knowledge and self-awareness
The Impact of Postpartum Depression
PPD is a mental health condition that like other health conditions if left untreated can create a very difficult road to recovery, uncomfortable living conditions, strained relationships, and potentially longer lasting symptoms.
Life with a newborn is an unnavigated landscape for every parent as they are trying to figure the baby out while the baby figures life out. Things ca
Health can be defined as both physical and mental well-being. Good health allows individuals to live productive lives without illness or injury, while poor health has negative effects and can result from untreated medical conditions. Stress is one factor that can negatively impact health by causing physical, mental, and emotional problems over the long-term. Common stress symptoms include anxiety, worry, tension, and insomnia. To better manage stress and protect health, it is important to maintain a work-life balance, exercise regularly, get sufficient sleep, socialize with others, and seek counseling or therapy if needed. Prioritizing health involves understanding stressors, accessing helpful resources, and making lifestyle choices that support overall well-being.
Identifying the Signs of Stress in Women: What You Need to KnowNature Relaxing
Recognizing signs of stress in women is important for maintaining overall health and well-being. Physical, emotional, and behavioral signs of stress can impact daily life, but there are effective coping mechanisms that can help manage stress in a healthy way. Seeking help and support from loved ones or professionals can be helpful for managing stress. By utilizing effective coping strategies, women can reduce stress levels, improve their mood, and ultimately, lead a healthier and more fulfilling life.
How To Recognize Depression In Women — And What To Do About ItKaleem Ullah Khan
Depression is a mood disorder that affects people of all ages, genders, and races. However, it often goes unrecognized in women due to the fact that its symptoms differ from those typically associated with men. This can lead to delays in diagnosis and treatment. Depression can cause a wide range of symptoms, including feeling sad or anxious most of the time, losing interest in activities you once enjoyed, changes in appetite or weight, difficulty sleeping or oversleeping, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, and thoughts of suicide.
The Tickled Pink campaign aims to increase awareness of major depressive disorder among female college students. The campaign's objectives are to increase awareness of MDD and traffic to their website, Tickled Pink, by 30%. Events include a tabling event during Mental Illness Awareness Week and a Wellness Wednesday meditation event. A Zoom conference with mental health professionals will also provide resources and support. Materials like flyers, infographics, and a website were created to promote the campaign messages and events.
While stress does not cause infertility, infertility causes significant stress. Stress can impact the success of infertility treatments like IVF. Finding ways to minimize stress, such as meditation, yoga, exercise, and social support, during fertility treatment can help improve quality of life and potentially boost treatment outcomes. Stress management is an important part of fertility care.
The document outlines a campaign to raise awareness of major depressive disorder among female college students. The campaign's objectives are to increase awareness of MDD and traffic to their website, Tickled Pink. Their slogan "It's OKAY not to be okay" aims to show support and reduce stigma. Events planned include an information table, wellness activities, and a virtual discussion with mental health professionals. Materials created include flyers, infographics, a storyboard, video, and website to educate students on MDD and available support and treatment options.
This document provides information about mental health and mental health problems. It defines mental health as relating to how people think, feel, behave and interact. Good mental health involves feeling good and functioning well, while mental health problems are common and can range from worries to serious conditions. The document discusses specific mental health problems like depression, anxiety, psychosis, and schizophrenia, explaining their symptoms. It also discusses resilience and lists factors that can influence mental health.
The document discusses pregnancy, postpartum, and counseling. It notes that pregnancy involves physical and psychological changes. The postpartum period involves three phases as the new mother adjusts to her new role. Counseling is discussed as a process to help individuals and couples address various issues through open communication and support. Genetic counseling specifically aims to provide education and support for those dealing with inherited disorders.
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable.
Yolanda Russo emigrated from Poland to the United States in 1990. She opened her first business in 1996 while working a full-time job, pursuing her passion for helping others through the spa/clinic business. Today she runs a successful facial spa specializing in natural methods to reverse skin aging without risky procedures. Her Beauty on Command method aims to help women reduce stress and relax their facial muscles to look younger through stimulating circulation and supplying energy to new cells. Her goal is to help 1 million women transform their lives and look younger naturally using her holistic approach.
This document provides information about postnatal depression, including how common it is, potential causes, symptoms, screening tools, and treatment options. Some key points:
- Postnatal depression affects almost 16% of new mothers in Australia.
- It can result from biological and environmental factors like a family history of mental illness, stressful life events, lack of social support, and difficulties with the baby.
- Symptoms are similar to depression and include low mood, lack of interest in activities, changes in appetite/sleep, and negative thoughts.
- The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale is a screening tool used to identify potential cases of postnatal depression.
- Treatment options include psychological therapy and medication, with some antidepressants considered
This document discusses abnormal psychology and different therapeutic processes. It begins by defining normal and abnormal psychology and how they relate to cultural values and societal acceptance. Two specific mental disorders are then examined: general anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. The document outlines several therapeutic approaches used to treat mental illnesses, including psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, exposure, and humanistic therapies. It emphasizes that therapy can help individuals better understand and cope with their disorders to live fulfilled lives.
This document provides information about depression and its treatment for older adults. It discusses what depression is, how common it is in older adults, and some of the physical and emotional symptoms. It emphasizes that depression is a medical condition, not a normal part of aging. The document describes how a doctor can help diagnose and treat depression, and the roles that antidepressant medications, psychotherapy, and a Depression Clinical Specialist can play in treatment. It provides details on symptom assessment tools and discusses how treating depression can help improve relationships and activities. The document outlines common depression treatments including medications and Problem-Solving Treatment, and addresses issues like side effects, drug interactions, and length of treatment.
in addition to these questions also answer the following;Answer .docxcharisellington63520
in addition to these questions also answer the following;
Answer the Stop and Consider question on page 319.
Differentiate neurologic and hormonal response to stress
Answer all questions in a Word Document and include the following:
Your name
Label each answer
Include references
Include In-text citations
Use APA Format
.
In an environment of compliancy laws, regulations, and standards, in.docxcharisellington63520
In an environment of compliancy laws, regulations, and standards, information technology (IT) departments in organizations must develop comprehensive organizational policies to support compliance. One specific area in which they must develop policies is the governance of fiduciary responsibility. Scenario: As changes occur in compliancy laws, regulations, and standards regularly, IT management of YieldMore has decided to evaluate the governance of fiduciary responsibility within the organization as it pertains to the IT department. Your team has been assigned the task of evaluating how the governance of fiduciary responsibility affects the organization’s risk. Tasks: You are asked to identify the relationship between fiduciary responsibility and organizational risk, and present this information to the IT management of YieldMore.
1. Identify key stakeholders, their roles and responsibilities, and the impact of fiduciary responsibility on each.
2. Determine the relationships among these stakeholders, the relationship between fiduciary responsibility, and organizational risk for each.
3. Distinguish the identified relationships as they relate to strategic, operational, and compliancy goals for the organization.
4. Develop an appropriate plan to govern fiduciary responsibility for the organization.
5. Prepare a report of your findings for IT management to review.
.
In American politics, people often compare their enemies to Hitler o.docxcharisellington63520
In American politics, people often compare their enemies to Hitler or to the Nazis. Many Democrats compared Trump to a "fascist," and Democrat Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez famously compared child detention facilities to "concentration camps." (Republicans claimed this was an unfair comparison and disrespectful to the real victims of the Holocaust.) On the other hand, Republicans often claim that their Democratic enemies are like Hitler, and often whine that "the Left" is persecuting them similar to how the Nazis persecuted the Jews ("cancel culture" is like the Holocaust, wearing a mask is like wearing a yellow star, etc.). Obviously these are exaggerated, bad comparisons, and are more about scoring political points than teaching history accurately.
But is it
always
wrong and disrespectful to draw comparisons or lessons from the Holocaust? Isn't it possible--while being respectful and acknowledging all the differences that make the Holocaust uniquely horrible--to try to draw lessons from it and prevent anything like it in the future? What comparisons or lessons for the present, if any, can we learn from the Holocaust?
Using specific evidence/examples/comparisons from the primary source you analyzed, please make a specific argument about a lesson or comparison
you might draw from the Holocaust. I'm not interested in your general/vague opinions about politics or Holocaust comparisons. I want you to carefully and respectfully (not politically) draw a lesson from something you learned in your document/film.
.
In addition to the thread, the student is required to reply to 2 oth.docxcharisellington63520
In addition to the thread, the student is required to reply to 2 other classmates’ threads. Each reply must be 300 words
American opinion has indeed shaped politic consequences, political interests, and policymaking. Even with little or no interest in policymaking and politics, the assumption of democracy gives the citizens the power to freely air out their issues and give their opinion in matters of political concern. Taking the war in Iraq, it posed a significant economic and political imbalance. However, support from the politicians was negligible. And because a majority of the Americans opposed the war in Iran, they voted for a Democratic congressional candidate. Their opinion played a great deal in making concrete policies in response to the war in Iraq.
Public opinion is a reflection of the citizens’ view on how the government responds to national politics. Political actions are driven by the citizen’s opinion (Erikson, & Tedin, 2015). It sheds light on the outcomes of specific policies and helps the political candidates identify the characters demanded of them by the citizens. Political scholars argued that the perception of old public opinions was changed because of ambiguity and inaccuracy (Dür, 2019). Modern theories came to identify public opinion as either latent or a broad expression. Latent opinions are formed on the spot, while broad expressions are opinions that had earlier been formed and remained stable (Cantril, 2015).
When convincing policymakers, it proves difficult, interest groups may indirectly influence public opinion. They can achieve this through the media, holding rallies, or handing out leaflets to the public (Dür, 2019). Because the citizens have little or no information on policymaking, they can easily be swayed by interest groups. Interest groups can, therefore, successfully source their support from public opinion or not.
Public opinion remains relevant in American politics. Journalists, politicians, and political scientists should focus on getting the public’s opinion on state affairs. In as much as views might differ or change, establishing a common ground will help in policymaking (Dür, 2019). For the war in Iraq, the Democratic gained power over the senate and House. This was greatly influenced by the failure of public support that shifted the pro-Democratic in 2006 and the 2008 elections. Because opinions are not fixed, establishing a connection between public views and political outcomes might be impossible.
References
Berry, J. M., & Wilcox, C. (2015).
The interest group society
. Routledge.
Cantril, H. (2015).
Gauging public opinion
. Princeton University Press.
Dür, A. (2019). How interest groups influence public opinion: Arguments matter more than the sources.
European journal of political research
,
58
(2), 514-535.
Erikson, R. S., & Tedin, K. L. (2015).
American public opinion: Its origins, content, and impact
. Routledge.
.
In addition to reading the Announcements, prepare for this d.docxcharisellington63520
In addition to reading the
Announcements
, prepare for this discussion by reading the
Required Resources
, the
Week Four Instructor Guidance
, and the scenario provided below. In particular, you should review the
Initial Referral to the Multidisciplinary Team form
found on p. 112-113 of your text, the
Child Study Team Referral Form
from week three, and
Part I
of the
Comprehensive Report
found in the
Instructor Guidance
for this week.
Scenario:
In addition to your role on the Child Study Team, you are also a member of the Multidisciplinary Evaluation Team (MDT). This team is preparing to meet because while the Tier Two Interventions have been helpful, Manuel is still struggling with his reading fluency and his writing, and is continuing to fall further behind. The MDT has received the signed and dated formal permission for referral from Manuel's parents and the school psychologist has conducted an academic achievement evaluation as described in your text. One of your roles as the special education inclusion teacher in your school is to translate the results of all the assessments in a way that is understandable to parents, the child, and to the regular education teacher. Another aspect of your role is to write the Initial Referral to the MDT such as the one described on p. 112 of the text. Finally, in your role as the special education inclusion teacher you are tasked with reviewing the results of all the assessments in order to to help the Manuel, his parents and his other teachers to understand the various strategies that are recommended based on his assessment outcomes.
You have reviewed the RTI data collected to date, including the informal observations of Mr, Franklin and Manuel's other teachers and samples of his classroom work, and have compared those data to
Part I of the Comprehensive Report
prepared by the school psychologist. That report is located in the Instructor Guidance for this week. The data paint a compelling and congruent picture of Manuel's current academic functioning. You are now ready to write an Initial Referral for Manuel so that his eligibility for special education services can be determined.
Initial Post:
Review the
Initial Referral to the Multi-Disciplinary Team form
on p. 112 and 113 of your text. Compare the information needed for that form with the
Child Study Team Referral Form
that you filled out last week for Manuel. Explain the different functions of the two documents and state how they are alike and how they are different. Then, explain how you plan to share the data on the Initial Referral to the Multi-Disciplinary Team form in a way that Manuel, his parents, and Mr. Franklin can understand. Be sure to include an explanation for why you are the one sharing this information with them. Include pertinent professional or personal real world examples to illustrate your points.
Text:
Pierangelo, R., & Giuliani, G. A. (2012).
Assessment in special education: A practical a.
In Act 4 during the trial scene, Bassanio says the following lin.docxcharisellington63520
In Act 4 during the trial scene, Bassanio says the following lines:
“Antonio, I am married to a wife
Which [who] is as dear to me as life itself;
But life itself, my wife, and all the world
Are not with me esteemed above your life.
I would lose all, ay sacrifice them all
Here to this devil [Shylock] to deliver [save] you.”
And Portia, who hears these lines (though Bassanio doesn’t know it), says,
“Your wife would give you little thanks for that
If she were [near]by to hear you make the offer.”
(Act 4, scene 1, 281-288
Is Antonio really more important to Bassanio than Portia? Explain why or why not. What do these lines tell us about the value of male friendship vs. marriage in this play? Would Portia be justified in rejecting Bassanio, since later in this scene he gives away the ring she gave him which he swore never to give up? (see Act 3, scene 2, lines 167-185) Your response should be about 200-250 words and should include specific references to lines in the play.
.
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Similar to Running Head Post-Partum1Postpartum depression2Post.docx
Health can be defined as both physical and mental well-being. Good health allows individuals to live productive lives without illness or injury, while poor health has negative effects and can result from untreated medical conditions. Stress is one factor that can negatively impact health by causing physical, mental, and emotional problems over the long-term. Common stress symptoms include anxiety, worry, tension, and insomnia. To better manage stress and protect health, it is important to maintain a work-life balance, exercise regularly, get sufficient sleep, socialize with others, and seek counseling or therapy if needed. Prioritizing health involves understanding stressors, accessing helpful resources, and making lifestyle choices that support overall well-being.
Identifying the Signs of Stress in Women: What You Need to KnowNature Relaxing
Recognizing signs of stress in women is important for maintaining overall health and well-being. Physical, emotional, and behavioral signs of stress can impact daily life, but there are effective coping mechanisms that can help manage stress in a healthy way. Seeking help and support from loved ones or professionals can be helpful for managing stress. By utilizing effective coping strategies, women can reduce stress levels, improve their mood, and ultimately, lead a healthier and more fulfilling life.
How To Recognize Depression In Women — And What To Do About ItKaleem Ullah Khan
Depression is a mood disorder that affects people of all ages, genders, and races. However, it often goes unrecognized in women due to the fact that its symptoms differ from those typically associated with men. This can lead to delays in diagnosis and treatment. Depression can cause a wide range of symptoms, including feeling sad or anxious most of the time, losing interest in activities you once enjoyed, changes in appetite or weight, difficulty sleeping or oversleeping, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, and thoughts of suicide.
The Tickled Pink campaign aims to increase awareness of major depressive disorder among female college students. The campaign's objectives are to increase awareness of MDD and traffic to their website, Tickled Pink, by 30%. Events include a tabling event during Mental Illness Awareness Week and a Wellness Wednesday meditation event. A Zoom conference with mental health professionals will also provide resources and support. Materials like flyers, infographics, and a website were created to promote the campaign messages and events.
While stress does not cause infertility, infertility causes significant stress. Stress can impact the success of infertility treatments like IVF. Finding ways to minimize stress, such as meditation, yoga, exercise, and social support, during fertility treatment can help improve quality of life and potentially boost treatment outcomes. Stress management is an important part of fertility care.
The document outlines a campaign to raise awareness of major depressive disorder among female college students. The campaign's objectives are to increase awareness of MDD and traffic to their website, Tickled Pink. Their slogan "It's OKAY not to be okay" aims to show support and reduce stigma. Events planned include an information table, wellness activities, and a virtual discussion with mental health professionals. Materials created include flyers, infographics, a storyboard, video, and website to educate students on MDD and available support and treatment options.
This document provides information about mental health and mental health problems. It defines mental health as relating to how people think, feel, behave and interact. Good mental health involves feeling good and functioning well, while mental health problems are common and can range from worries to serious conditions. The document discusses specific mental health problems like depression, anxiety, psychosis, and schizophrenia, explaining their symptoms. It also discusses resilience and lists factors that can influence mental health.
The document discusses pregnancy, postpartum, and counseling. It notes that pregnancy involves physical and psychological changes. The postpartum period involves three phases as the new mother adjusts to her new role. Counseling is discussed as a process to help individuals and couples address various issues through open communication and support. Genetic counseling specifically aims to provide education and support for those dealing with inherited disorders.
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. Fortunately, it is also treatable.
Yolanda Russo emigrated from Poland to the United States in 1990. She opened her first business in 1996 while working a full-time job, pursuing her passion for helping others through the spa/clinic business. Today she runs a successful facial spa specializing in natural methods to reverse skin aging without risky procedures. Her Beauty on Command method aims to help women reduce stress and relax their facial muscles to look younger through stimulating circulation and supplying energy to new cells. Her goal is to help 1 million women transform their lives and look younger naturally using her holistic approach.
This document provides information about postnatal depression, including how common it is, potential causes, symptoms, screening tools, and treatment options. Some key points:
- Postnatal depression affects almost 16% of new mothers in Australia.
- It can result from biological and environmental factors like a family history of mental illness, stressful life events, lack of social support, and difficulties with the baby.
- Symptoms are similar to depression and include low mood, lack of interest in activities, changes in appetite/sleep, and negative thoughts.
- The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale is a screening tool used to identify potential cases of postnatal depression.
- Treatment options include psychological therapy and medication, with some antidepressants considered
This document discusses abnormal psychology and different therapeutic processes. It begins by defining normal and abnormal psychology and how they relate to cultural values and societal acceptance. Two specific mental disorders are then examined: general anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. The document outlines several therapeutic approaches used to treat mental illnesses, including psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, exposure, and humanistic therapies. It emphasizes that therapy can help individuals better understand and cope with their disorders to live fulfilled lives.
This document provides information about depression and its treatment for older adults. It discusses what depression is, how common it is in older adults, and some of the physical and emotional symptoms. It emphasizes that depression is a medical condition, not a normal part of aging. The document describes how a doctor can help diagnose and treat depression, and the roles that antidepressant medications, psychotherapy, and a Depression Clinical Specialist can play in treatment. It provides details on symptom assessment tools and discusses how treating depression can help improve relationships and activities. The document outlines common depression treatments including medications and Problem-Solving Treatment, and addresses issues like side effects, drug interactions, and length of treatment.
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in addition to these questions also answer the following;Answer .docxcharisellington63520
in addition to these questions also answer the following;
Answer the Stop and Consider question on page 319.
Differentiate neurologic and hormonal response to stress
Answer all questions in a Word Document and include the following:
Your name
Label each answer
Include references
Include In-text citations
Use APA Format
.
In an environment of compliancy laws, regulations, and standards, in.docxcharisellington63520
In an environment of compliancy laws, regulations, and standards, information technology (IT) departments in organizations must develop comprehensive organizational policies to support compliance. One specific area in which they must develop policies is the governance of fiduciary responsibility. Scenario: As changes occur in compliancy laws, regulations, and standards regularly, IT management of YieldMore has decided to evaluate the governance of fiduciary responsibility within the organization as it pertains to the IT department. Your team has been assigned the task of evaluating how the governance of fiduciary responsibility affects the organization’s risk. Tasks: You are asked to identify the relationship between fiduciary responsibility and organizational risk, and present this information to the IT management of YieldMore.
1. Identify key stakeholders, their roles and responsibilities, and the impact of fiduciary responsibility on each.
2. Determine the relationships among these stakeholders, the relationship between fiduciary responsibility, and organizational risk for each.
3. Distinguish the identified relationships as they relate to strategic, operational, and compliancy goals for the organization.
4. Develop an appropriate plan to govern fiduciary responsibility for the organization.
5. Prepare a report of your findings for IT management to review.
.
In American politics, people often compare their enemies to Hitler o.docxcharisellington63520
In American politics, people often compare their enemies to Hitler or to the Nazis. Many Democrats compared Trump to a "fascist," and Democrat Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez famously compared child detention facilities to "concentration camps." (Republicans claimed this was an unfair comparison and disrespectful to the real victims of the Holocaust.) On the other hand, Republicans often claim that their Democratic enemies are like Hitler, and often whine that "the Left" is persecuting them similar to how the Nazis persecuted the Jews ("cancel culture" is like the Holocaust, wearing a mask is like wearing a yellow star, etc.). Obviously these are exaggerated, bad comparisons, and are more about scoring political points than teaching history accurately.
But is it
always
wrong and disrespectful to draw comparisons or lessons from the Holocaust? Isn't it possible--while being respectful and acknowledging all the differences that make the Holocaust uniquely horrible--to try to draw lessons from it and prevent anything like it in the future? What comparisons or lessons for the present, if any, can we learn from the Holocaust?
Using specific evidence/examples/comparisons from the primary source you analyzed, please make a specific argument about a lesson or comparison
you might draw from the Holocaust. I'm not interested in your general/vague opinions about politics or Holocaust comparisons. I want you to carefully and respectfully (not politically) draw a lesson from something you learned in your document/film.
.
In addition to the thread, the student is required to reply to 2 oth.docxcharisellington63520
In addition to the thread, the student is required to reply to 2 other classmates’ threads. Each reply must be 300 words
American opinion has indeed shaped politic consequences, political interests, and policymaking. Even with little or no interest in policymaking and politics, the assumption of democracy gives the citizens the power to freely air out their issues and give their opinion in matters of political concern. Taking the war in Iraq, it posed a significant economic and political imbalance. However, support from the politicians was negligible. And because a majority of the Americans opposed the war in Iran, they voted for a Democratic congressional candidate. Their opinion played a great deal in making concrete policies in response to the war in Iraq.
Public opinion is a reflection of the citizens’ view on how the government responds to national politics. Political actions are driven by the citizen’s opinion (Erikson, & Tedin, 2015). It sheds light on the outcomes of specific policies and helps the political candidates identify the characters demanded of them by the citizens. Political scholars argued that the perception of old public opinions was changed because of ambiguity and inaccuracy (Dür, 2019). Modern theories came to identify public opinion as either latent or a broad expression. Latent opinions are formed on the spot, while broad expressions are opinions that had earlier been formed and remained stable (Cantril, 2015).
When convincing policymakers, it proves difficult, interest groups may indirectly influence public opinion. They can achieve this through the media, holding rallies, or handing out leaflets to the public (Dür, 2019). Because the citizens have little or no information on policymaking, they can easily be swayed by interest groups. Interest groups can, therefore, successfully source their support from public opinion or not.
Public opinion remains relevant in American politics. Journalists, politicians, and political scientists should focus on getting the public’s opinion on state affairs. In as much as views might differ or change, establishing a common ground will help in policymaking (Dür, 2019). For the war in Iraq, the Democratic gained power over the senate and House. This was greatly influenced by the failure of public support that shifted the pro-Democratic in 2006 and the 2008 elections. Because opinions are not fixed, establishing a connection between public views and political outcomes might be impossible.
References
Berry, J. M., & Wilcox, C. (2015).
The interest group society
. Routledge.
Cantril, H. (2015).
Gauging public opinion
. Princeton University Press.
Dür, A. (2019). How interest groups influence public opinion: Arguments matter more than the sources.
European journal of political research
,
58
(2), 514-535.
Erikson, R. S., & Tedin, K. L. (2015).
American public opinion: Its origins, content, and impact
. Routledge.
.
In addition to reading the Announcements, prepare for this d.docxcharisellington63520
In addition to reading the
Announcements
, prepare for this discussion by reading the
Required Resources
, the
Week Four Instructor Guidance
, and the scenario provided below. In particular, you should review the
Initial Referral to the Multidisciplinary Team form
found on p. 112-113 of your text, the
Child Study Team Referral Form
from week three, and
Part I
of the
Comprehensive Report
found in the
Instructor Guidance
for this week.
Scenario:
In addition to your role on the Child Study Team, you are also a member of the Multidisciplinary Evaluation Team (MDT). This team is preparing to meet because while the Tier Two Interventions have been helpful, Manuel is still struggling with his reading fluency and his writing, and is continuing to fall further behind. The MDT has received the signed and dated formal permission for referral from Manuel's parents and the school psychologist has conducted an academic achievement evaluation as described in your text. One of your roles as the special education inclusion teacher in your school is to translate the results of all the assessments in a way that is understandable to parents, the child, and to the regular education teacher. Another aspect of your role is to write the Initial Referral to the MDT such as the one described on p. 112 of the text. Finally, in your role as the special education inclusion teacher you are tasked with reviewing the results of all the assessments in order to to help the Manuel, his parents and his other teachers to understand the various strategies that are recommended based on his assessment outcomes.
You have reviewed the RTI data collected to date, including the informal observations of Mr, Franklin and Manuel's other teachers and samples of his classroom work, and have compared those data to
Part I of the Comprehensive Report
prepared by the school psychologist. That report is located in the Instructor Guidance for this week. The data paint a compelling and congruent picture of Manuel's current academic functioning. You are now ready to write an Initial Referral for Manuel so that his eligibility for special education services can be determined.
Initial Post:
Review the
Initial Referral to the Multi-Disciplinary Team form
on p. 112 and 113 of your text. Compare the information needed for that form with the
Child Study Team Referral Form
that you filled out last week for Manuel. Explain the different functions of the two documents and state how they are alike and how they are different. Then, explain how you plan to share the data on the Initial Referral to the Multi-Disciplinary Team form in a way that Manuel, his parents, and Mr. Franklin can understand. Be sure to include an explanation for why you are the one sharing this information with them. Include pertinent professional or personal real world examples to illustrate your points.
Text:
Pierangelo, R., & Giuliani, G. A. (2012).
Assessment in special education: A practical a.
In Act 4 during the trial scene, Bassanio says the following lin.docxcharisellington63520
In Act 4 during the trial scene, Bassanio says the following lines:
“Antonio, I am married to a wife
Which [who] is as dear to me as life itself;
But life itself, my wife, and all the world
Are not with me esteemed above your life.
I would lose all, ay sacrifice them all
Here to this devil [Shylock] to deliver [save] you.”
And Portia, who hears these lines (though Bassanio doesn’t know it), says,
“Your wife would give you little thanks for that
If she were [near]by to hear you make the offer.”
(Act 4, scene 1, 281-288
Is Antonio really more important to Bassanio than Portia? Explain why or why not. What do these lines tell us about the value of male friendship vs. marriage in this play? Would Portia be justified in rejecting Bassanio, since later in this scene he gives away the ring she gave him which he swore never to give up? (see Act 3, scene 2, lines 167-185) Your response should be about 200-250 words and should include specific references to lines in the play.
.
In a Word document, please respond to the following questions.docxcharisellington63520
In a Word document, please respond to the following questions:
How is the information discussed in the articles similar or different compared to what you have heard/learned about international/global communication? Especially compared to the chapters from our textbook
Business Writing Today.
Based on the information provided in the articles, what are some rules/conventions do people tend to follow when communicating across cultures and languages?
Which out of the four articles provoked a strong response in you? Did you agree and/or disagree with the author? Why?
.
In a Word document, create A Set of Instructions. (you will want.docxcharisellington63520
In a Word document, create
A Set of Instructions
. (you will want to save it twice—once as a .doc and once as a .pdf) Upload the .pdf document to the Unit 3 Dropbox. It should be single-spaced (as all technical docs are) with double spacing between sections. Think visually. Think simple steps. See the rubric.
.
In a two page response MLA format paperMaria Werner talks about .docxcharisellington63520
In a two page response MLA format paper
Maria Werner talks about the changes Perrault in his (17th century) version made to the much earlier original oral version of the tale written down by Delarue Paul Ed" The story of Grandmother" and the motivation behind the Grimms brothers(19th century) version of the tale. Compare and contrast these three versions of LRRH from the readings, explaining how the variations changes the focus not plot of each tale.
Readings
1. Charles Perrault: Little red riding hood(france)
2.Brothers Grimm: Little red cap(Germany)
3. Paul Delarue Ed: The story of grandmother(france)
.
In a paragraph (150 words minimum), please respond to the follow.docxcharisellington63520
In a paragraph (150 words minimum), please respond to the following questions:
Prior to reading the text, how would you have defined terrorism?
What is your understanding of terrorism now?
How would you account for the huge amount of terrorism in the 20th and 21st centuries?
What do you see as the ethically proper response to acts of terror?
.
In a paragraph form, discuss the belowThe client comes to t.docxcharisellington63520
In a paragraph form, discuss the below:
The client comes to the physician's office complaining of shortness of breath. He states he has a history of fluid in his lungs and he takes a "water pill" and a "bronchodilator" every day. Both legs are swollen. He also used inhaler cortisone when needed to ease his frequent difficult breathing. His blood pressure is 168/98 and his pulse is 144 beats per minute. Upon listening to his heart with a stethoscope, a third heart sound is noted and abnormal breath sounds. After complete blood work and radiological investigation, the patient is diagnosed with CHF and COPD.
Discuss all of this information with the physician using correct medical terminology.
.
In a minimum of 300 words in APA format.Through the advent o.docxcharisellington63520
In a minimum of 300 words in APA format.
Through the advent of social media, a thing known as "slactivism" has arisen. This is literally activism through social media and, despite such a negative label, researchers are finding that this actually works! Activism through the medium of social media is having a significant impact. This is just ONE example of many of not only a "mass behavior" but can also fit into all 4 categories of social movements. The individuals involved in this mass behavior/social behavior could easily be examined within the lens of the "contagion theory" as well as the "emergent-norm theory."
Go check out whatever form of Social Media/ Media you are most on, (facebook, instagram, tumblr, twitter, reddit, youtube etc. ) Look for an example of "slactivism" from people/influencers that you follow that is promoting a specific type of social movement. Discuss their post here by answering the following questions (if you feel comfortable you can post your example here as well but it is not required.)
1. Describe the post (or post it here), where did you find it, what do the contents involve?
2. Based on the readings from this chapter, what type of social movement are they promoting?
2. What theory of crowd behavior can be applied to this movement? Please expand
3. What Social movement theory can be applied to this movement? Please expand
4. At what stage in the social movement cycle would you place this movement?
.
In a paragraph form, post your initial response after reading th.docxcharisellington63520
In a paragraph form, post your initial response after reading the passage below:
The client comes to the physician's office complaining of shortness of breath. He states he has a history of fluid in his lungs and he takes a "water pill" and a "bronchodilator" every day. Both legs are swollen. He also used inhaler cortisone when needed to ease his frequent difficult breathing. His blood pressure is 168/98 and his pulse is 144 beats per minute. Upon listening to his heart with a stethoscope, a third heart sound is noted and abnormal breath sounds. After complete blood work and radiological investigation, the patient is diagnosed with CHF and COPD.
Discuss all of this information with the physician using correct medical terminology.
.
In a minimum 250-word paragraph, discuss at least one point the auth.docxcharisellington63520
In a minimum 250-word paragraph, discuss at least one point the author makes that stands out to you. Why did you find it interesting or strange? How does it compare to, connect to, and/or expand on your own experience and what you know about language and the world? Be specific. Explain. Use examples!
.
In a hostage crisis, is it ethical for a government to agree to gran.docxcharisellington63520
In a hostage crisis, is it ethical for a government to agree to grant a terrorist immunity if he releases the hostages, even though the government has every intention of capturing and prosecuting the terrorist once his hostages are released?
write an initial post (200-250 words) and one secondary post (minimum 100 words) (reply to the classmate's post, file attached)
For your initial post, you must have two academic peer-reviewed articles for references.
Discussion must include in-text citations and references in APA style formatting
Due 24 March 2021 by 1:00 PM ET
.
In a double-spaced 12 Font paper How did you immediately feel a.docxcharisellington63520
In a double-spaced 12 Font paper
How did you immediately feel after finishing the novel in relation to data security as a whole? Has your thought process changed regarding how you will share data? Do you value metadata more or less after reading this novel?
Do you feel that there should be more of an emphasis on personal privacy or public security? (Hint: you can use domestic threats to support your stance-whichever it may be.)
Considering the grand scheme of things, do you feel that what Edward Snowden did was wrong? Do you think he helped more people or put more people in danger?
Should the United States government continue to attempt to persecute Edward Snowden? If so, why? If not, why?
Do you think there could have been a better way for Edward Snowden to achieve the goal that he felt was necessary without inciting anger and fear from the United States government by being a whistleblower?
.
In a follow-up to your IoT discussion with management, you have .docxcharisellington63520
In a follow-up to your IoT discussion with management, you have been asked to document and describe Use Case examples of IoT Services and Applications, so they can see a clear application of the technology. After all, the goal of IoT is to ensure all company resources and technological objects can communicate, and documentation is always part of the process. In a report to your manager, describe the following topics:
An introduction to IoT technology and typical corporate devices being used within IoT
Examples of IoT services and applications describing the service, application, interface, and benefit to the organization. Please pick 3 of the following IoT Use Cases when informing management of this required information and the implementation of technology:
Predictive Maintenance (e.g., use of cameras, sensors and data analytics)
Smart Metering (e.g., internet device capable of measuring how a company consumes energy, gas or water)
Asset tracking (e.g., efficient location and monitoring of key assets)
Connected vehicles (e.g., automation of driving tasks)
Fleet Management (e.g., transportation efficiency and productivity)
Provide reference page with at least 3-5 references in APA format
4 to 5 pages
.
In a COVID-19 situation identify the guidelines for ethical use of t.docxcharisellington63520
In a COVID-19 situation identify the guidelines for ethical use of the computers and networks in any organisation.
Please discuss the NETIQUETTE technique and explain how it can help professionals to embrace ethical use of networks in the current pandemic situation. You need to use some cases in the discussion to add value to your discussion.
.
In a 750- to 1,250-word paper, evaluate the implications of Internet.docxcharisellington63520
In a 750- to 1,250-word paper, evaluate the implications of Internet use (including, but not limited to, basic web presence, online shopping, vendor unique portals, vendor specific portals, "IOT," social media, and/or VPN use) within a SMB, as well as data protection for intellectual property. Make sure to address third-party vendors, cloud technology, and technology trends.
.
In a 600 word count (EACH bullet point having 300 words each) di.docxcharisellington63520
In a 600 word count (EACH bullet point having 300 words each) discuss the following WITH no intro or conclusion needed… CITE AND REFERENCE WITH TWO PEER reVIEWS
· Discuss the diathesis-stress model as it pertains to schizophrenia.
· Explain the causal factors associated with the disorder.
(1) DQ word count 175
Please describe schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder. How are the two disorders different? Do they have anything in common?
.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Running Head Post-Partum1Postpartum depression2Post.docx
1. Running Head: Post-Partum
1
Postpartum depression
2
Postpartum depression
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Postpartum depression
The birth of a child brings with it feelings of joy and happiness
to the family and relatives but more so the mother. It may also
result to depression after the birth the newborn. This leads to a
condition referred to as postpartum depression. Postpartum
depression describes the range of emotions, physical and
behavioral changes that mothers experience after the birth of the
baby. These feelings may include hopelessness, isolation,
worthlessness and lack of interest in the baby which are harmful
to both the mother and the baby as it may result to harming the
baby (Dobson, 2000). This condition is different from the baby
blues that normally last for a few days after the birth of the
baby. Baby blues on the other hand is characterized by sad
feelings, anxiousness, mood swings and loss of appetite.
So, what causes this disorder among women? Melinda(2013)
observes that postpartum depression is caused by the changes in
the levels of hormones of women during pregnancy. During the
period of pregnancy, there is an increase in the levels of
estrogen and progesterone. After delivery, there is a sudden
reduction in the levels of the hormones including thyroid which
causes the brain to develop feelings of hopelessness and
2. sadness.She adds that a woman who has experienced a
miscarriage is likely to develop the disorder. The factors that
are likely to cause the disorder among pregnant women are poor
support from family, friends and relatives, giving birth to a
sickly baby, stress or prior experience of depression in ones’
life. Moreover, the chances of post-partum depression are
increased by the occurrence of the bipolar disorder among the
woman’s family members.
The symptoms of the disorder include losing interest in the
activities that the individual loved to do, insomnia, inability to
concentrate, loss of appetite that may eventually lead to weight
loss and feeling hopeless. In addition, the mother has
hallucinations that make her to hear or see things that are not
present. These may also be compounded with the thoughts of
suicide or killing the baby.
In turn, the disorder has a ripple effect to the emotion and
physical behavior of the mother. Her behavior normally changes
for the worse. The mother develops weak and negative emotions
that may cause her to harm herself or her child. Physically, she
becomes less active with little or no interest in the activities
that once were her hobby. The woman also becomes weaker due
to poor feeding habits as a result of loss of appetite.
Subsequently, she becomes detached from her partner and her
friends. Dobson (2000) observes that those who do not
recognize the disorder may take the attitude to be a negative one
thus harming the relationship that they had with the woman. In
addition, the mother losses interest in the baby and this may
lead to the development of negative feelings that harm the
mother child bonding process. The effects of the postpartum are
more serious if not treated. It may lead to the death of the
mother and the child due to the thoughts of suicide.
In order to avert the effect of the disorder, the mothers who
exhibit the symptoms of the disorder ought to be given medical
3. treatment. The common methods that are used to treat the
disorder are using antidepressants and counseling the mother.
Melinda (2013) says that those with the lighter from of the
disorder are better off with counseling alone while those who
are burdened with the disorder ought to be given the
antidepressants. However, the use of antidepressants can affect
the baby through the breast milk and therefore Lyness(2010)
recommends counseling. The process of counseling involves
instilling positive thoughts that are meant to counter the effect
of the reduced levels of hormones in the mother’s body.
During therapy, the women are emphasized to take focus on
things that they would like to do in the day such as taking a
walk. The importance of reading inspirational books is also
highlighted during these sessions. The books lift up the moods
and lighten the emotions of the women. In addition, the mother
is urged to focus on activities that she once loved so as to bring
back her old moods.
Lyness(2010) recommends the use of exercise for the women
who are suffering from the disorder. This could be in the form
of yoga and joking. Exercise as she notes, serves as a
distraction of thoughts that face the woman by engaging her
mind in physical activities. In addition, it enhances the appetite
levels and reduces stress. She stresses that the women who face
the disorder ought to be with their friends and relatives. This
will help ease the burden that she has. She underscores the
importance of sleep and rest to the individual as it is crucial in
calming the mind. Lyness(2010) concludes by noting that
patience and optimism are very important in the road to
recovery of the woman.
The benefit of helping the women with this disorder is that they
will be able to lead normal livesas before and with strengthen
the bond betweenthe mother and the child. The relationship of
the woman and the partner will also be enhanced as a result of
4. positivity in the life of the woman. The treatment method is
stated in the advocacy plan below. ( that transition is a little
rough and it is our intended purpose to assist the individuals in
our area with POST PART Depression. The paper can be more
stated as the who, what, when, were , why (its important to
childhood development and the bonding and attachement the
mother and child under go. ( poor bonding causes what kinds of
issue’s later on in life could be in their so that our desired
outcome is to do the below
Outcomes
In our advocacy plan, we hope to help women who are suffering
with postpartum depression. By helping them emotionally and
physically, we will assist them in getting back on track with
their lives and learn how to manage any feelings of depression
that might emergency
Advocacy Plan
The first step in our plan will be to find women who have
postpartum depression. We want to assist women to help them
alleviate the symptoms of postpartum depression. Since a great
deal of women who have it don’t know about it until it’s been
going on for a while, it is critical for us to find and help women
before it gets to the point that they will need extra care. We will
begin our action plan January 1, 2014. For our plan we will set
up a safe quiet place for women to get treatment which will be
paid for through ongoing grants and federal funding. This is not
something we will be able to get money for once and be done
with; we will need continuing fundraising and grants written.
Women who are already seeing a doctor can ask for a referral to
the facility, or can see one of the on-site doctors for an
evaluation. This evaluation would help the doctors determine
what type of treatment the patient needs and determine and
course of treatment. In this facility we will give women who are
experience postpartum depression access to the therapy they
need so they can talk about how they are feeling each time they
5. come in and not be judged. We will have a councilor as well on
site to discuss progress with the women on their emotional
status. Meditation and exercise will also be offered at the
building so the women can relieve stress and relax. Medication
will also be obtainable through doctors on site when needed.
Women who are prescribed medication though will have to
check in weekly for check-ups. This is to ensure everything is
going smoothly and they aren’t having any unexpected changes
while on the medication. We will need to talk to the city for
land, but ultimately the people involved in this project will be
the families of the women who are ill and need medical help.
The women cannot be expected to do this on their own; they
will need emotional support from their family and friends while
undergoing treatment. While doing so, family members can
come be with the women in treatment and help her whenever
possible.
The end result we hope to accomplish by doing this is to assist
women who are suffering from postpartum depression, whether
it be the early stages or late stages, and help them be able to
have a positive outlook on life. We want them to go through
their day to day routine with no symptoms of depression, and be
happy with themselves and experience the joy of their new baby
Date to begin
Objective
Action
Desired result
Resources needed
Date of completion
January 1, 2014
To help women suffering from post-partum.
Build a center and have counseling and therapy available
To create a place for women to get the help they need.
People
-Money
-Building
6. June 1, 2015
Helping Women Suffering From
Post-Partum
Outcome: To help women suffering from post-
partum be able to find coping
mechanisms and relaxation techniques in the
Coos County area
To build this structure and have the medical staff on site that we
need, it is going to take a lot of money. This will be done
through grants and fundraisers. We will also need a location for
the building. With the amount of medical staff needed, we might
want to use land near the hospital. The building could also be a
large wing added onto the medical center or perhaps an unused
area of the hospital. There are several options for the placement
of the facility. We will also need an exercise and relaxation
trainer to help the women on a daily basis. The community may
get involved with this project by helping to build the center and
by volunteering their various expertise. The center will need
doctors, nurse practitioners, physical therapists, and other
experts as well. The expected completion date for the center
will be June 1, 2015.
Assessing Your Advocacy Plan
The biggest problem we’re going to run into is not having
enough money. Even with ongoing grants and fundraising, we’re
not entirely sure we will have enough to build the structure and
equip it with medical staff, a full gym, and a relaxation room. A
way to fix this though would be to make it accessible to anyone
for a fee. They would pay at the front desk, and have access to
the gym and relaxation rooms. A women who is there for
7. postpartum depression however would be on a list and, since it
would be a medical visit, would be covered by her insurance.
She would have full access to everything, including the medical
personnel on site for prescriptions, therapy, and counseling.
This way the center would be bringing in some money to help
pay off the debt it incurred from its creation. The major benefit
the center will have will be that it is not only going to affect the
women who attend, but also the community. The center will
help women with their depression, and by doing so will
strengthen the community because there will be healthier, more
emotionally happy people in the community. It will also help
the area by creating jobs and volunteer opportunities for the
people in the area.
References
Dobson, V. 2000.The Science of Infanticide and Mental Illness.
Psychology, Public Policy and
Law 6 (4): 1098–1112.
Lyness, D. 2010. Postpartum disorder. Retrieved from
http://drmaryalm.wordpress.com/2012/07/18/how-postpartum-
depression-affects-your
baby/
Melinda, S.2013. Self-Help for Postpartum. Retrieved from
http://kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_newborn/communicating
/bonding.html
Postpartum Depression
There are many possible symptoms of postpartum depression,
including the following:.
r lnability to sleep or sleeping a lot
. . Change in appetite
8. o Extreme concern and worry about the baby or a lack of
interest or feelings for the baby
o Feeling unable to love the baby or your family
q Anger toward the baby, your partner, or other family members
o Anxiety or panic attacks
o Fear of harming your baby; these thoughts may be obsessive,
and you may be afraid to be left
alone in the house with Your babY'
o lrritability
Simple lifestyle changes can go a long way towards helping you
feel like yourself again.
o Don't skimp on sleep. A full 8 hours may seem like an
unattainable luxury when you're dealing
with a newborn, but poor sleep makes depression worse. Do
what you can to get plenty of
rest-from enlisting the help of your husband or family members
to catching naps when you
can.
o Set aside quatity time for yourself to relax and take a break
from your mom duties. Find small
ways to pamper yoursetf, tiketaking a bubble bath, savoring a
hot cup of tea, or lighting scented
candles.
o Make meals a priority. When you're depressed, nutrition often
suffers. What you eat has an
impact on mood, as well as the quatity of your breast milk, so
do your best to establish healthy
9. eating habits.
o Get out in the sunshine. Sunlight lifts your mood, so try to get
at least 10 to 15 minutes of sun
per daY.
o Ease back into exercise. Studies show that exercise may be
just as effective as medication when
it comes to treating depression, so the sooner you get back up
and moving, the better. No need
to overdo it. A 3O-minute walk each day will work wonders'
I rneeuENTLY Asreo QuesrroNs
{.""&
. Stressful life events, such as death of
a loved one, caring for an aging fam-
ily member, abuse, and poverty, can
trigger depression.
. Hormonal factors unique to
women may contribute to depres-
sion in some women. We know
that hormones direcdy a{fect the
brain chemistry that controls emo-
tions.and mood. We also know
that women are at greater risk of
depression at certain times in their
lives, such as ptrberty, during and
after pregnancy, and during peri-
10. menopause. Some women also have
depressive symptoms right before
their period.
Depression after childbirth is called
postpartum depression. Hormonal
changes may trigger symptoms of
postpartum depression.'When you
are pregnant, levels of the female hor-
mones estrogen (ESS-truh-jen) and
progesterone (proh-JESS-tur-ohn)
increase greatly. In the first 24 hours
after childbirth, hormone levels quick-
ly rettrrn to normal. Researchers think
the big change in hormone levels may
Iead to depression. This is much like
the way smaller hormone changes can
affect a woman's moods before she gets
her period.
Levels of thyroid hormones may also
drop after Sving birth. The thyroid
is a small gland in the neck that helps
regulate how your body uses and stores
energy from food. Low levels of thy-
roid hormones can cause symptoms of
depression. A simple blood test can tell
if this condition is causing your symp-
toms. If so, your doctor can prescribe
thyroid medicine.
Other factprs may play a role in post-
partum depression. You may feel:
. Tired after delivery
. Tired from a lack of sleep or broken
11. sleep
. Overwhelmed with a new baby
. Doubts about your ability to be a
good mother
. Stress from changes in work and
home routines
. An unrealistic need to be a perfect
mom
. Loss ofwho you were before having
the ba
. Less attractive
. A lack of free time
Are some women more at risk
for depression during and after
pregnancy?
Certain factors may increase your risk of
depression during and after pregnancy:
. A personal history of depressicin or
another mental illness
. A family history of depiession or
another mental illness
. A lack of support from family and
friends
. Anxiery or negative feelings about
12. the pregnancy
. Problems with a previous pregnancy
or birth
. Marriage or money problems
, Stressful life events
. Youngage
. Substance abuse
httpd/wrw.uomen$ealth.gw
l{0G99+9662
TDr) l{88-220-54{6
Q:
A:
page 2
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on
Women's Health
r:k
FneeuENrlv Asreo QuesrroNs
. Not having any interest in the baby
,
PostpartLlm depression needs to be
13. Women who are depressed during
pregnancy have a greater'risk ofdepres-
sion after giving birth.
What is the difference between
"baby bluesr" postpaltum
depression, and postpartum PsY-
chosis?
the days after childbirth. Ifyou have the
baby blues, you may:
. Have mood swings
. Feel sad, anxious, or overwhelmed
. Have crying spells
. Lose your appetite
The ba blues most often go away
within a Gw days or a week. The symp-
toms are not severe and do not need
treatment.
The symptoms of postpartum depres-
sion last longer and are more severe.
Postpartum depression can begin
anytime within the first year after
childbirth. Ifyou have posq)arrum
depression, you may have any of the
symptoms of depression listed above.
Symptoms may also include:
' Thoughts of hurting the baby
' Thoughts of hurting yourself
treated by a doctor. ., '
^(r/rt
14. rfffiI}:11'*il11?*' .,*{
4 out of every 1,000 births. It usually
begins in the first 2 weeks after child-
birth. Women who have bipolar disor-
der or another mental health problem
called schizoaffective (SKIT-soh-uh-
FEK-tiv) disorder have a higher risk for
poslpartum psychosis. Symptoms may
include:
. Seeing things that aren't there 7
. Feeling confused (
. Iffi ,'i?:,:,:':#:L,.,,,1
Q: What should I do if I have sYmP-
toms of depression during or
after pr:egnancy?
CaIl your doctor if;
Your baby blues dori't go away after
2 weeks
Syrnptoms of depression get more
and more intenSe :
Symptoms of depression begin
any time after delivery, even many
months later
It is hard for you to perform tasks at
work or at home
You cannot care for yourself or your
baby
You have thoughts of harming your-
self or your baby
15. Your doctor can ask you questions to
test for depression. Your doctor can also
refer yotr to a mental health professional
who specializes in treating depression.
Q;
page 3
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on
Women's Health
ffioQuEqrtoNs
(
Feeling restless or moodY
Feeling sad, hoPeless, and,over-
whelmed
Crying a lot
Having no energ1 or rhotivation
Eating too little or too much
Sleeping toolittle or too much
Having trouble focusing or making
decisions
16. Having memorY Problems
Feeling worthless and guilry
Losing interest or pleasure in activi-
iies you used to enjoY
What is dePression?
Deoression is more than just feeling
"bl'ue" or "down in the dumps" for
a few days. J*-1*'*'*erieulg ififr ess't{at
involves shc brairx With depression'
t"ra,-*io"t, or "empry" feelings don't
so awaY and interfere with day-to-day
iie *a routines. These feelings can be
mild to severe. The good news is that
most people with depression get better
,vith treatment.
a
a
a
a
t
18. sion?
Ai' When you are pregnant or after you
have a tabY, Yo, *,Y be dePressed and
not know it. Sorne normal changes
during and after Pregnancy can cause
,-..rrrrto*t similar to those of depres-
,iorr. nr, if You have anY of the follow-
ing symptoms of depression for more
than 2 weeks, call Your doctor:
Q:
A:
. Withdrawingfrom friends and family
. Hayrng headaches, aches and Pains'
or stomach Problems that don't go
away
Your doctor can figure out ifYour
syrnptoms are caused by depression or
something else'
What causes dePression? What
about PostPartum dePression?
There is no single cause. Rather,
depression likeiy results from a combi-
19. nation offactors:
. DePression is a mental illness that
t.odt to run in families' Women
with n 6milY history of dePression
are more likely to have depression'
. Changes in brain chemistry or struc-
ture aie believed to play a big role in
depression.
{k Depression
During
and After
page
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Office
on Women's Health
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Depression Sourcebook, First Edition
A variety of hormonal changes may trigger its symptoms. Estro-
gen and progesterone levels-which increase tenfold during
pregnancy
to accommodate the growing fetus-suddenly and rapidly drop in
the
first 24 hours after childbirth. After delivery, these hormones
fall to
even lower levels, to pre-pregnancy levels.21 These decreases
may trig-
ger depression, just as smaller hormonal changes can affect a
woman's
moods before menstruation.2z
Thyroid levels may also drop sharply after birth. A thyroid defi-
ciency can produce symptoms that mimic depression, such as
mood
swings, severe agitation, fatigue, insomnia, and anxiety. Simple
thy-
68. roid tests can determine if this condition is causing a woman's
post-
partum depression.2s
Aside from biological changes, a variety of physical,
psychological,
and environmental factors can lead to postpartum depression.
. Feelings of fatigue following delivery, broken sleep patterns,
and
insuffrcient rest often prevent a new mother from regaining her
full strength for weeks, especially if she has had a cesarean de-
livery.2a
o Taking responsibility for an expanding family can be over-
whelming. Some new mothers have feelings of self-doubt and
in-
adequacy. They may doubt their ability to be a good mother.25
r Many new mothers suffer from stress, which can be caused by
changes in work and home routines. Stress can also be caused
by the pressure a woman places on herself to be the "perfect
mother," a highly unrealistic goal.26
. New mothers often experience feelings of loss. After the birth
of
a baby, many women feel a loss of identity, a loss of control, a
loss
of a slim fi.gure, and a perceived loss of physical
attractiveness.zT
. In addition, their free time is suddenly restricted, they are con-
fined indoors for long periods of time, and they have less time
to
spend with their baby's father.28
69. Treating Postpartum Depression
Postpartum depression is treated much like other types of
depres-
sion. The most common treatments for depression are
antidepressant
medication, psychotherapy, participation in a support grouP, or
a com-
bination of these treatments. However, some antidepressants can
con-
taminate breast milk. Women who breast-feed should talk to
their
doctors to determine the most suitable treatment option.8o
[email protected]
The most appropriate heal
rby of the postpartum depress
preference. It is important to
is both temporary and treatal
New mothers with postpar
of, self-care strategies.
r Good, old-fashioned rest il
the baby's nap time.
. Relieve some of the pressr
you can, and leave the res
partner to share night-tin
ehores.
. To help you through the n
tional support from your I
friends.
70. o Isolation often perpetuate
leave the house for at leas
. Make an effort to spend ti
o Ask your physician to advi
ments. Be assertive aborrt
professionals recogrize thr
tum depression. Get a refe
who specializes in treating
o Talk with other motherg s
enees.
o Join one of the many supp
help women who suffer frro
hotline to access informati
For Further lnformation
National Womcn's Heolth .
Toll-free: 1-800-994-WOMAN (
Toll-free TDD : L-888-22O-5446
http ://www. 4woman. gov
Additional resources for inf
the end section of this book.
68
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1
APA Lite for College Papers is a concise guide to crafting
research papers in the style of the
American Psychological Association (APA). It is based on the
current edition of the APA Publication
Manual (corrected printing, 2009) while incorporating
guidelines for “Material Other Than Journal
Articles” found in the last edition. APA Lite succeeds the APA
Crib Sheet developed by Professor
Dewey in the 1990s and revised by the Abel Scribe
collaboration in the current century. Doc Scribe
is not affiliated in any way with the American Psychological
Association--this style guide is free!
78. 1. Organization. “In a manuscript submitted for publication,
figures, tables, and footnotes are placed at the end of
the manuscript; in theses and dissertations, such material is
frequently incorporated at the appropriate point in
text as a convenience to readers” (APA, 2001, p. 325).
2. Line spacing. “Double-spacing is required throughout most
of the manuscript. When single-spacing would
improve readability, however, it is usually encouraged. Single-
spacing can be used for table titles and headings,
figure captions, references (but double-spacing is required
between references), footnotes, and long quotations
[this is sometimes referred to as block spacing]” (p. 326).
3. Title page. The title and abstract pages of a copy manuscript
are organized for anonymous review and
typesetting. Elements that require separate pages are usefully
combined on a single page: the title, author,
abstract, and author note. The running head becomes the page
header, as it does in published articles.
APA Lite is a guide to crafting final manuscripts. It
incorporates these recommendations from the 2001 edition of
the APA Publication Manual (5th ed.). For the rest, APA Lite
follows the current sixth edition (2009).
You cannot copyright a style. By law (17 U.S.C. 102(b)) "the
original and creative word sequences in [a text] are
protected by copyright, but a writing style itself is in the public
domain, no matter how original it is" (The Copyright
Handbook, 3rd. ed., by Stephen Fishman, 1998, Berkeley, CA:
Nolo Press). You cannot copyright a research (or
any) style, nor can you copyright a language, even a
programming language. If for example, you could copyright all
the works in the style of William Shakespeare, you would own
80. Figure 1. General features of APA style for final manuscripts.
The figure follows the rules described in the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association (2009) as
well as the suggestions found in chapter 6 of the previous fifth
edition of the Publication Manual (2001), “Material Other Than
Journal Articles.” The numbers indicate the section in APA
Lite
where more information can be found.
Rejected: How to Fail in APA Style 2
Rejected: How to Fail in APA Style
The writing style described in the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological
Association (APA) is followed by over a thousand journals in
psychology and education. Some
colleges and universities have adopted the style for student
papers in all fields. It is an old style
and partial to tedious detail. Still, its widespread acceptance is
in marked contrast to the
proliferation of styles in fields where it is not used. For
example, authors writing in the field of
biomedical research must contend with literally hundreds of
different journal styles.
Where it is required, you must get it right. A survey of journal
81. editors, reported in “The
Elements of (APA) Style: A Survey of Psychology Journal
Editors” (Brewer, Scherzer, Van
Raalte, Petitpas, & Andersen, 2001), found that most editors
profess to rate the quality of a paper
over its presentation--its adherence to APA style. Even so, this
was not a universal sentiment.
There appears to be a point where neglecting the style can lead
to rejecting the paper.
Although most of the respondents (61%) indicated that they had
never returned a manuscript to an
author solely because of failure to adhere to APA style, it is
important to note that 39% of the
respondents reported that they had returned a manuscript to an
author purely for failing to adhere to
APA style. (Brewer et al., 2001, p. 266)
The study asked the respondents to rate the categories most
commonly observed deviating
from APA style. These were reported on a scale ranging from 1
(none) to 5 (a lot). The three
major problem areas identified were: (a) references (M = 3.23,
SD = 1.07), (b) tables and figures
(M = 3.00, SD = 0.98), and (c) mathematics and statistics (M =
2.81, SD = 0.99). Problems in
these area had a direct influence on editorial decisions, and
rightly so.
82. Table 1
APA Style Problems Areas Identified by Journal Editors
Frequency Influence
Problem Area Mean SD Mean SD
References 3.23 1.07 2.27 1.39
Tables and figures 3.00 0.98 2.23 1.27
Math and statistics 2.81 0.99 2.31 1.32
Note. Values are mean scores on a 5-point scale (1 = none, 5 = a
lot);
N = 210. Adapted from "The Elements of (APA) Style: A
Survey of
Psychology Journal Editors," by B. W. Brewer et al., 2001,
American
Psychologist, 56, p. 266.
Publication in research journals is highly competitive. Most
journals publish only one
article in four submitted; top medical journals publish one in
twelve. Poor adherence to the
required style handicaps a paper however brilliant the content.
Editors screen these submissions
out. They are not passed along for review. These papers are
dead on arrival at the editor’s desk.
2.2 Margins
84. 4.1 Scales
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3 APA (STYLE) LITE FOR COLLEGE & CONFERENCE
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1.1 PRIORITIES & STRATEGIES IN USING APA STYLE
� What features are most important? This question was asked
in a survey of more than 200 psychology journal
editors (“The Elements of [APA] Style: A Survey of Psychology
Journal Editors,” by B. W. Brewer et al., 2001,
American Psychologist, 56(3), pp. 266-267). The editors
reported that problems with (a) documentation (references)
were the most serious, followed closely by (b) problems with
tables and figures, then (c) by the presentation of
mathematical formulas and statistics. The editors avowed that
content was more important than style. Still, 39%
reported rejecting a paper solely for failing to follow APA
style.
1. You must get your references right. A single reference that
goes to the wrong source, or to no source, can
discredit your entire paper. Style and form are important to
assure a reference is complete.
2. The style uses a simple format for tables that is widely
shared by other styles. Many word processor can
generate colorful and complex tables, but a simple and austere
format is universally preferred in research
writing. Graphs are less common than tables, and images are
rare, but they are not difficult to present.
85. 3. The APA uses nonstandard symbols in presenting statistics--
just a few of the more common symbols are
presented in APA Lite. If you need to present your own
mathematics refer to the APA Manual. Precise
numbers follow the metric system and international
conventions.
The APA Manual shows how to format references to 96
different sources. The section on tables was so good in the
last edition the Chicago Manual of Style referred readers to it
(2003, p. 423). Mathematics and statistics are not
covered as well as they could be, but this shortcoming
illustrates the importance of clarity and consistency. When
instructions are ambiguous follow your best judgment to
achieve a clear presentation and be consistent with that
choice throughout your paper. Get the main features right; seek
clarity and consistency with the rest.
1.2 APA STYLE: PAGE FORMATS, TEXT RULES, &
DOCUMENTATION
� APA style is organized around three elements: (a) page
formats, (b) text rules, and (c) documentation. Page
formatting concerns not only margins, indents, and spacing, but
also the presentation of tables and figures, as well
as the organization of the paper. This is part of the final
refinement of a manuscript. Text rules are at the heart of
what the APA Manual refers to as “The Mechanics of Style”
(2009, chap. 4). These include rules for using
abbreviations, when to write numbers as words, and the
presentation of quotations. For example, a sentence should
never begin with an abbreviation, a rule this paragraph
cheerfully ignores. Think of these rules as you write. Finally,
the process of documentation refers to citations and references.
Make this part of your research; take notes.
Grammar and punctuation are largely conventional in APA
style. Any standard reference will serve.
86. 1.3 APA STYLE NOTES: RECURRING FEATURES
� Heading caps. A simple rule governs what words to
capitalize in a heading or title, but when to apply the rule is
more complex. Heading caps are used with the first two levels
of headings in the text, but not for lower levels They
are applied to the titles of books, chapters, and articles
mentioned in the text, but all titles in references are set in
sentence caps. Heading caps are used for the titles of tables,
but sentence caps are used for the captions of
figures. The required form is noted as needed throughout APA
Lite. The term heading caps is an adaptation of
headline caps, referring to a style of capitalization used by
newspapers (CMS, 2003, pp. 366-367). The APA Manual
calls this title case in a table note (p. 62). The Chicago Manual
of Style (CMS) makes no reference to this term.
• Heading caps capitalize the first word, the first word after a
colon; all words of four letters or more; and all
adjectives, adverbs, nouns, and pronouns in a heading or title.
Articles, conjunctions, and short prepositions are
not capitalized. Capitalize all words of a hyphenated compound
word.
• Sentence caps capitalize a caption, title in a reference, or a
heading as you would a sentence. Capitalize
proper nouns and the first word after a colon.
• Full caps capitalize every letter. They are not used in APA
final manuscripts, but are used for the running head
in copy manuscripts. Small caps are not used.
Heading caps are also referred to as headline caps from their
early usage in newspapers. An example of their use is
the title of chapter 6 in the APA Manual (2001), "Material
Other Than Journal Articles."
87. Bold fonts. APA Lite presents headings in a bold font, as
specified by the APA Manual. It also places the title and
page header in boldface type for consistency, though this is not
called for in the Manual.
1.4 WHAT’S NEW IN THE NEW APA MANUAL (2009)?
� Headings and DOIs. Headings and subheadings have a new
format, far more sensible than the last (APA Lite,
sec. 2.3). What’s different is the confusion that’s been
eliminated. Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) must now be
added to references when they are available, even when
referencing print sources (APA Lite, sec. 6.4).
• Space twice at the end of sentences (up from once). This is a
recommendation (p. 88). Be consistent!
• Use confidence intervals with statistics rather than the
standard deviation.
• Use exact probabilites to two or three decimal places when the
statistic allows: write p = .042 not p < 0.05.
• The plural of appendix is spelled appendices, NOT appendixes
as before. Data is still the plural of datum!
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4 APA (STYLE) LITE FOR COLLEGE & CONFERENCE
PAPERS
2.0 TITLE & TEXT PAGE FORMAT
� The title page is condensed in final manuscripts. Since the
88. paper is to be read rather than typeset the title page
should carry as much information about the content as possible.
The title and author share the page does the
abstract and author note for conference papers. The date is
added to a published article by the journal; here it must
be added by the author. Keywords to aid online search retrieval
are now added after the abstract.
Page Headers. Copy manuscripts carry a running head on every
page. This becomes the page header in college
papers. The running head for publication is an abbreviated
short title header--no more than 50 characters--that will
be placed at the top of each page when the paper is published in
a journal. It is omitted from the title page of college
papers where it is redundant, and set in heading caps to conform
with other headings in the paper (it is placed in full
caps when writing for publication).
Page Numbers. The APA Manual (2001) once noted that “the
position of page numbers on the first pages . . . may
differ from the position of numbers on other pages” (p. 326).
On the title page of college papers the page number is
relocated to the bottom center of the page.
2.1 TITLE PAGE
� The old APA Manual (2001) noted: “If the paper is to receive
masked review, also place the author note on the
title page, following the bylines and affiliations. The journal
editor will remove the title page before sending the
manuscript out to reviewers” (p. 296). For this reason, the
abstract is placed on a separate page. Since final
manuscripts are not intended for anonymous review, it is
sensible to add the abstract to the title page along with the
author note as a convenience to the reader.
Figure 2. Title pages for college and conference papers. The
89. title pages shown differ significantly from that shown in the
APA
Manual for copy manuscripts. Block spacing is used (single
space within blocks of text, double space between blocks); title,
author, abstract, and author note are combined on a single page.
Centered Title in the Style of the
American Psychologist
Abel Scribe
Department of Arcane Studies
Transcendental College
April 1, 2009
Abstract
An abstract is not too common in student papers, but
required when submitting any paper for publication in an
American Psychological Association (APA) journal.
This is a good feature for students, especially graduate
students, to emulate in their work. An abstract is a brief
concise description of the research: what you were
looking for, why, how you went about it, and what you
found. Absent an abstract, proportion the title and
author block on the page. Abstracts to articles published
in APA journals are set in italics, a feature not specified
in the APA Manual, though perhaps appropriate for
conference papers.
Keywords: APA style, page format
[Acknowledgement] The author wishes to thank
Abby Scribe for her brilliant insights. Funding was
90. provided by the Ganja Pipeline Project.
[Contact Info] Correspondence concerning this
paper can be sent to Abel Scribe, Center for the Study of
APA Style, Transcendental College, Boulder, CO 80302.
Address email to [email protected]
1
The Title is Centered in a Bold
Font in Heading Caps and
Single-Spaced on the Page
Author M. Lastname
University Affiliation
[ Course - Date ]
1
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5 APA (STYLE) LITE FOR COLLEGE & CONFERENCE
PAPERS
Abstract. An abstract should reveal in concise terms what you
studied and why, how you went about it, what you
found, and the relevance of those findings. “Type the abstract
itself as a single paragraph without paragraph
indentation (APA, 2009, p. 27). The maximum length varies by
journal, usually 150 to 250 words. Keywords follow
the abstract.
91. Author Note. There are four elements to the author note in copy
manuscripts: (a) the author’s name and (b)
affiliation (department and institution), (c) acknowledgments
and disclaimers, and (d) contact information. The
author’s name and current affiliation follow the title in college
and conference papers—acknowledgments and
contact information need appear only on conference papers.
Each element is presented as a separate indented
paragraph.
• Acknowledgment. This is a catch-all paragraph for
recognizing those who aided the author, and any conflicts of
interest or disclaimers. For example, if you are a paid
consultant for a company providing a drug used in a study
this must be disclosed.
• Contact information. This is the person designated to respond
to inquiries, followed by their complete mailing
address and email address if appropriate.
2.2 FIRST & FOLLOWING TEXT PAGES
� Repeat the title on the first text page. “The introduction to a
manuscript does not carry a heading that labels it as
the introduction. (The first part of a manuscript is assumed to
be the introduction)” (APA, 2009, p. 63).
Figure 3. First and subsequent text pages. The previous edition
of the APA Manual (2001) advocated block spacing to
improve the readability of college and conference papers (p.
326). The text is double-spaced, but block quotes are single-
spaced
within while double-spaced from the text. The same line
spacing is applied to headings, tables, references, and figure
captions.
92. Page Format
• Margins must be at least one inch on all four sides of the page,
wider left if the paper is to be bound. For shorter
papers do not use a binder, a single staple in the upper left
corner makes the paper easier to read.
• Page header & page number. The page header is an
abbreviated title in heading caps (every major word is
capitalized). This is the revised running head found in copy
manuscripts (APA, 2009, p. 229). The page header
goes inside the top margin a half inch above the text, next to the
left margin (new with the 6th edition). The page
number aligns with the right margin; on the title page the
number is centered at the bottom or omitted.
Number all pages consecutively--starting with the title page--
whether the page number is shown or not.
APA Style Final Manuscripts 2
APA Style Final Manuscripts for College Papers
The APA Manual warns that “the Publication Manual is not
intended to cover scientific
writing at an undergraduate level . . . . Instructions to students
to ‘use the Publication Manual’
should be accompanied by specific guidelines for its use [italics
added]” (APA, 2001, p. 322).
These needed guidelines are provided by APA Lite for College
Papers, a free online webpage that
93. is also available in printable PDF format. An important feature
of these guidelines is the sharp
distinction drawn between copy manuscripts and final
manuscripts in the APA Manual.
Copy manuscripts have been described throughout the Manual.
Their life span is short; they
are normally read by editors, reviewers, and compositors only
and are no longer usable after
they have been typeset. Copy manuscripts must conform to the
format and other policies of
the journal to which they are submitted.
Final manuscripts, however, reach their audiences in the exact
form in which they are
prepared. . . . A number of variations from the requirements
described in the Manual are not
only permissible but also desirable [italics added] in the
preparation of final manuscripts.
(APA, 2001, pp. 321–322)
The APA Manual advises students to adapt the style for their
class papers. It offers several
suggestions for preparing “theses, dissertations, and student
papers” in a chapter entitled “Material
Ragged
Margin
94. Serif Typeface Only!
Short Title Page Header
Number EVERY Page!
NO “Introduction”
Space 2x
Space 1x
1/2”
1/2”
1” Margins
Space 1x: Block Quotes - Tables - References
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6 APA (STYLE) LITE FOR COLLEGE & CONFERENCE
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Text Format
• Typeface. “The preferred typeface for APA publications is
Times Roman, with a 12-point font size” (APA, 2009, p.
228). This is a serif typeface, a typeface with small cross bars
on the letters—Times Roman and Courier are
common examples.
95. • Ragged right margin? An unjustified right margin is called a
ragged right margin for its appearance on the page.
Do not hyphenate words at the ends of lines, do not justify the
right margin, leave it ragged.
• Indent all text paragraphs--except the abstract and the first
paragraph in a block quote--one-half inch. Hanging
indents in references are also indented one-half inch. There are
special rules for paragraphs in block quotes.
• Block spacing? Double space the text, but single space “table
titles and headings, figure captions, references
(but double-spacing is required between references), footnotes,
and long quotations” (APA, 2001, p. 326). Long
quotations--block quotes--are single spaced within and double
spaced from the text. Titles, headings, and
references also follow this format.
• Space once after (most) punctuation? However, “spacing twice
after punctuation marks at the end of a
sentence aids readers of draft manuscripts” (APA, 2009, p.88).
Space once after initials--but not inside
abbreviations--for example, the initials in Tolkein, J. R. R. are
spaced, but the U. in U.S. is not (see p. 88).
2.3 HEADINGS (NEW!) & LISTS (SERIATION)
Definitions. Headings, subheadings, and lists are tools used to
organize a manuscript. Lists come in two forms:
sentence lists and paragraph lists, or more accurately, sentence
seriation and paragraph seriation.
Do not begin a paper with the heading Introduction, this is
understood (APA, 2009, p. 63). Repeat the title.
Figure 4. Revised APA headings (2009). Headings are used in
96. descending order as needed, starting over with each section of
the paper. The use of a bold font for the title and page header
(running head) are an APA Lite modification.
Five levels of headings are available in APA style, used in the
order shown as needed. “Use at least two subsection
headings within any given section, or use none” (APA, 2009, p.
62).
Seriation. “Just as the heading structure alerts readers to the
order of ideas within the paper, seriation helps the
reader understand the organization of key points within
sections, paragraphs, and sentences” (APA, 2009, p. 63).
The elements in the list must be comparable and the
construction parallel. Letters are used to identify the items
within a sentence, numbers to list full sentences—each indented
as a paragraph—or paragraphs. Note, though:
• Numbered lists may imply an ordering or ranking of the items.
• Use bullets to remove or reduce this implicit ranking (APA,
2009, p. 64).
Page Header in Bold Heading Caps 2
Title or Major Heading Centered in
Heading Caps and Bold Font
Do not use the heading “Introduction.” Repeat the title. It is
understood that all papers
begin with an introduction (APA, 2009, p. 63).
Level 2 Side Head in Bold Heading Caps
97. When top level headings run to two lines single-space within
the heading, double-space
before and after (see the top of the page). Use (a) paragraph
seriation or (b) sentence seriation to
further organize your paper, anywhere in the text.
1. Paragraph seriation lists single sentences or paragraphs
numbered with arabic numerals and
indented like ordinary paragraphs (see APA, 2009, p. 63).
2. Sentence seriation (a) lists topics or categories within
sentences, with (b) each preceded by
a small letter in parentheses. Items are separated by commas or
semicolons as required.
Level 3 paragraph or run-in heading in sentence caps and bold
font. The heading is
indented, need not be a complete sentence, but ends with a
period or other punctuation.
Level 4 paragraph or run-in heading in sentence caps and bold
italic font.
Level 5 paragraph or run-in heading in sentence caps and italic
font.
Level 1
Seriation
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3.0 TEXT RULES (THE MECHANICS OF STYLE)
� This section explains what to keep in mind as you write: the
use of abbreviations, required capitalization, adding
emphasis to words and phrases, and the presentation of
quotations. APA Lite devotes a separate section to
numbers.
3.1 ABBREVIATIONS
� Pedantic professors (and the Chicago Manual of Style) will
note that acronyms are abbreviations that are
sounded as words (e.g., AIDS, NASA), while initialisms are
abbreviations sounded as letters (e.g., ATM, FBI). The
term acronym usually suffices for both. Use acronyms to avoid
repeating long familiar terms (e.g., APA, MMPI), and
use sparingly, only for terms frequently repeated throughout
your text.
• Explain what an acronym means the first time it occurs:
American Psychological Association (APA).
• If an abbreviation is commonly used as a word, it does not
require explanation (IQ, LSD, REM, ESP).
• To form plurals of abbreviations, add s alone, without an
apostrophe (PhDs, IQs, vols., Eds).
Use periods when presenting an abbreviation within a reference
(Vol. 3, p. 6, pp. 121-125, 2nd ed.)
99. • Use two-letter postal codes for U.S. states (e.g., GA for
Georgia) in references (write the state name out in text).
• Use the abbreviation pp. (plain text) in references to
newspaper articles, chapters in edited volumes, and text
citations only, not in references to articles in journals and
magazines.
• Use hr for hour or hours, min for minutes, s for seconds, m for
meter or meters (all in plain text, no period, no
bold font).
• When using abbreviations for measurements (e.g., m for
meter) do not add an s to make it plural (100 seconds is
100 s), do not add a period (see APA Lite, 2009, sec. 4.2).
Do not use Latin abbreviations in the text unless they are inside
parentheses. An exception is made for et al. when
citing a source. For example, "Smith et al. (2009) found
monkeys measured higher in IQ tests than grad students."
Instead, write out the equivalent word or phrase:
cf. [use compare]
e.g. [use for example]
etc. [use and so forth]
i.e. [use that is]
viz. [use namely]
vs. [use versus]
• Do not use the traditional abbreviations for subject,
experimenter, and observer (S, E, O).
• Do not use periods within degree titles and organization titles
100. (PhD, APA).
• Do not use periods within measurements (ft, s, kg, km, lb)
except inches (in.).
3.2 CAPITALIZATION
� The general rule is to capitalize terms if they are highly
specific--in effect, used as proper nouns. For example,
write the nineteen twenties (1920s), but also write the Roaring
Twenties. Write the Great Plains, but also write the
central plains, and the plains of Nebraska (but the Nebraska
Plains).
• Capitalize formal names of tests, conditions, groups, effects,
and variables only when definite and specific (e.g.,
Stroop Color-Word Interference Test, Group A was the control
group). But do not capitalize names of laws,
theories, and hypotheses (e.g., the law of effect, the test
groups).
• Capitalize nouns before numbers or letters that indicate a
specific place in a numbered series, but not before
variables (Chapter 4, Table 3, Trial 2, but not trial x).
• Capitalize specific course and department titles (GSU
Department of Psychology, Psych 150). But do not
capitalize the term when referring to generalities (any
department, any introductory course).
• Capitalize the first word after colon in all titles in references
and in the text and in headings. In the text, if the
phrase following a colon is a complete sentence capitalize the
first word.
• When capitalizing a compound word capitalize all words in
the compound (e.g., Double-Blind Trial).
101. Exception! “Do not capitalize nouns that denote common parts
of books or tables followed by numerals or letters—
page iv, row 3, column 5” (APA, 2009, p. 103).
Heading caps capitalize all major words and all words of four
letters or more in headings, titles, and subtitles outside
reference lists, for example, chapter 6 in the APA Manual
(2001) is titled "Material Other Than Journal Articles."
Sentence caps capitalize the first word and the first word after a
comma or colon when the phrase is a complete
sentence. For example, "This is a complete sentence, so this is
capitalized."
3.3 ITALICS (EMPHASIS) & QUOTATION MARKS
� Use italics for the titles of books, species names, novel or
technical terms and labels (the first time only), words
and phrases used as linguistic examples, letters used as
statistical symbols, and the volume numbers in references
to journal articles.
• Add emphasis to a word or short phrase by putting it in italics
(the first time only). Use this sparingly!
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• Add emphasis to a word or phrase in a quotation with italics,
followed by the note [italics added] in brackets.
102. • Note a word used as a word, or a foreign term, with italics, for
example, hutte means hut in German.
• Introduce a keyword or technical term (the
neoquasipsychoanalytic theory), or identify endpoints on a scale
(poor
to excellent) with italics.
• Do not italicize foreign words that have entered common
usage (e.g., et al., a priori, laissez-faire, arroyo).
Use quotation marks for:
• odd or ironic usage the first time--the “outrageous” use of
social security funds to finance the deficit. These are
known as scare quotes.
• article and chapter titles cited in the text but not in the
reference list. For example, in Smith’s (1992) article, "APA
Style and Personal Computers," computers were described as
"here to stay" (p. 311).
Do not use quotes to hedge, cast doubt, or apologize (e.g., he
was "cured"). Leave off the quotes.
3.4 QUOTATIONS
Reproduce a quote exactly. If there are errors, introduce the
word sic italicized and bracketed—for example, “the
speaker stttutured [sic] terribly”—immediately after the error to
indicate it was in the original.
Figure 5. Text and block quotations. Quotes 40 words or longer
are formatted as block quotes.
Block quotes, quotations of 40 words or longer, are double-
spaced from the text, single-spaced within. Indent the
103. entire block five spaces (one-half inch, 1.25 cm).
• The first line of the first paragraph in a block quote is not
additionally Indented; the first line of each paragraph
after the first is indented (see Figure 5). Add the citation to the
end of the block quote after the final punctuation.
• Block quotes may be single-spaced in research papers, but
must be double-spaced in copy manuscripts
submitted for publication or review.
Shorter quotes, less than 40 words, are placed in the text in
quotation marks. Longer quotes, 40 words or more,
are indented and single spaced as block quotes, without
quotation marks.¶
• Reproduce a quote exactly. If there are errors, introduce the
word sic (thus) italicized and bracketed—for
example, “the speaker stttutured [sic] terribly”—immediately
after the error to indicate it was in the original.
• When the author is introduced in the text the page number
follows the quotation, but the date follows the author’s
name. Smith (1999) reported that “the creature walked like a
duck and quacked like a duck” (p. 23). The
abbreviation “p.” for page (“pp.” for pages) is lower cased.
• Without an introductory phrase, the author, date, and page are
placed together. For example, It was reported
that “the creature walked like a duck and quacked like a duck”
(Smith, 1999, p. 23).
APA Style Final Manuscripts 5
A Tale of Two Quotes
104. The APA Publication Manual (2001) includes a chapter entitled
“Material Other Than
Journal Articles” (chap. 6). Therein it advises “the Publication
Manual is not intended to cover
scientific writing at an undergraduate level . . . . Instructions to
students to ‘use the Publication
Manual’ should be accompanied by specific guidelines for its
use [italics added]” (APA, 2001, p.
322). College and conference papers are formatted differently
from copy manuscripts.
Copy manuscripts have been described throughout the Manual.
Their life span is short; they
are normally read by editors, reviewers, and compositors only
and are no longer usable after
they have been typeset. Copy manuscripts must conform to the
format and other policies of
the journal to which they are submitted.
Final manuscripts, however, reach their audiences in the exact
form in which they are
prepared. . . . A number of variations from the requirements
described in the Manual are not
only permissible but also desirable [emphasis added] in the
preparation of final manuscripts.
(APA, 2001, pp. 321–322)
105. Authors are advised to adapt the style for college and
conference papers. What changes are the
page formats and organization of the paper. Everything else
remains the same.
No ¶ Indent
Block & ¶ Indent
No period here!
Block
Indent
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Edit quotes. Effective writing seeks to merge quotations into
the flow of the text. Edit a quotation according to the
following rules (see APA, 2009, pp. 170–171):
• Change case/punctuation. Double quotation marks may be
changed to single quotes, and the reverse, without
indicating the change. The case of the letter beginning the
quote, and punctuation ending it, may be changed to
fit the syntax. For example, drawing on the sentence above,
write: "Merge quotations into the flow of the text!"
Do Not write "[M]erge quotations . . . ." in APA style (but see
Chicago Manual of Style, 2003, p.462).
106. • Omit . . . Words. Words may be omitted from a quote as long
as the original meaning is not altered. The
omission is an ellipsis, and is indicated by inserting three
ellipsis points, three periods with a space before the
first, after the last, and between each period; between two
sentences, four points are used. "Do not use ellipsis
points at the beginning or end of any quotation unless, in order
to prevent misinterpretation, you need to
emphasize the quotation begins or ends in midsentence" (APA,
2009, p. 173).
• [sic]. Obvious errors in a quotation may be corrected without
making a special notation. But for an unusual word
choice, concept, term, or spelling, it may be appropriate to
emphasize that the original is being quoted faithfully
by inserting the Latin term sic (thus), in italics or underlined,
and in brackets, immediately following the term (see
APA, 2009, p. 172). For example, "the hapless students in the
study sttutttered [sic] unbearably."
• [Add note]. A clarification may be inserted in a quote. This is
added in brackets at the appropriate place. For
example, the local authority reported "they [the Irish
Republican Army] called for a cease-fire."
• [Italics added]. Emphasis may be added to a quote with
italics. When this is done a note must be appended to
the quote in brackets immediately after the change [italics
added] to the quotation.
4.0 NUMBERS & STATISTICS
� The English language is somewhat vague about the
presentation of numbers. Therefore, most styles present
rules for using even common numbers, such as when to write a
number as a word and when to write it as a numeral.
107. Precise measures are always presented as numerals in the metric
system in APA style; nonstandard symbols are
used for some of its statistics. See the APA Manual If you are
presenting your own mathematical formulas.
4.1 COMMON NUMBERS
Spell out common numbers under 10. “Use numerals to express
numbers 10 and above and words to express
numbers below 10” (APA, 2009, p. 111) as long as the numbers
below 10 do not express precise measurements
and are not grouped with numbers above 10.
• Spell out common fractions, common expressions, and
centruries (one-half, Fourth of July, twentieth century).
• Spell out all numbers beginning sentences (Thirty days hath
September . . .).
• To make plurals out of numbers, add s only, with no
apostrophe (the 1950s).
• When numbers below 10 must be mixed with numbers above
10 in the same sentence they should be written as
numerals. For example, write “the students trying out for the
soccer team included 5 girls and 16 boys.”
• Use words and numerals with two numbers in series (five 4-
point scales) unless it creates an awkward
construction—write the third of five tests, not the 3rd of five
tests (new).
• Use combinations of numerals and written numbers for large
approximate sums (over 3 million people).
Use numerals for numbers 10 and above, for exact statistical
references, scores, sample sizes, and sums
108. (multiplied by 3, or 5% of the sample).
• Use metric abbreviations with physical measure (4 km) but not
when written out (many meters distant).
• Use the percent symbol (%) only with figures (5%) not with
written numbers (five percent).
• Put a leading zero before decimal fractions less than one (e.g.,
0.25 km), unless the fraction can never be
greater than one, as with statistical probabilities (e.g., p < .01).
• Ordinal numbers follow the same rules as other numbers.
Spell out ordinals below 10: first, second, . . . ninth.
Use numerals for ordinals 10 and above: 10th, 43rd, 99th, and
so on. Exception—the twentieth century.
Use numerals for all numbers “that denote a specific place in a
numbered series, parts of books and tables, and
each number in a list of four or numbers” (APA, 2009, p. 112).
Write Grade 6 (but sixth grade); Trial 5; Table 6; page
71 (do not cap page); chapter 8 (do not cap chapter); 2, 4, 6, and
8 words in a series.
Use numerals for all numbers in an abstract, table, or figure.
Use numerals for all “numbers that represent time; dates; ages;
sample, subsample, or population size; specific
numbers of subjects or participants in an experiment; scores and
points on a scale; exact sums of money; and
numerals as numerals” (APA, 2009, p. 124). But, spell out
approximate days, months, years (new). “She has about
fifteen years remaining on her jail sentence.”
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4.2 PRECISE NUMBERS
� The APA requires the use of the metric system in its journals.
This is formally known as the International System
of Units, or SI (from the French Le Système International
d’Unités). The lead authority on the SI in the United States
is the National Institute of Standards and Technology (free
guide: http://physics.nist.gov/Document/sp811.pdf). The
APA would prefer you visit their website, www.apastyle.org.
SI numbers have three parts: the numerical value, the prefix
(multiplier), and the unit symbol
(abbreviation). Each of these parts is strictly defined. The
number 25.3 kg is an SI number.
Numbers are always formatted in plain text (no italics), there is
always a space after the
numerical value (never a hyphen or other character), there is
never a period after the units
(except at the end of a sentence) with one APA exception, the
abbreviation for inch, in.
Numerical values are presented without commas in SI notation.
For example, the distance between Chicago and
Denver is 1600 km (not 1,600 km). The km stands for kilo-
meters. The prefix kilo indicates the units are multiplied
by 1000. There are about 1.6 km to a mile. If it is important
for clarity you can note the conventional U.S. measure
in parentheses after the SI number: 1600 km (1000 miles).
• There is always a space after the numerical value, and only a
space. This can look awkward. For example, the
110. temperature at the beach was 25 °C, or about 77 °F today.
There is a space after the numerical value before the
degree symbol and temperature abbreviation. Conventional
notation, 77° F, is not an acceptable SI number.
• Common prefixes are k (kilo-, multiply by one thousand), M
(mega-, multiply by one million), and m (milli-,
multiply by one-one thousandth [0.001]). For example, KVOD
broadcasts at 88.1 MHz. A Hertz is a measure of
frequency, after a man by that name, so the abbreviation is
capitalized Hz. A complete listing of prefixes is found
in the NIST Guide (1995, Table 5).
• Units of measure are always abbreviated when presented with
numerical values, but written out when noted in
the text without a numerical value. For example, a liter is about
a quart; "It took 22 L to top off the gas tank."
• Units of measure never take periods or other punctuation
except at the end of a sentence.
• Numerical values less than one are preceded by a zero. For
example, one yard is 0.91 m, or about three inches
short of a meter. An exception is made for statistical values
that by definition cannot be greater than one, for
example the probability, p < .05.
No hyphens, no periods! The SI is not subject to rules for
compound adjectives. For example, it is proper to write:
“She won the 50-yard dash.” It is NOT correct to write: “He
was prescribed a 50-mg dose.” We interpret this as a
single dose of 50 mg. However, it is interpreted as a 50/mg
dose (i.e., 50
-mg
111. in SI notation); 50 units of something
per milligram of body weight. A mouse weighing 30 g (about
an ounce) would require a 1,500,000 unit dose!
Nothing but a space is ever inserted between a number and unit
of measure. The APA Manual is wrong in
presenting the example of a 5-mg dose (p. 111).
Exception. When an instrument is calibrated in U. S.
conventional units these may be presented followed by the SI
measure in parentheses (APA, 2009, pp. 114-115). For
example, the thermometer at the beach read 77 ºF (25 ºC);
the maze was laid out with a tape measure on a 3 ft by 3 ft (0.91
m by 0.91 m) grid pattern.
4.3 STATISTICS
Most symbols for statistics are placed in italics (exceptions are
very rare). Nonstandard symbols are used for some
common statistics (check the APA Manual, Table 4.5, for a
complete list of accepted symbols):
M or = mean,
SD = standard deviation ( σ ),
Mdn = median,
SS = sum of squares ( ΣΧ
2
).
Descriptive statistics give summary information about a sample
or population, such as the average (mean) or
standard deviation of some characteristic. For example,
"Abigail Scribe has a GPA of 3.65, which is below the
average for students accepted at Ivy and Oak University (M =
3.85, SD = 0.21)." Descriptive statistics may be
presented in the text with the appropriate syntax (e.g., "a GPA
112. of 3.85"). When referred to indirectly they are set in
parentheses, as with (M = 3.85, SD = 0.21).
Inferential statistics reason from a sample to the characteristics
of a population, often expressed as a probability.
For example, "Abby Scribe has a chance of being accepted at
Ivy and Oak University (p < .15), but counselors
advise her that her odds are not great based on last year’s
applicants, X
2
(2, N = 2247) = 2.81, p < .15 (one-tailed)."
Inferential statistics are presented in the text (no parentheses)
with "sufficient information to allow the reader to fully
understand the analyses conducted " (APA, 2009, p. 116). The
example is from the APA Manual (2009, p. 117):
t(117) = 3.51, p < .001, d = 0.65, 95% CI [0.35, 0.95]
The first number in parentheses is degrees of freedom of the
analysis; “95% CI” stands for 95% confidence interval.
“Space mathematical copy as you would words: a+b=c is as
difficult to read as wordswithoutspacing” (APA,
2009, p. 118). Place a space before and after all arithmetic
operators and signs ( = , < , > , - , + , etc.), write the
equation: a + b = c.
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113. 5.0 Tables & Figures
� “Any type of illustration other than a table is referred to as a
figure” (APA, 2009, p. 125).. Word processors offer
an array of elaborate table styles, but APA style requires an
austere format following a template or canonical form
featured in the APA Manual. Figures include graphs as well
as photo images. Their use is discouraged in copy
manuscripts because they are expensive to publish. This is not
a problem with college papers.
When presenting data in a table or figure drawn from another
source that source must be referenced in the
table note or figure caption. The reference follows a special
format that is undocumented in the APA Manual (2009)
but observed in examples of tables (pp. 129-149). Titles are
presented in heading caps, authors names go in their
normal order and follow the title. Note the page number after
the title in the reference to the book, and the use of the
pp. abbreviation in the journal reference.
Journal Article (from Figure 6)
Adapted from "The Elements of (APA) Style: A Survey of
Psychology Journal Editors," by B. W. Brewer, C. B.
Scherzer, J. L. Van Raalte, A. J. Petipas, and M. B. Andersen,
2001, American Psychologist, 56, p. 266.
Book (Monograph)
Note: From The Analysis of the Self: A Systematic Approach to
the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Narcissistic
Personality Disorders (p. 123), by H. Kohut, 1971, New York:
International Universities Press.
5.1 TABLES
114. � Figure 6 presents the same statistics, first in the text then in
the table. Which is easier to interpret? Note, it is
APA policy to replace the standard deviation (SD) with
confidence intervals in current publications.
Figure 6. Statistics from a survey of problem areas in using
APA style. The same statistics are presented in the text and in
the table according to APA style.
The information in the table in Figure 6 presents a fairly clear
ranking of the means of problem areas reported:
References 3.23, Tables and figures 3.00, and Math and
statistics 2.81. The difference from highest to lowest is
0.42 points, almost half a standard deviation, which ranges from
0.98 to 1.07. This reflects a measure of agreement
among the editors.
The influence these problem areas have is less evident. The
range of means from highest to lowest is just 0.08
(2.31 to 2.23), a trivial distinction when the standard deviation
ranges from 1.27 to 1.39. Try to derive the same
interpretation from the data presented in the text. Tables are
more expensive to render in print than text, so the
authors or editors of this published article likely opted to
present the statistics in text format for that reason.
APA Style Final Manuscripts 6
There is a limit to how much numerical information a reader can
interpret when presented in
the text. The following passage is from the original article:
Respondents cited references (M = 3.23, SD = 1.07), tables and
figures (M = 3.00, SD =
115. 0.98), and mathematics and statistics (M = 2.81, SD = 0.99) as
the categories in which they
most frequently observed deviations from APA style. Similarly,
deviations from APA style
in mathematics and statistics (M = 2.31, SD = 1.32), reference
(M = 2.27, SD = 1.39), and
tables and figures (M = 2.23, SD = 1.27) were identified as
having the strongest impact on
editorial decisions. (Brewer et al., 2001, p. 266)
The same information is presented in Table 1.
Table 1
APA Style Problems Areas Identified by Journal Editors
Frequency Influence
Problem Area Mean SD Mean SD
References 3.23 1.07 2.27 1.39
Tables and figures 3.00 0.98 2.23 1.27
Math and statistics 2.81 0.99 2.31 1.32
Note. Values are mean scores on a 5-point scale (1 = none, 5 = a
lot);
N = 210. Adapted from "The Elements of (APA) Style: A
Survey of
Psychology Journal Editors," by B. W. Brewer et al., 2001,
116. American
Psychologist, 56, p. 266.
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Table Manners
• Place tables close to where they are first mentioned in your
text, but do not split a table across pages. (Tables in
papers submitted for review or publication are placed on
separate pages at the end of the paper.)
• Label each table beginning with the table number followed by
a description of the contents in italics.
• Horizontal rules (lines) should be typed into tables; do not
draw them in by hand.
• New! “Tables may be submitted either single- or double-
spaced” (APA, 2009, p. 141).
• Each row and column must have a heading. Abbreviations and
symbols (e.g., "%" or "nos.") may be used in
headings.
• Do not change the number of decimal places or units of
measurement within a column. "Use a zero before the
decimal point when numbers are less than 1" (APA, 2009, p.
113). Write "0.23" not ".23" unless the number is a
statistic that cannot be larger than one, for example a
117. correlation r = .55, or a probability p < .01.
• New! Report exact probabilities to two or three decimal
places in preference to the p < .xx model when possible
(APA, 2009, p. 139). Write p = .035 in preference to p < .05.
• Add notes to explain the table. These may be general notes,
footnotes, or probability notes.
• General notes follow the word Note: (in italics) and are used
to explain general information about the table, such
as the source.
• Footnotes are labeled "a, b, c, etc." set in supercript. They
explain specific details.
• Probability notes follow footnotes. The are used when the p <
.xx format is required by the nature of the statistic
"assign the same number of asterisks from table to table within
your paper, such as *p < .05 and **p < .01" (APA,
2009, p. 139).
5.2 GRAPHS
� A figure may be a chart, drawing, graph, map, or photograph.
The APA Manual is circumspect in encouraging
the use of graphs since they are costly to produce in print.
Figures are appropriate when they complement the text
and eliminate a lengthy discussion. There are additional
instructions for biological data and scans.
The bar graph illustrates the episodic character of this very
lethal disease (the mortality rate is about 40%). The
outbreaks are contrasted with the low endemic or background
rate in a manner that would be difficult to describe in
the text or a table since the time scales and severity vary.
118. Labels (axes). The graph meets APA standards for presentation
and labeling the axes. The Y-axis, the vertical axis
on the left side of the graph, is labeled with the text in heading
caps parallel to the axis (readable when the graph is
rotated 90 degrees clockwise). These are APA requirements.
The X-axis, the horizontal axis, is self explanatory and
needs no additional label.
Figure 7. Cases of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)
confirmed in the Four Corners
states (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah) from 1993
through 2002 by quarter of onset of
symptoms. From "Hantavirus in Indian Country: The First
Decade in Review," by R. Pottinger,
2005, American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 29(2), p.
42. Used with permission of the
author.
APA Style Final Manuscripts 7
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Legend. The legend of a graph identifies what each line or
segment indicates. In this case there is only one metric,
HPS cases, but the legend identifies periods of outbreak of the
disease in contrast with periods when few cases are
119. reported. Legends must be presented within the dimensions of
the graph, never outside it.
Caption. Figures (graphs and images combined) are numbered
like tables, starting with 1 and continuing in whole
numbers through the text, with the word Figure and number in
italics. The caption explains enough about the
content so the reader need not refer to the text.
“A sans serif type (e.g., Arial, Futura, or Helvetica) may be
used in figures [and tables] . . . to provide a clean
and simple line that enhances the visual presentation” (APA,
2009, p. 228; see also APA, 2001, p. 191).
5.3 IMAGES
� A picture is worth a thousand words. Illustrations, pictures,
are expensive to print, especially color pictures, but
that is not a limitation with the word processors and inkjet
printers used for final manuscripts. If it makes sense to
use a picture, do so. The picture in Figure 8 would be difficult
to describe in the text, and would likely require a
specialized language to do so (bergschrund, cornice, crevasse,
fall line, glissade, grade, talus, tarn) that would also
have to be explained. Capitalize Figure in references to an
image or graph in the text.
Figure 8. Safe descent route, Andrews Glacier, Rocky Mountain
National Park. The small dot above the bold solid line is a
party starting the 150 m vertical descent. Right (north) of the
crest of the glacier the slope drops dangerously into rocks.
“Bum
sliding” (sitting glissade) is the favored mode of descent on this
popular outing. Andrews Tarn is in the foreground. Doc Scribe
photo.
Legend. A legend explains the symbols added to an image or