This study examined how college students make decisions when presented with positively and negatively framed scenarios involving strangers' lives. Participants were presented with a scenario where a disease was expected to kill 600 people, and had to choose between Program X, which would save/kill a certain number of people, or Program Y, which had a probability of saving/killing nobody or all 600 people. The results found that participants were not significantly influenced by framing and tended to choose certainty over risk regardless of framing. Overall, the study suggests that when decisions involve strangers' lives, college students may not be as susceptible to framing effects as with decisions involving their own or loved ones' lives.
Women take fewer risks than men across many domains according to research. This study examined gender differences in risk perceptions and preferences among 657 college students. It assessed perceptions of probability and severity of negative outcomes, expected enjoyment, and likelihood of engaging in risky activities in domains like gambling, health, recreation, and social situations. It also examined a "positive domain" of low-probability, high-payoff activities. The study found gender differences in risk perceptions that partially explained women's lower likelihood of risky choices, and that women were more optimistic about positive outcomes in the "gain" domain.
The study examined how participants justified decisions involving human lives versus money. Participants provided rationales for choices in scenarios about a disease outbreak or monetary gamble. Their justifications were coded as relating to emotion, risk, or morality. Results showed participants made more morality-based statements for human life scenarios than monetary ones. For outbreak scenarios, more risk statements were made about the general public, while more morality statements were about prisoners, often dehumanizing them. Future research could use larger, more diverse samples and additional coding schemes.
This study examined how conformity affects morally ambiguous decision-making. Participants were presented with a scenario where they had to decide whether to kill a hostage to save others. Some participants were shown weak or strong normative statistics suggesting others' decisions. Those exposed to strong statistics conformed more by deciding to kill more. Highly religious participants conformed less. Morality and social desirability did not predict decisions. The study found people are influenced by perceptions of others' behaviors in morally complex situations.
Chronic stress can negatively impact decision making abilities. It has been linked to poor issue interpretation, decreased alternative seeking, and implementing previously failed approaches. Researchers agree chronic stress leads to poor decision making. Those under chronic stress may exhibit risk taking behaviors due to altered reward processing. Additional variables like social pressure and rumination can further decrease decision making capabilities for those experiencing chronic stress. While some mixed results exist, chronic stress overall impairs cognitive processes involved in effective decision making.
Cognitive biases influence individuals' decision making processes. Common cognitive biases include confirmation bias, where people give more weight to information that confirms existing beliefs, and the self-serving bias, where people attribute their successes to internal factors but blame failures on external factors to maintain self-esteem. Managers should be aware of how biases like the halo effect can influence their expectations of employees. While biases can have negative effects, they may also positively influence behaviors if employees strive to disprove inaccurate expectations. Understanding perception and the factors that influence it, like experiences and motives, is important in organizational behavior.
The document discusses various cognitive biases and heuristics that influence human decision-making, such as the planning fallacy in which people underestimate costs and overestimate benefits, and optimism bias which can motivate action but also lead to false beliefs. It also examines loss aversion bias and how optimism can help protect against the paralyzing effects of fearing losses more than valuing gains. A number of heuristics are explored, including the affect heuristic where emotional reactions can drive behavior over cognitive risk assessments.
There are several techniques that can influence compliance, including the foot-in-the-door technique, low-balling, and the door-in-the-face technique. The foot-in-the-door technique involves getting a person to agree to a small request first before asking a larger request. Low-balling involves making an initial low offer and then increasing costs after the person agrees. The door-in-the-face technique starts with an extremely large request that will be denied, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request that now seems minimal in comparison. These techniques exploit human psychology and the desire to maintain consistency to increase compliance.
Women take fewer risks than men across many domains according to research. This study examined gender differences in risk perceptions and preferences among 657 college students. It assessed perceptions of probability and severity of negative outcomes, expected enjoyment, and likelihood of engaging in risky activities in domains like gambling, health, recreation, and social situations. It also examined a "positive domain" of low-probability, high-payoff activities. The study found gender differences in risk perceptions that partially explained women's lower likelihood of risky choices, and that women were more optimistic about positive outcomes in the "gain" domain.
The study examined how participants justified decisions involving human lives versus money. Participants provided rationales for choices in scenarios about a disease outbreak or monetary gamble. Their justifications were coded as relating to emotion, risk, or morality. Results showed participants made more morality-based statements for human life scenarios than monetary ones. For outbreak scenarios, more risk statements were made about the general public, while more morality statements were about prisoners, often dehumanizing them. Future research could use larger, more diverse samples and additional coding schemes.
This study examined how conformity affects morally ambiguous decision-making. Participants were presented with a scenario where they had to decide whether to kill a hostage to save others. Some participants were shown weak or strong normative statistics suggesting others' decisions. Those exposed to strong statistics conformed more by deciding to kill more. Highly religious participants conformed less. Morality and social desirability did not predict decisions. The study found people are influenced by perceptions of others' behaviors in morally complex situations.
Chronic stress can negatively impact decision making abilities. It has been linked to poor issue interpretation, decreased alternative seeking, and implementing previously failed approaches. Researchers agree chronic stress leads to poor decision making. Those under chronic stress may exhibit risk taking behaviors due to altered reward processing. Additional variables like social pressure and rumination can further decrease decision making capabilities for those experiencing chronic stress. While some mixed results exist, chronic stress overall impairs cognitive processes involved in effective decision making.
Cognitive biases influence individuals' decision making processes. Common cognitive biases include confirmation bias, where people give more weight to information that confirms existing beliefs, and the self-serving bias, where people attribute their successes to internal factors but blame failures on external factors to maintain self-esteem. Managers should be aware of how biases like the halo effect can influence their expectations of employees. While biases can have negative effects, they may also positively influence behaviors if employees strive to disprove inaccurate expectations. Understanding perception and the factors that influence it, like experiences and motives, is important in organizational behavior.
The document discusses various cognitive biases and heuristics that influence human decision-making, such as the planning fallacy in which people underestimate costs and overestimate benefits, and optimism bias which can motivate action but also lead to false beliefs. It also examines loss aversion bias and how optimism can help protect against the paralyzing effects of fearing losses more than valuing gains. A number of heuristics are explored, including the affect heuristic where emotional reactions can drive behavior over cognitive risk assessments.
There are several techniques that can influence compliance, including the foot-in-the-door technique, low-balling, and the door-in-the-face technique. The foot-in-the-door technique involves getting a person to agree to a small request first before asking a larger request. Low-balling involves making an initial low offer and then increasing costs after the person agrees. The door-in-the-face technique starts with an extremely large request that will be denied, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request that now seems minimal in comparison. These techniques exploit human psychology and the desire to maintain consistency to increase compliance.
There are several techniques that can influence compliance, according to social psychology research. The foot-in-the-door technique involves getting a person to agree to a small request first before asking a larger request, taking advantage of the desire to maintain a self-image of being agreeable. Low-balling sets an artificially low price to get agreement, then later reveals hidden costs. The door-in-the-face technique starts with an extremely large request that will be rejected, making a subsequent real but smaller request seem reasonable by comparison. Cultural and gender norms also influence levels of obedience and assertiveness.
This document discusses the concept of assertiveness and obedience. It summarizes several studies and perspectives on these topics. Regarding assertiveness, it discusses how it can be interpreted differently depending on factors like gender, context, and whether one is advocating for themselves or others. It also examines the relationship between assertiveness and effective anger regulation strategies. Regarding obedience, it summarizes Milgram's famous study which found that around 65% of participants continued administering electric shocks when instructed by an authority figure, though obedience levels dropped when the recipient was in close proximity. Finally, it discusses how modern personalities may be less obedient due to traits like higher self-esteem and individualism.
Mental Illness Stigma and the Fundamental Components ofSuppo.docxandreecapon
Mental Illness Stigma and the Fundamental Components of
Supported Employment
Patrick W. Corrigan, Jonathon E. Larson, and Sachiko A. Kuwabara
Illinois Institute of Psychology
Purpose/Objective: The success of supported employment programs will partly depend on the endorse-
ment of stigma in communities in which the programs operate. In this article, the authors examine 2
models of stigma—responsibility attribution and dangerousness—and their relationships to components
of supported employment—help getting a job and help keeping a job. Research Method/Design: A
stratified and randomly recruited sample (N � 815) completed responses to a vignette about “Chris,” a
person alternately described with mental illness, with drug addiction, or in a wheelchair. Research
participants completed items that represented responsibility and dangerousness models. They also
completed items representing 2 fundamental aspects of supported employment: help getting a job or help
keeping a job. Results: When participants viewed Chris as responsible for his condition (e.g., mental
illness), they reacted to him in an angry manner, which in turn led to lesser endorsement of the 2 aspects
of supported employment. In addition, people who viewed Chris as dangerous feared him and wanted to
stay away from him, even in settings where people with mental illness might work. Conclusions/
Implications: Implications for understanding supported employment are discussed.
Keywords: stigma, supported employment, discrimination
The disabilities of serious mental illness can block people from
obtaining important life goals, including a good job. Several kinds
of vocational rehabilitation programs have emerged to address
work-related disabilities. Some of these approaches are known as
train-place strategies (Corrigan & McCracken, 2005). Through an
education-based strategy, in train-place programs, participants
must learn prevocational and work readiness skills before they are
placed in work settings. These work settings are often sheltered;
that is, the job is “owned” by a rehabilitation agency, which can
protect participants from stressors (Corrigan, 2001). Alternatively,
supported employment is place-train in orientation. People are
placed in real-world work and subsequently provided training and
support to address problems as they emerge, thereby helping a
person to maintain a regular job. The latter group has dominated
recent supported employment models for people with psychiatric
disabilities (Bond et al., 2001; Bond, Becker, Drake, & Vogler, 1997).
Some forms of supported employment recommend rapid placement
of people in work settings of interest to them (Becker & Drake, 2003).
Unlike train-place programs, supported employment does not
try to protect people with disabilities from the work world (Cor-
rigan, 2001; Corrigan & McCracken, 2005). Instead, providers
offer direct support in vivo. This kind of approach is more suc-
cessful in communities where the intent of supported ...
1Concept Analysis of RiskRunning head Concept of An.docxdrennanmicah
1
Concept Analysis of Risk
Running head: Concept of Analysis of Risk
Concept Analysis of Risk
Risk in the Adolescent Population: Significance of the Concept
There is a preponderance of articles in the PubMed database using the term “risk” just in the title of the articles. The concept of risk was selected to help clarify this broad and widely utilized term. It is necessary to have an acceptable definition of the term risk and to identify the specific application of this term to its intended population. In planning education and interventions for the adolescent population it is important to expand the nurses understanding of risk and the associated decision making process. The term risk frequently is not defined and is used inconsistently and imprecisely in the medical and nursing literature.
Origin of Concept
The origins of risk date back to the 17th century with the French work risqué (Jacobs, 2000; Kettles, 2004; Shattell, 2004). The original meaning of risk was to “gamble” and taking a gamble meant predicting the probability of an event occurring. This was utilized in the business world to include “commercial loss of insured property and goods” (Shattell, 2004, p. 12). The business world also put an estimate on the gain and loss of an event occurring, connecting the definition to gamble. In the 19th century the word risk began to exchange its affiliation with gambling for gain (Jacobs, 2000). “Taking a gamble meant the probability of an event occurring combined with magnitude of the loss or gain that could result” (Kettles, 2004, p. 485). The healthcare field, especially in the area of epidemilogy, began to use the term to identify risk factors of disease. Consequently, the healthcare professionals began to study ways to prevent disease through the eradication of the risk factors.
Framework
The strategy of Walker and Avant (1995) was used in this concept analysis. This is a straightforward approach and has 8 steps in the process. These steps include: selection of concept, determination of the aims, identification of the uses, determination of attributes, the construction of a model case, and identification of related terms, description of the antecedents and consequences and empirical referents.
Definitions
There are several definitions of risk.
“Risk: 1. The possibility of suffering harm or loss; danger. 2. A factor, thing, element, or course involving uncertain danger; a hazard: “the usual risks of the desert: rattlesnakes, the heat, and lack of water. 3. The danger or probability of loss to an insurer. The amount that an insurance company stands to lose. 4. The variability of returns from an investment. The chance of nonpayment of a debt. 5. One considered with respect to the possibility of loss: a poor risk” (Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary 2nd Edition, 1972, p.1565).
Risk also includes some copyrighted materials, such as the card game, RISK and strategic board game, RISK(. Attributes inclu.
Disadvantages And Disadvantages Of Longitudinal Studies,...Barb Tillich
This document discusses the impact of parental incarceration on children in the United States. It notes that the U.S. incarcerated population has increased dramatically since the 1980s due to mandatory sentencing laws. As of 2008, over 1.7 million children had an incarcerated parent. Parental incarceration is associated with poorer academic and behavioral outcomes for children. It also discusses two longitudinal studies, Add Health and Fragile Families, that have examined the effects of parental incarceration on children over time and provide evidence about the negative consequences.
Participants were randomly assigned to minimal groups based on t-shirt color and listened to stories about in-group and out-group members. Their memory and attitudes were assessed immediately after and one week later. Results showed no significant in-group preferences in memory or attitudes, despite previous research finding biases based on minimal groups. The study provided insight into how arbitrary group assignments may not reliably influence eyewitness testimony or social perceptions over time as hypothesized.
This document summarizes key social psychology experiments on group pressure and obedience to authority conducted in the mid-20th century. Solomon Asch's conformity experiments from 1955 found that participants conformed to an incorrect group majority about a third of the time. Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments from the 1960s demonstrated that people often obeyed an authority figure's order to administer seemingly harmful electric shocks. While these studies raised ethical concerns, they revealed how situational forces can influence individual decision-making and behavior. However, not all individuals succumb to group pressure, and personal values may allow people to resist conformity and disobey unjust authorities. More research is still needed on factors like personality and culture that determine responses to social influence.
10.11770146167203260716 ARTICLEPERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLSantosConleyha
10.1177/0146167203260716 ARTICLEPERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETINCozzolino et al. / GREED, DEATH, AND VALUES
Greed, Death, and Values:
From Terror Management to Transcendence
Management Theory
Philip J. Cozzolino
University of Minnesota
Angela Dawn Staples
Lawrence S. Meyers
Jamie Samboceti
California State University, Sacramento
Research supporting terror management theory has shown that
participants facing their death (via mortality salience) exhibit
more greed than do control participants. The present research
attempts to distinguish mortality salience from other forms of
mortality awareness. Specifically, the authors look to reports of
near-death experiences and posttraumatic growth which reveal
that many people who nearly die come to view seeking wealth and
possessions as empty and meaningless. Guided by these reports,
a manipulation called death reflection was generated. In
Study 1, highly extrinsic participants who experienced death
reflection exhibited intrinsic behavior. In Study 2, the manipu-
lation was validated, and in Study 3, death reflection and mor-
tality salience manipulations were compared. Results showed
that mortality salience led highly extrinsic participants to mani-
fest greed, whereas death reflection again generated intrinsic,
unselfish behavior. The construct of value orientation is dis-
cussed along with the contrast between death reflection manipu-
lation and mortality salience.
Keywords: greed; death reflection; mortality salience
Despite generations of poets, philosophers, and reli-
gious leaders decrying the “deadly sin” of greed, much of
humanity is presently engaged in a consumer-based eco-
nomic system that is most successful when citizens want
and seek to have. Public revelations of greed on the part
of a few corporate executives have recently left indivi-
duals asking, “What is it that makes some people strive
for excessive gains while knowingly leaving less for oth-
ers?” In attempts to distinguish the psychological fac-
tors that drive greed, recent research has focused on two
concepts: value orientation and reactions to death
awareness.
VALUE ORIENTATION
Early humanistic theorists such as Maslow (1954) and
Rogers (1963) first addressed the motives that fuel and
guide attempts to fulfill goals and needs. Maslow (1954)
suggested that human existence could only make sense
when individuals sought to achieve goals tied to their
inherent developmental promise. These goals include
personal growth, good health, a sense of autonomy, and
a desire to know oneself. Maslow went further, compar-
ing “healthy individuals” who seek inner freedom in
favor of external approval to “sick, neurotic people who
make the wrong choices” (p. 278). This humanistic per-
spective posits that when focusing on goals stemming
from external instead of internal forces (e.g., pursuits of
wealth instead of desires for insight) people are likely to
falter along the path to self-actualization. Expanding this
278
Authors ...
10.11770146167203260716 ARTICLEPERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLBenitoSumpter862
10.1177/0146167203260716 ARTICLEPERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETINCozzolino et al. / GREED, DEATH, AND VALUES
Greed, Death, and Values:
From Terror Management to Transcendence
Management Theory
Philip J. Cozzolino
University of Minnesota
Angela Dawn Staples
Lawrence S. Meyers
Jamie Samboceti
California State University, Sacramento
Research supporting terror management theory has shown that
participants facing their death (via mortality salience) exhibit
more greed than do control participants. The present research
attempts to distinguish mortality salience from other forms of
mortality awareness. Specifically, the authors look to reports of
near-death experiences and posttraumatic growth which reveal
that many people who nearly die come to view seeking wealth and
possessions as empty and meaningless. Guided by these reports,
a manipulation called death reflection was generated. In
Study 1, highly extrinsic participants who experienced death
reflection exhibited intrinsic behavior. In Study 2, the manipu-
lation was validated, and in Study 3, death reflection and mor-
tality salience manipulations were compared. Results showed
that mortality salience led highly extrinsic participants to mani-
fest greed, whereas death reflection again generated intrinsic,
unselfish behavior. The construct of value orientation is dis-
cussed along with the contrast between death reflection manipu-
lation and mortality salience.
Keywords: greed; death reflection; mortality salience
Despite generations of poets, philosophers, and reli-
gious leaders decrying the “deadly sin” of greed, much of
humanity is presently engaged in a consumer-based eco-
nomic system that is most successful when citizens want
and seek to have. Public revelations of greed on the part
of a few corporate executives have recently left indivi-
duals asking, “What is it that makes some people strive
for excessive gains while knowingly leaving less for oth-
ers?” In attempts to distinguish the psychological fac-
tors that drive greed, recent research has focused on two
concepts: value orientation and reactions to death
awareness.
VALUE ORIENTATION
Early humanistic theorists such as Maslow (1954) and
Rogers (1963) first addressed the motives that fuel and
guide attempts to fulfill goals and needs. Maslow (1954)
suggested that human existence could only make sense
when individuals sought to achieve goals tied to their
inherent developmental promise. These goals include
personal growth, good health, a sense of autonomy, and
a desire to know oneself. Maslow went further, compar-
ing “healthy individuals” who seek inner freedom in
favor of external approval to “sick, neurotic people who
make the wrong choices” (p. 278). This humanistic per-
spective posits that when focusing on goals stemming
from external instead of internal forces (e.g., pursuits of
wealth instead of desires for insight) people are likely to
falter along the path to self-actualization. Expanding this
278
Authors ...
This is Walden University course (DPSY 6111/8111) Assignment 10. It is written in APA format, includes references, and has been graded by an instructor (A). Most higher-education assignments are submitted to turnitin, remember to paraphrase. Let us begin.
This document discusses correlations, confounding variables, and how they relate to determining causation between variables. Correlations provide a measurement of the relationship between variables but do not prove that one variable causes changes in another. Confounding variables can create spurious correlations by influencing multiple variables without being part of the direct relationship being studied. It is important to control for confounding variables to isolate the specific relationship between independent and dependent variables and determine causation.
The document proposes a study to investigate how framing and social stress influence financial decision-making. Specifically, it hypothesizes that stress will increase risk-seeking behavior for decisions framed as losses, but not for decisions framed as gains. Undergraduate students will be randomly assigned to stress or no-stress conditions before making hypothetical choices between sure and probabilistic options framed as gains or losses. Results are expected to show that stress enhances risk-seeking for loss frames due to impaired decision-making under stress.
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a dissertation analyzing representations of individuals with facial disfigurements in newspaper articles using thematic analysis. The dissertation examines how media representations may influence public perceptions and behaviors towards those with facial disfigurements based on social learning theory. Previous research found biases towards facial disfigurements and stereotypical media portrayals. The dissertation aims to provide further understanding of these issues through a thematic analysis of newspaper articles.
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP .docxfredharris32
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP RESPONSE WITH ANSWER EACH ANSWER NEED TO HAVE A SCHOLARY SOURCE with a Hyperlink
Make sure the Responses includes the Following: (a) an understanding of the weekly content as supported by a scholarly resource, (b) the provision of a probing question. (c) stay on topic
1. In short, abnormal behavior, thoughts and emotions, are those that differ from society's definition of properly functioning, or the norm (Comer, 2018). These norms tend to differ between cultures which help to establish rules for proper conduct. What constitutes as abnormal behavior depends on specific circumstances and cultural norms (Comer, 2018). An example of abnormal behavior could be unusualness like a person who lives with many animals and isolates themselves from society. The behavior of this person is deviant and may be dysfunctional, but could be seen as eccentric rather than abnormal to a professional.
2. Abnormal behavior, in simple terms, is behavior outside of societal norms (Comer, 2018). Abnormalities differ based on what society you come from. Generally speaking, being considered normal means that you are complying by your society’s standards. Abnormalities arise when behavior is deviant, distressing, dysfunctional, or dangerous. An example of abnormal behavior would be manic behavior. A manic episode typically involves less sleep, risky behavior, irritability, increased talking, and even hypersexuality (Purse, 2019). This is typically deviant from the person’s normal behavior by definition. The manic behavior can be distressing for both the affected and their family or other loved ones. Risky behavior causes worry and distress. Irritability can create all sorts of distressing situations. When a person is manic, they are in a state of dysfunction. Memory and responsibilities often fall to the backburner while the manic episode rides its course. Of all the things that define abnormal behavior, a manic episode can be especially dangerous to both the person experiencing it as well as the others around them because it involves risky behavior—which implies many things from gambling to drugs. It often results in the person experiencing the episode being hospitalized.
3. “One common conceptualization of abnormality focuses on what is often called the Four Ds: deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger (Topic 1 Resource, 2018).” An example of abnormal behavior is someone who hears voices telling them to do certain things. Some people may show this kind of abnormal behavior out of nowhere, or they have always heard these voices. This person can be deviant to their old life once they start hearing these voices and if they listen to them or not. These voices can cause distress to the person as well because if they listen to the voices, then they might start doing bad things. These voices can also cause dysfunction in this person life and how they act around others. Having this abnormal behavior can .
Negative expectations can have both costs and benefits:
1) Negative expectations produce a cost in the pre-event period by making people feel worse while anticipating a negative event.
2) Negative expectations may provide a benefit in the post-event period by attenuating negative feelings if the event turns out badly.
3) However, three studies found that the pre-event costs of negative expectations were greater and more consistent than any post-event benefits. In experiments and a field study, people felt worse when expecting a negative event, but their prior expectations did not influence their feelings after the event occurred.
This document summarizes three experiments that tested the effects of subliminal priming on evaluations of politicians delivered over the Internet. In Experiment 1, subliminally presenting the word "RATS" led to more negative ratings of an unknown politician. Experiment 2 found that subliminally showing a photo of Bill Clinton weakened negative ratings of an unknown politician. Experiment 3, conducted during Gray Davis' recall referendum in California, found subliminal photos of Clinton affected Davis' ratings, primarily among independents. The results suggest subliminal priming can influence political evaluations and be conducted online in real world contexts.
Running head EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1Effe.docxtodd271
Running head: EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger
Boston College
Author Note
This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS 0542694
awarded to Elizabeth A. Kensinger.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina M. Leclerc,
Department of Psychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140 Commonwealth
Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of Psychology,
Boston College.
Author Note
arch was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS 0542694
beth A. Kensinger.
ndence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina M. Leclerc,
sychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140 Commonwealth
ut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of Psychology,
Writing the abstract, 2.04
Establishing a title, 2.01; Preparing the
manuscript for submission, 8.03
Formatting the author name (byline) and
institutional affiliation, 2.02, Table 2.1
Double-spaced manuscript,
Times Roman typeface,
1-inch margins, 8.03
Elements of an author note, 2.03
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 2
Abstract
Age differences were examined in affective processing, in the context of a visual search task.
Young and older adults were faster to detect high arousal images compared with low arousal and
neutral items. Younger adults were faster to detect positive high arousal targets compared with
other categories. In contrast, older adults exhibited an overall detection advantage for emotional
images compared with neutral images. Together, these findings suggest that older adults do not
display valence-based effects on affective processing at relatively automatic stages.
Keywords: aging, attention, information processing, emotion, visual search
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (The numbers refer to numbered
sections in the Publication Manual.)
Paper adapted from “Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information,” by C. M. Leclerc and E. A. Kensinger,
2008, Psychology and Aging, 23, pp. 209–215. Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association.
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 3
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Frequently, people encounter situations in their environment in which it is impossible to
attend to all available stimuli. It is therefore of great importance for one’s attentional processes to
select only the most salient information in the environment to which one should attend. Previous
research has suggested that emotional information is privy to attentional selection in young
adults (e.g.,
& Tapia, 2004; Nummenmaa, Hyona, & Calvo, 2006), an obvious service to evolutionary drives
to approach rewarding situations and to avoid threat and danger (Davis & Whalen, 200.
Meyer from personalized med to personalized research-april 2013Michelle N. Meyer
This document discusses the heterogeneity problem in research, where individuals vary in their risks and expected benefits from participating in research. It makes the case that current approaches to research ethics and regulation do not adequately account for these individual differences.
It argues that just as personalized medicine aims to tailor medical interventions to individuals, research should move towards a more personalized approach. Current risk-benefit analyses conducted by Institutional Review Boards assess risks and benefits for average or typical participants, but this may not accurately reflect risks and benefits for individual outliers. The document considers two options to better account for individual heterogeneity: 1) bringing more individualized information to IRBs and regulators, and 2) experimenting with allowing individuals to autonomously decide if risks
Solomon Asch conducted a conformity experiment in 1951 to determine if individuals would conform to an obviously incorrect group answer. Participants were asked to compare line lengths but confederates unanimously chose the wrong answer on some trials. Results showed that over a third of participants conformed at least once by choosing the incorrect answer to fit in with the group, demonstrating the powerful influence of social pressure on individual judgments.
Running head MARKETING ANALYSIS ASSIGNMENTS .docxwlynn1
Running head: MARKETING ANALYSIS ASSIGNMENTS 1
MARKETING ANALYSIS ASSIGNMENTS 6
Researching Marketing Questions
MKT/571
Melissa Simmons
Roberto Ancis
Part 1: Memorandum
TO: Senior Vice President (Marketing)
FROM: Jacob Glenns
DATE: August 19, 2018
SUBJECT: Marketing Analysis
Summary Analysis
This analysis of the market report that was presented the market analyst provides detailed insights from the data that may help in formulating an effective marketing strategy. The key information include: revenue performance for the first half between 2015 and 2016 and revenue trends over the same period. This information help in deciding whether to the organization should continue with its growth strategy or to reverse the decline.
Revenue Analysis
Analysis of the company’s semiannual performance- between January and June- indicates that there was an increase of 10.18 percent in the generated revenues per day from 96,000 dollars to 105,768 dollars in 2015 and 2016 respectively. The revenues per day, domestic market, were 93,683 dollars and 85,181 dollars in 2016 and 2015 respectively, over the same period. Overall, the semiannual revenue for the year 2016 was 13,644,073 dollars with the United States market contributing 12,085,137 dollars, which is approximately 88.6 percent of the semiannual revenue. The international market contributed 1,558,936 dollars, which is 11.4 percent of the total revenue. The average gross profit per day was 8.3 percent for the six months between January and June, 2016. For the three months of April, May and June, 2016 the total revenue was 7,024,096 dollars with the domestic market contributing 6,145,978 dollars and the international market contributing 878,119 dollars. The gross profit was 6.5 percent.
Revenue Trends
With regards to customer class, commercial customers contributed 7,195,592 dollars in the six months of January to June, 2016. The revenue per day was 55,780 dollars, an increase of 5,008 dollars compared to 50,772 dollars realized over the same period in 2015. At the second place was the municipal segment with 1,634,643 dollars. The revenue per day for the first six months was 12,672 in 2016 compared to 12,034 in 2015. The international market segment contributed 1,535,905 dollars and the revenue per day was 11,906 dollars and 11,700 dollars in 2016 and 2015 respectively. The other important segments- resellers, industrial labs, government, resell, education and others- also registered increments in the revenue per day for the first 6 months between 2015 and 2016. The revenue trend for the second quarter (between April and May) illustrate that commercial market contributed 1,130,973 dollars which is 50 percent of the total revenue from the customer class segment. The international market contributed 323,990 follo.
Running head MANAGING A DIVERSE WORKFORCE1MANAGING A DIVERSE.docxwlynn1
Running head: MANAGING A DIVERSE WORKFORCE 1
MANAGING A DIVERSE WORKFORCE 6
Managing a diverse workforce
Name
Institutional affiliation
What does it mean to be an effective manager in a diverse workforce?
According to Chip Conley, the workforce diversity is characterized of gender, ethnicity and age; which needs a much keener attention. He points out that an effective manager should realize that age diversity makes a company stronger and that different generations within a workplace should focus on mentoring one another at work. He emphasizes on the need to allow openness with one another so that wisdom; knowledge, experience and skills from the young to the old and vice versa. According to Chip Conley, the current 60s is the new 40s and that the current 30s is the new 50s; a key note to take on how effective relationship in a workplace could enrichen a company with greater shared wisdom and skills. Every manager need to relate such knowledge in ensuring effective making of modern elders from the millennials.
According to Chip, an effective manager should establish a learning environment for the boomers and the millennials. Each generation should see the other as assets from which they can derive wisdom. Moreover, Chip calls for both the millennials and the boomers to fix their ego, perhaps so that they can enhance their relationship and get to learn from one another. He calls for the need of the managers to enhance a growth mindset in a workplace and the need for the employees to be curious of getting to know what the other generation can offer, and trying to oneself. Chip states that “Curiosity is the elixir for life”
Working on the psychological empowerment of specifics groups and ensuring mental flexibility is very important for various generations to work coherently effectively. Additionally, a manager in charge of a diverse workforce should ensure that the differences existing between the BB and X generations, and the Y and Z generations should be harmonized so that they do not tamper with the achievement of the organizations set goals and objectives (Toro, Labrador-Fernández & De Nicolas, 2019).
Maintaining a positive working environment helps in enhancing the performance of a diverse workforce. Looking at the small business managers, workforce diversity can be well managed if the owner’s manager supports the existing generational interconnections and the variations as a result of the general difference defining these groups by valuing their differences and the similarities. An effective manager is therefore required to cause a diversity openness among the workforce. Such ensure the performance at all levels, i.e. both the organizational and individual. A manager should, therefore, have the ability to effectively enforce the eradication of the internal communication barriers existing as a result generational, racial, gender, ethnic, age, personality tenure, cognitive style, education among other dissimilarities .
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There are several techniques that can influence compliance, according to social psychology research. The foot-in-the-door technique involves getting a person to agree to a small request first before asking a larger request, taking advantage of the desire to maintain a self-image of being agreeable. Low-balling sets an artificially low price to get agreement, then later reveals hidden costs. The door-in-the-face technique starts with an extremely large request that will be rejected, making a subsequent real but smaller request seem reasonable by comparison. Cultural and gender norms also influence levels of obedience and assertiveness.
This document discusses the concept of assertiveness and obedience. It summarizes several studies and perspectives on these topics. Regarding assertiveness, it discusses how it can be interpreted differently depending on factors like gender, context, and whether one is advocating for themselves or others. It also examines the relationship between assertiveness and effective anger regulation strategies. Regarding obedience, it summarizes Milgram's famous study which found that around 65% of participants continued administering electric shocks when instructed by an authority figure, though obedience levels dropped when the recipient was in close proximity. Finally, it discusses how modern personalities may be less obedient due to traits like higher self-esteem and individualism.
Mental Illness Stigma and the Fundamental Components ofSuppo.docxandreecapon
Mental Illness Stigma and the Fundamental Components of
Supported Employment
Patrick W. Corrigan, Jonathon E. Larson, and Sachiko A. Kuwabara
Illinois Institute of Psychology
Purpose/Objective: The success of supported employment programs will partly depend on the endorse-
ment of stigma in communities in which the programs operate. In this article, the authors examine 2
models of stigma—responsibility attribution and dangerousness—and their relationships to components
of supported employment—help getting a job and help keeping a job. Research Method/Design: A
stratified and randomly recruited sample (N � 815) completed responses to a vignette about “Chris,” a
person alternately described with mental illness, with drug addiction, or in a wheelchair. Research
participants completed items that represented responsibility and dangerousness models. They also
completed items representing 2 fundamental aspects of supported employment: help getting a job or help
keeping a job. Results: When participants viewed Chris as responsible for his condition (e.g., mental
illness), they reacted to him in an angry manner, which in turn led to lesser endorsement of the 2 aspects
of supported employment. In addition, people who viewed Chris as dangerous feared him and wanted to
stay away from him, even in settings where people with mental illness might work. Conclusions/
Implications: Implications for understanding supported employment are discussed.
Keywords: stigma, supported employment, discrimination
The disabilities of serious mental illness can block people from
obtaining important life goals, including a good job. Several kinds
of vocational rehabilitation programs have emerged to address
work-related disabilities. Some of these approaches are known as
train-place strategies (Corrigan & McCracken, 2005). Through an
education-based strategy, in train-place programs, participants
must learn prevocational and work readiness skills before they are
placed in work settings. These work settings are often sheltered;
that is, the job is “owned” by a rehabilitation agency, which can
protect participants from stressors (Corrigan, 2001). Alternatively,
supported employment is place-train in orientation. People are
placed in real-world work and subsequently provided training and
support to address problems as they emerge, thereby helping a
person to maintain a regular job. The latter group has dominated
recent supported employment models for people with psychiatric
disabilities (Bond et al., 2001; Bond, Becker, Drake, & Vogler, 1997).
Some forms of supported employment recommend rapid placement
of people in work settings of interest to them (Becker & Drake, 2003).
Unlike train-place programs, supported employment does not
try to protect people with disabilities from the work world (Cor-
rigan, 2001; Corrigan & McCracken, 2005). Instead, providers
offer direct support in vivo. This kind of approach is more suc-
cessful in communities where the intent of supported ...
1Concept Analysis of RiskRunning head Concept of An.docxdrennanmicah
1
Concept Analysis of Risk
Running head: Concept of Analysis of Risk
Concept Analysis of Risk
Risk in the Adolescent Population: Significance of the Concept
There is a preponderance of articles in the PubMed database using the term “risk” just in the title of the articles. The concept of risk was selected to help clarify this broad and widely utilized term. It is necessary to have an acceptable definition of the term risk and to identify the specific application of this term to its intended population. In planning education and interventions for the adolescent population it is important to expand the nurses understanding of risk and the associated decision making process. The term risk frequently is not defined and is used inconsistently and imprecisely in the medical and nursing literature.
Origin of Concept
The origins of risk date back to the 17th century with the French work risqué (Jacobs, 2000; Kettles, 2004; Shattell, 2004). The original meaning of risk was to “gamble” and taking a gamble meant predicting the probability of an event occurring. This was utilized in the business world to include “commercial loss of insured property and goods” (Shattell, 2004, p. 12). The business world also put an estimate on the gain and loss of an event occurring, connecting the definition to gamble. In the 19th century the word risk began to exchange its affiliation with gambling for gain (Jacobs, 2000). “Taking a gamble meant the probability of an event occurring combined with magnitude of the loss or gain that could result” (Kettles, 2004, p. 485). The healthcare field, especially in the area of epidemilogy, began to use the term to identify risk factors of disease. Consequently, the healthcare professionals began to study ways to prevent disease through the eradication of the risk factors.
Framework
The strategy of Walker and Avant (1995) was used in this concept analysis. This is a straightforward approach and has 8 steps in the process. These steps include: selection of concept, determination of the aims, identification of the uses, determination of attributes, the construction of a model case, and identification of related terms, description of the antecedents and consequences and empirical referents.
Definitions
There are several definitions of risk.
“Risk: 1. The possibility of suffering harm or loss; danger. 2. A factor, thing, element, or course involving uncertain danger; a hazard: “the usual risks of the desert: rattlesnakes, the heat, and lack of water. 3. The danger or probability of loss to an insurer. The amount that an insurance company stands to lose. 4. The variability of returns from an investment. The chance of nonpayment of a debt. 5. One considered with respect to the possibility of loss: a poor risk” (Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary 2nd Edition, 1972, p.1565).
Risk also includes some copyrighted materials, such as the card game, RISK and strategic board game, RISK(. Attributes inclu.
Disadvantages And Disadvantages Of Longitudinal Studies,...Barb Tillich
This document discusses the impact of parental incarceration on children in the United States. It notes that the U.S. incarcerated population has increased dramatically since the 1980s due to mandatory sentencing laws. As of 2008, over 1.7 million children had an incarcerated parent. Parental incarceration is associated with poorer academic and behavioral outcomes for children. It also discusses two longitudinal studies, Add Health and Fragile Families, that have examined the effects of parental incarceration on children over time and provide evidence about the negative consequences.
Participants were randomly assigned to minimal groups based on t-shirt color and listened to stories about in-group and out-group members. Their memory and attitudes were assessed immediately after and one week later. Results showed no significant in-group preferences in memory or attitudes, despite previous research finding biases based on minimal groups. The study provided insight into how arbitrary group assignments may not reliably influence eyewitness testimony or social perceptions over time as hypothesized.
This document summarizes key social psychology experiments on group pressure and obedience to authority conducted in the mid-20th century. Solomon Asch's conformity experiments from 1955 found that participants conformed to an incorrect group majority about a third of the time. Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments from the 1960s demonstrated that people often obeyed an authority figure's order to administer seemingly harmful electric shocks. While these studies raised ethical concerns, they revealed how situational forces can influence individual decision-making and behavior. However, not all individuals succumb to group pressure, and personal values may allow people to resist conformity and disobey unjust authorities. More research is still needed on factors like personality and culture that determine responses to social influence.
10.11770146167203260716 ARTICLEPERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLSantosConleyha
10.1177/0146167203260716 ARTICLEPERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETINCozzolino et al. / GREED, DEATH, AND VALUES
Greed, Death, and Values:
From Terror Management to Transcendence
Management Theory
Philip J. Cozzolino
University of Minnesota
Angela Dawn Staples
Lawrence S. Meyers
Jamie Samboceti
California State University, Sacramento
Research supporting terror management theory has shown that
participants facing their death (via mortality salience) exhibit
more greed than do control participants. The present research
attempts to distinguish mortality salience from other forms of
mortality awareness. Specifically, the authors look to reports of
near-death experiences and posttraumatic growth which reveal
that many people who nearly die come to view seeking wealth and
possessions as empty and meaningless. Guided by these reports,
a manipulation called death reflection was generated. In
Study 1, highly extrinsic participants who experienced death
reflection exhibited intrinsic behavior. In Study 2, the manipu-
lation was validated, and in Study 3, death reflection and mor-
tality salience manipulations were compared. Results showed
that mortality salience led highly extrinsic participants to mani-
fest greed, whereas death reflection again generated intrinsic,
unselfish behavior. The construct of value orientation is dis-
cussed along with the contrast between death reflection manipu-
lation and mortality salience.
Keywords: greed; death reflection; mortality salience
Despite generations of poets, philosophers, and reli-
gious leaders decrying the “deadly sin” of greed, much of
humanity is presently engaged in a consumer-based eco-
nomic system that is most successful when citizens want
and seek to have. Public revelations of greed on the part
of a few corporate executives have recently left indivi-
duals asking, “What is it that makes some people strive
for excessive gains while knowingly leaving less for oth-
ers?” In attempts to distinguish the psychological fac-
tors that drive greed, recent research has focused on two
concepts: value orientation and reactions to death
awareness.
VALUE ORIENTATION
Early humanistic theorists such as Maslow (1954) and
Rogers (1963) first addressed the motives that fuel and
guide attempts to fulfill goals and needs. Maslow (1954)
suggested that human existence could only make sense
when individuals sought to achieve goals tied to their
inherent developmental promise. These goals include
personal growth, good health, a sense of autonomy, and
a desire to know oneself. Maslow went further, compar-
ing “healthy individuals” who seek inner freedom in
favor of external approval to “sick, neurotic people who
make the wrong choices” (p. 278). This humanistic per-
spective posits that when focusing on goals stemming
from external instead of internal forces (e.g., pursuits of
wealth instead of desires for insight) people are likely to
falter along the path to self-actualization. Expanding this
278
Authors ...
10.11770146167203260716 ARTICLEPERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLBenitoSumpter862
10.1177/0146167203260716 ARTICLEPERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETINCozzolino et al. / GREED, DEATH, AND VALUES
Greed, Death, and Values:
From Terror Management to Transcendence
Management Theory
Philip J. Cozzolino
University of Minnesota
Angela Dawn Staples
Lawrence S. Meyers
Jamie Samboceti
California State University, Sacramento
Research supporting terror management theory has shown that
participants facing their death (via mortality salience) exhibit
more greed than do control participants. The present research
attempts to distinguish mortality salience from other forms of
mortality awareness. Specifically, the authors look to reports of
near-death experiences and posttraumatic growth which reveal
that many people who nearly die come to view seeking wealth and
possessions as empty and meaningless. Guided by these reports,
a manipulation called death reflection was generated. In
Study 1, highly extrinsic participants who experienced death
reflection exhibited intrinsic behavior. In Study 2, the manipu-
lation was validated, and in Study 3, death reflection and mor-
tality salience manipulations were compared. Results showed
that mortality salience led highly extrinsic participants to mani-
fest greed, whereas death reflection again generated intrinsic,
unselfish behavior. The construct of value orientation is dis-
cussed along with the contrast between death reflection manipu-
lation and mortality salience.
Keywords: greed; death reflection; mortality salience
Despite generations of poets, philosophers, and reli-
gious leaders decrying the “deadly sin” of greed, much of
humanity is presently engaged in a consumer-based eco-
nomic system that is most successful when citizens want
and seek to have. Public revelations of greed on the part
of a few corporate executives have recently left indivi-
duals asking, “What is it that makes some people strive
for excessive gains while knowingly leaving less for oth-
ers?” In attempts to distinguish the psychological fac-
tors that drive greed, recent research has focused on two
concepts: value orientation and reactions to death
awareness.
VALUE ORIENTATION
Early humanistic theorists such as Maslow (1954) and
Rogers (1963) first addressed the motives that fuel and
guide attempts to fulfill goals and needs. Maslow (1954)
suggested that human existence could only make sense
when individuals sought to achieve goals tied to their
inherent developmental promise. These goals include
personal growth, good health, a sense of autonomy, and
a desire to know oneself. Maslow went further, compar-
ing “healthy individuals” who seek inner freedom in
favor of external approval to “sick, neurotic people who
make the wrong choices” (p. 278). This humanistic per-
spective posits that when focusing on goals stemming
from external instead of internal forces (e.g., pursuits of
wealth instead of desires for insight) people are likely to
falter along the path to self-actualization. Expanding this
278
Authors ...
This is Walden University course (DPSY 6111/8111) Assignment 10. It is written in APA format, includes references, and has been graded by an instructor (A). Most higher-education assignments are submitted to turnitin, remember to paraphrase. Let us begin.
This document discusses correlations, confounding variables, and how they relate to determining causation between variables. Correlations provide a measurement of the relationship between variables but do not prove that one variable causes changes in another. Confounding variables can create spurious correlations by influencing multiple variables without being part of the direct relationship being studied. It is important to control for confounding variables to isolate the specific relationship between independent and dependent variables and determine causation.
The document proposes a study to investigate how framing and social stress influence financial decision-making. Specifically, it hypothesizes that stress will increase risk-seeking behavior for decisions framed as losses, but not for decisions framed as gains. Undergraduate students will be randomly assigned to stress or no-stress conditions before making hypothetical choices between sure and probabilistic options framed as gains or losses. Results are expected to show that stress enhances risk-seeking for loss frames due to impaired decision-making under stress.
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a dissertation analyzing representations of individuals with facial disfigurements in newspaper articles using thematic analysis. The dissertation examines how media representations may influence public perceptions and behaviors towards those with facial disfigurements based on social learning theory. Previous research found biases towards facial disfigurements and stereotypical media portrayals. The dissertation aims to provide further understanding of these issues through a thematic analysis of newspaper articles.
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP .docxfredharris32
A minimum of 100 words each and References Response (#1 – 6) KEEP RESPONSE WITH ANSWER EACH ANSWER NEED TO HAVE A SCHOLARY SOURCE with a Hyperlink
Make sure the Responses includes the Following: (a) an understanding of the weekly content as supported by a scholarly resource, (b) the provision of a probing question. (c) stay on topic
1. In short, abnormal behavior, thoughts and emotions, are those that differ from society's definition of properly functioning, or the norm (Comer, 2018). These norms tend to differ between cultures which help to establish rules for proper conduct. What constitutes as abnormal behavior depends on specific circumstances and cultural norms (Comer, 2018). An example of abnormal behavior could be unusualness like a person who lives with many animals and isolates themselves from society. The behavior of this person is deviant and may be dysfunctional, but could be seen as eccentric rather than abnormal to a professional.
2. Abnormal behavior, in simple terms, is behavior outside of societal norms (Comer, 2018). Abnormalities differ based on what society you come from. Generally speaking, being considered normal means that you are complying by your society’s standards. Abnormalities arise when behavior is deviant, distressing, dysfunctional, or dangerous. An example of abnormal behavior would be manic behavior. A manic episode typically involves less sleep, risky behavior, irritability, increased talking, and even hypersexuality (Purse, 2019). This is typically deviant from the person’s normal behavior by definition. The manic behavior can be distressing for both the affected and their family or other loved ones. Risky behavior causes worry and distress. Irritability can create all sorts of distressing situations. When a person is manic, they are in a state of dysfunction. Memory and responsibilities often fall to the backburner while the manic episode rides its course. Of all the things that define abnormal behavior, a manic episode can be especially dangerous to both the person experiencing it as well as the others around them because it involves risky behavior—which implies many things from gambling to drugs. It often results in the person experiencing the episode being hospitalized.
3. “One common conceptualization of abnormality focuses on what is often called the Four Ds: deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger (Topic 1 Resource, 2018).” An example of abnormal behavior is someone who hears voices telling them to do certain things. Some people may show this kind of abnormal behavior out of nowhere, or they have always heard these voices. This person can be deviant to their old life once they start hearing these voices and if they listen to them or not. These voices can cause distress to the person as well because if they listen to the voices, then they might start doing bad things. These voices can also cause dysfunction in this person life and how they act around others. Having this abnormal behavior can .
Negative expectations can have both costs and benefits:
1) Negative expectations produce a cost in the pre-event period by making people feel worse while anticipating a negative event.
2) Negative expectations may provide a benefit in the post-event period by attenuating negative feelings if the event turns out badly.
3) However, three studies found that the pre-event costs of negative expectations were greater and more consistent than any post-event benefits. In experiments and a field study, people felt worse when expecting a negative event, but their prior expectations did not influence their feelings after the event occurred.
This document summarizes three experiments that tested the effects of subliminal priming on evaluations of politicians delivered over the Internet. In Experiment 1, subliminally presenting the word "RATS" led to more negative ratings of an unknown politician. Experiment 2 found that subliminally showing a photo of Bill Clinton weakened negative ratings of an unknown politician. Experiment 3, conducted during Gray Davis' recall referendum in California, found subliminal photos of Clinton affected Davis' ratings, primarily among independents. The results suggest subliminal priming can influence political evaluations and be conducted online in real world contexts.
Running head EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1Effe.docxtodd271
Running head: EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger
Boston College
Author Note
This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS 0542694
awarded to Elizabeth A. Kensinger.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina M. Leclerc,
Department of Psychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140 Commonwealth
Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of Psychology,
Boston College.
Author Note
arch was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS 0542694
beth A. Kensinger.
ndence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina M. Leclerc,
sychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140 Commonwealth
ut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of Psychology,
Writing the abstract, 2.04
Establishing a title, 2.01; Preparing the
manuscript for submission, 8.03
Formatting the author name (byline) and
institutional affiliation, 2.02, Table 2.1
Double-spaced manuscript,
Times Roman typeface,
1-inch margins, 8.03
Elements of an author note, 2.03
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 2
Abstract
Age differences were examined in affective processing, in the context of a visual search task.
Young and older adults were faster to detect high arousal images compared with low arousal and
neutral items. Younger adults were faster to detect positive high arousal targets compared with
other categories. In contrast, older adults exhibited an overall detection advantage for emotional
images compared with neutral images. Together, these findings suggest that older adults do not
display valence-based effects on affective processing at relatively automatic stages.
Keywords: aging, attention, information processing, emotion, visual search
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (The numbers refer to numbered
sections in the Publication Manual.)
Paper adapted from “Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information,” by C. M. Leclerc and E. A. Kensinger,
2008, Psychology and Aging, 23, pp. 209–215. Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association.
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 3
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Frequently, people encounter situations in their environment in which it is impossible to
attend to all available stimuli. It is therefore of great importance for one’s attentional processes to
select only the most salient information in the environment to which one should attend. Previous
research has suggested that emotional information is privy to attentional selection in young
adults (e.g.,
& Tapia, 2004; Nummenmaa, Hyona, & Calvo, 2006), an obvious service to evolutionary drives
to approach rewarding situations and to avoid threat and danger (Davis & Whalen, 200.
Meyer from personalized med to personalized research-april 2013Michelle N. Meyer
This document discusses the heterogeneity problem in research, where individuals vary in their risks and expected benefits from participating in research. It makes the case that current approaches to research ethics and regulation do not adequately account for these individual differences.
It argues that just as personalized medicine aims to tailor medical interventions to individuals, research should move towards a more personalized approach. Current risk-benefit analyses conducted by Institutional Review Boards assess risks and benefits for average or typical participants, but this may not accurately reflect risks and benefits for individual outliers. The document considers two options to better account for individual heterogeneity: 1) bringing more individualized information to IRBs and regulators, and 2) experimenting with allowing individuals to autonomously decide if risks
Solomon Asch conducted a conformity experiment in 1951 to determine if individuals would conform to an obviously incorrect group answer. Participants were asked to compare line lengths but confederates unanimously chose the wrong answer on some trials. Results showed that over a third of participants conformed at least once by choosing the incorrect answer to fit in with the group, demonstrating the powerful influence of social pressure on individual judgments.
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Running head MARKETING ANALYSIS ASSIGNMENTS .docxwlynn1
Running head: MARKETING ANALYSIS ASSIGNMENTS 1
MARKETING ANALYSIS ASSIGNMENTS 6
Researching Marketing Questions
MKT/571
Melissa Simmons
Roberto Ancis
Part 1: Memorandum
TO: Senior Vice President (Marketing)
FROM: Jacob Glenns
DATE: August 19, 2018
SUBJECT: Marketing Analysis
Summary Analysis
This analysis of the market report that was presented the market analyst provides detailed insights from the data that may help in formulating an effective marketing strategy. The key information include: revenue performance for the first half between 2015 and 2016 and revenue trends over the same period. This information help in deciding whether to the organization should continue with its growth strategy or to reverse the decline.
Revenue Analysis
Analysis of the company’s semiannual performance- between January and June- indicates that there was an increase of 10.18 percent in the generated revenues per day from 96,000 dollars to 105,768 dollars in 2015 and 2016 respectively. The revenues per day, domestic market, were 93,683 dollars and 85,181 dollars in 2016 and 2015 respectively, over the same period. Overall, the semiannual revenue for the year 2016 was 13,644,073 dollars with the United States market contributing 12,085,137 dollars, which is approximately 88.6 percent of the semiannual revenue. The international market contributed 1,558,936 dollars, which is 11.4 percent of the total revenue. The average gross profit per day was 8.3 percent for the six months between January and June, 2016. For the three months of April, May and June, 2016 the total revenue was 7,024,096 dollars with the domestic market contributing 6,145,978 dollars and the international market contributing 878,119 dollars. The gross profit was 6.5 percent.
Revenue Trends
With regards to customer class, commercial customers contributed 7,195,592 dollars in the six months of January to June, 2016. The revenue per day was 55,780 dollars, an increase of 5,008 dollars compared to 50,772 dollars realized over the same period in 2015. At the second place was the municipal segment with 1,634,643 dollars. The revenue per day for the first six months was 12,672 in 2016 compared to 12,034 in 2015. The international market segment contributed 1,535,905 dollars and the revenue per day was 11,906 dollars and 11,700 dollars in 2016 and 2015 respectively. The other important segments- resellers, industrial labs, government, resell, education and others- also registered increments in the revenue per day for the first 6 months between 2015 and 2016. The revenue trend for the second quarter (between April and May) illustrate that commercial market contributed 1,130,973 dollars which is 50 percent of the total revenue from the customer class segment. The international market contributed 323,990 follo.
Running head MANAGING A DIVERSE WORKFORCE1MANAGING A DIVERSE.docxwlynn1
Running head: MANAGING A DIVERSE WORKFORCE 1
MANAGING A DIVERSE WORKFORCE 6
Managing a diverse workforce
Name
Institutional affiliation
What does it mean to be an effective manager in a diverse workforce?
According to Chip Conley, the workforce diversity is characterized of gender, ethnicity and age; which needs a much keener attention. He points out that an effective manager should realize that age diversity makes a company stronger and that different generations within a workplace should focus on mentoring one another at work. He emphasizes on the need to allow openness with one another so that wisdom; knowledge, experience and skills from the young to the old and vice versa. According to Chip Conley, the current 60s is the new 40s and that the current 30s is the new 50s; a key note to take on how effective relationship in a workplace could enrichen a company with greater shared wisdom and skills. Every manager need to relate such knowledge in ensuring effective making of modern elders from the millennials.
According to Chip, an effective manager should establish a learning environment for the boomers and the millennials. Each generation should see the other as assets from which they can derive wisdom. Moreover, Chip calls for both the millennials and the boomers to fix their ego, perhaps so that they can enhance their relationship and get to learn from one another. He calls for the need of the managers to enhance a growth mindset in a workplace and the need for the employees to be curious of getting to know what the other generation can offer, and trying to oneself. Chip states that “Curiosity is the elixir for life”
Working on the psychological empowerment of specifics groups and ensuring mental flexibility is very important for various generations to work coherently effectively. Additionally, a manager in charge of a diverse workforce should ensure that the differences existing between the BB and X generations, and the Y and Z generations should be harmonized so that they do not tamper with the achievement of the organizations set goals and objectives (Toro, Labrador-Fernández & De Nicolas, 2019).
Maintaining a positive working environment helps in enhancing the performance of a diverse workforce. Looking at the small business managers, workforce diversity can be well managed if the owner’s manager supports the existing generational interconnections and the variations as a result of the general difference defining these groups by valuing their differences and the similarities. An effective manager is therefore required to cause a diversity openness among the workforce. Such ensure the performance at all levels, i.e. both the organizational and individual. A manager should, therefore, have the ability to effectively enforce the eradication of the internal communication barriers existing as a result generational, racial, gender, ethnic, age, personality tenure, cognitive style, education among other dissimilarities .
Running head MANAGING TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN DIGITAL BUS.docxwlynn1
Running head: MANAGING TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN DIGITAL BUSINESS
ENVIRONMENTS 1
Managing Technological Innovation in Digital Business Environments
Yolanda McNeil
ENGL 602 Field Project: Final Product
Liberty University
MANAGING TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN DIGITAL BUSINESS
ENVIRONMENTS 2
Introduction
Background of the Research
Innovation plays a critical role in assisting businesses to sustain and grow their market
shares. It takes place in dissimilar functions and parts of the business and it is significant to
understand the best way to create and manage it effectively. Digital technologies have been
regularly used in business and this has led to digitized workplaces that demand the need to invent
to remain at the top in the market (Kay & Willman, 2018). Digitizing places of work has played
a key role in changing the way business is usually managed and this has similarly affected how
innovation must be managed and embraced in such a novel business atmosphere. Therefore, the
best way to understand technological innovation in the digital business atmosphere is the need to
understand how technology has been shaping the business world.
The reason for choosing technological innovation in digital business environments is that
business owners play a critical role in the identification and application of new technologies. By
investing in initiatives that permit them to deliver efficient and effective services and products,
they discover innovative solutions to complex challenges (Camisón & Villar-López, 2014).
Successful technological innovation needs collaboration, expert project management, planning,
and execution. Worldwide competition and rigorous demand to bring commodities to market
very fast affect decisions.
Research Purpose
1
2
Tess Stockslager @ 2020-03-06T10:07:25-08:00
This wording seems a bit circular: "the best way to understand...is the need to understand." Is there a clearer way you could state this?
Tess Stockslager @ 2020-03-06T10:09:33-08:00
Even without the word "I," you're indirectly referring to yourself here, which isn't necessary in this paper. You don't need to explain why you chose your topic; instead, you should explain why the topic is important in the field (which is exactly what you did in this sentence--you just need to frame it differently).
MANAGING TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN DIGITAL BUSINESS
ENVIRONMENTS 3
The purpose of this research is to explore the role and importance of managing
technological innovation in the digital business environment. Technological innovation strategies
that a firm pursues can either break or make the company. The current business landscape is
increasingly multifaceted. For an organization to succeed in the modern business environment, it
is critical that it adopts digital innovation which can assist to attain its goals and remain at the top
in the competition (Camisón & Villar-Lóp.
Running head MANAGERIAL REPORT FOR SUPERVISING MANAGER 1MAN.docxwlynn1
Running head: MANAGERIAL REPORT FOR SUPERVISING MANAGER
1
MANAGERIAL REPORT FOR SUPERVISING MANAGER
7
Managerial Report
HMGT 300 6380 Introduction to the U.S Health Care Sector 2205
Taneshia Davis
UMGC
Professor: Todd Price
May 31, 2020
Manager's Name and Role:
Name: The patient experience-supervising manager is Mr. Aleo Brandford
Roles:
The supervising manager ensures that all patients are fully engaged in inpatient experience activities under the supervision of highly experienced healthcare professionals. The manager also ensures that all healthcare professionals are compliant with policies, rules, and regulations that govern patients, healthcare practice, healthcare organizations, government, and the corporate world. Moreover, the supervisor conducts monitoring and evaluation of the healthcare providers to ensure they are delivering high-quality services within the set time. The manager also monitors and evaluates the healthcare systems in the organization to ensure that they are affirmative to rules, policies, and standards set for healthcare service facilities and providers as a to deliver satisfactory high-quality services. The manager, together with respective departments and personnel, initiates, improves, and implements patient experience programs that equip personnel with relevant patient experience skills, knowledge, and competencies necessary for satisfactory healthcare service provision. One other key role of the manager is the contact point for all inquiries, explanations, experiences, and feedbacks associated with patients and the healthcare facility.
Healthcare Setting:
The Minnesota Healthcare Facility is a county facility that offers preventive and curative healthcare services for in- and out-patients. It serves the entire region with all healthcare needs. It has both children and adults wings with fully functional departments and equipment. It is the only healthcare facility in rural with a population capacity of 200 per day. It is well equipped with childbirth and immunization facilities and serves the general public healthcare needs.
Managerial Issue:
Determining MeaslesSpread Rate
The manager needs to task-relevant departments to collect patient and exposed children information from children's care centers, schools, attendance lists, and health facilities. The information will help determine the rate of immunization, the number of patients, and approximate exposed children and other adults. The number of children vaccinated against measles, 21 days before its eruption should be identified from the Immunization Information System of Minnesota, and facility children's care center information System. The challenge will be on the follow up of the exposed children and administering necessary interventions. This is necessary for checking further spread of the disease in the community (Hall et al., 2017).
Impact & Details: Restrict Public Gathering
To restrict the mingling of children in healthcare faciliti.
Running head MANAGING DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS FINAL .docxwlynn1
Running head: MANAGING DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS FINAL
1
MANAGING DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENTS FINAL
2
Managing Dynamic Environments Final
Managing Dynamic Environments Final
Introduction
The for-profit organization which will be analyzed in this report is a famous casual dining restaurant and bar called Buffalo Wild Wings Restaurant and Sports Bar. This is an international organization which has various outlets in different parts of the world such as in the United States, Mexico, Canada, Panama, India, and the Philippines among other countries. The reason why Buffalo Wild Wings is the target organization for this report is that it recently received a new president, Lyle Tick, who set an objective to improve the brand image of the restaurant so that it can attract more customers (Romeo, 2018). Due to this, the organization is undertaking some changes in its marketing which is an important component of the internal operations of the business. The change of focus is implementing a social media marketing campaign to increase the number of new customers for the restaurant. This report will evaluate different factors, positive and negative issues, and challenges, which can affect the change process as well as analyze different concepts which can be used to improve change management and change process so as to result to the desired outcomes.
Identify the role of strategic renewal in propelling change.
Strategic renewal is important in creating change interventions which will impact the team members and the organization positively. This is an important process which helps change managers to evaluate the existing progress of the change process and focus on how to improve the change process so that the desired outcome may be achieved. One of the roles of strategic renewal in propelling change is by revisiting and improving the change strategies. Strategic renewal ensures that the organization is able to develop a strategic game plan which will be used to promote different growth objectives during change management. This enhances change since the organization is able to focus on having a competitive advantage against other competitors and satisfying the customers’ needs to the best of its abilities. In the case of Buffalo Wild Wing Restaurant, it focused on adopting new growth objective which aimed at attracting more millennial customers to ensure it increases the size of the target market for the restaurant.
Strategic renewal helps in concentrating all the efforts in brainstorming and identification of solutions to challenges which may impact the change action plan. The organization and its employees are able to focus on finding different approaches which can be used to improve the experience resulting from the change process. This pushes change since the organization is able to avoid certain pitfalls which the organizations would have experienced. This aspect has been achieved by Buffalo Wild Wings Restaurant whereby the organization.
Running head MANAGING DONUT FRANCHISES1MANAGING DONUT FRANCHIS.docxwlynn1
Running head: MANAGING DONUT FRANCHISES 1
MANAGING DONUT FRANCHISES 2
Managing Donuts
Joyce Crow
Ashford University
MGT 330 Management for Organization
Jill Heaney
May 10, 2020
District Manager of Five Dunkin’ Donut Franchises
Introduction
As the new District Manager, I intend to build and structure the foundation of workers for all the five Dunkin' Donuts establishments. My goal is to increase the fiscal profits for every unit to establish extra legacies to the company's brand. The paper analyzes the following categories of Dunkin' Donuts: job design including job analysis, job description and job specification, and organizational design. Workers job designs will be assessed with the use of a divisional structure for Bakers, Crewmembers, and managers. Inside of Dunkin' Donuts will be analyzed to decide the needs for recruiting and selecting applicants. Also, the essay discusses the training and performance appraisals for the value of significance to the franchise.
Job Design
Job design refers to the process of organizing duties and roles into a productive unit of work. The job design will include job analysis, job description and job specification. Job design occurs when managers decide the duties to be completed, the people who will do them and the selection approach to be adopted in choosing workers (Reilly, Minnick, & Baack, 2011). Below, I have used job analysis, job description, and job specification to discuss the job design of the five new establishments.
Job Analysis
The process of assigning tasks will be undertaken by the HR department and the departmental managers. I will be adapting the extermination model of job analysis. Every branch will have 5 to 8 workers per shift, with one being a manager, one may be a shift leader and the rest will include crewmembers and bakers. They will be in charge of food handling, housekeeping and sales. Each worker's qualification will include preparing donuts, coffee, frozen meals, and working on the cash register.
Job Description
For job descriptions, the current Dunkin' Donuts models will be appropriate for the Crewmembers, Bakers, and Management (https://www.peopleanswers.com/pa/testSplashPageEntry.do?splashURL=portalDunkinDonuts1&src=825452). Most roles at the organization are entry-level positions, which need filling customer orders through preparing drinks and baked food. Applicants will need to show their readiness to take directions and interact with the clients regularly.
Job Specification
Bakers, Crewmembers, and Shift Leaders – These are the entry-level spots that will need minimal requirements. Basic requirements include at least a High School Diploma (GED or equivalent), inclination to take direction and intermingle with clients, and interpersonal working capabilities. These roles are trainable on the job. The position of shift leader will be achievable by an existing baker or crewmember .
Running head MANAGEMENT DILEMMAS1MANAGEMENT DILEMMAS6.docxwlynn1
Running head: MANAGEMENT DILEMMAS 1
MANAGEMENT DILEMMAS 6
Management Dilemmas
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Management Dilemmas
Part I: Research Questions
1. Should student athletes receive a stipend by the universities as reimbursement for participating in sports? Are there policies under the ISSF that guide on how best students should be compensated for their participation in different sports?
2. What challenges do coaches face in managing their respective teams? Is there an approved ISSF standard management structure that would allow coaches to participate and interact more with their players such that they are not only constrained to their managerial duties?
Part II: Research Topic
Problem Statement
Professional athletes earn large sums of money, though considered unethical; due to the fact that most of the times these athletes are students who are “exploited”. The estimated value rose through college athletics is considered to be roughly more than a billion dollars yearly, with this revenue being generated from an estimated 25 football schools and 64 basketball schools respectively (Brown & Williams, 2019). The concern raised is that the students do not get to see the money earned; but instead are offered athletic scholarships, allowing them to get free college education. The concerning factor is that most students use this opportunity as a chance to qualify for professional leagues, without considering the beneficial factors that their education offers. They are continuously to sacrifice their class and study hours such that they can practice and travel for their sports (Brown & Williams, 2019). Even though a scholarship seems like a good deal for some of these college athletes, what criteria is used to reward those athletes who are often viewed as celebrities and exploited for their affiliation with different institution to earn money for them?
Quite often, managers are faced with the dilemma of relating with their athletes mainly because they are absorbed in managerial duties that limit their interactions with their players. As a result, the element of teamwork is ignored and disregarded, leading to lack of communication, lack of trust, and continued conflict, which may affect the effectiveness of the team (Rollnick, Fader, Breckon, & Moyers, 2019). Sometimes the coaches aspect of caring is viewed as interference because there is no connection between the players and their coach, with coaches feeling left out of most decisions made by the players. This in mind, the study focuses on finding new strategies that can be applied by all coaches in every sport, such that the aspect of unity and communication is achieved, with coaches participating more in their respective projects.
Importance of the Study
Given the dynamic scope of this industry, it is important to do more research to understand the depth of the dilemma within the industry, with the use of previous and current research to provide insight on different pers.
Running head MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING 1MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING.docxwlynn1
Running head: MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING
1
MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING
2
Managerial Accounting
Accounting can be defined as the procedure of keeping monetary financial records. Accounting can be group as financial and managerial accounting. For businesses to be successful, they need to be having both managerial and financial accounting experts. Impeccable managerial and financial bookkeeping are important to the progress and constant survival of any corporate. Structurally, economically, and lawfully, bookkeeping is an essential section in any institute, and the necessity for an extremely skilled accounting squad is unconditionally crucial. Despite the similarities between financial and managerial accounting, there are also differences between them.
The managerial accounting works through measuring, analyzing and reporting monetary and non-monetary information that aids directors to make judgements to accomplish the objectives of an organization. Managerial accounting emphasizes on the internal broadcasting and is not regulated by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Management accounting is known for its much efforts to focus on the future rather than paying much attention to what happened in the past (Kinicki & Fugate, 2016). This type of accounting is so influential to the performance of directors and other workers as opposed to principally reporting financial events. There are no principles which guide the operations of management accounting.
Management accounting permits executives to charge attention on owners’ principal to aid judge a division’s presentation, although this may not be allowed by generally accepted accounting principles. Managerial accounting comprises assets or liabilities which may not be recognized by generally accepted accounting principles and it makes use of asset or liability quantifying rules like present values or resale prices which is not acceptable under GAAP.
Financial accounting on the other hand emphasizes on commentary to exterior events like shareholders, government interventions, and banks. It evaluates and registers business dealings and provides fiscal reports that are grounded on generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Financial bookkeeping is controlled by commonly accepted accounting principles (Weygandt, Kimmel & Kieso, 2015). Financial accounting comprises of sending monetary reports like income reports or balance sheets, to outside bodies like creditors, tax specialists, shareholders, and the Interior Revenue Service.
The managerial accounting positions out profit and loss accounts, job costing accounts, and operating resources, financial accounting conveys facts only for those on the external who want to decide the company's marketplace assessment. Managerial accounting emphases on issues and answers within an institute while financial accounting is worried with productivity from without. Managerial accountants make internal working reports, while financial accountants generat.
Running head: LOGISTIC REGRESSION 1
LOGISTIC REGRESSION 2
Logistic Regression
Student Name
Institution
Course
Instructor
Date
Question (a)
Categorical variables are useful in classifying data that usually takes only one form. An example where categorical variables can be used is when classifying the ages of different individual based on the gender of the participants. The use of n-1 variable in categorical variables makes the classification easier since variables take either of the quantitative provided. In these situations, the variables are limited to take either one or zero as the quantitative value to ease the classification process (Bühlmann & Dezeure, 2016). Classification based on n-1 variable tends to be faster and also saves time and does not have many problems. When a particular variable takes 1 is assumed to be quantitative but when it takes zero the assumption made is that the variable is absent. Categorical variables involving n variables, the n-1 variables are the only important variables since they classify the data given accordingly to the required quantitative values which I either 1 or 0.
Classification of information based on categorical valuables, the n variables tend to have problems. The n value can sometimes lead to problems that may end up prolonging the classification process and also make it difficult. The n variable has problem in resulting to multi-co linearity in classifying (Guo & Berkhahn, 2016). The problem results when there is similar interconnections between the variables this create a problem in interpreting the information. The interconnection of the n variables can result in the prediction of the other variable from the other. Another problem resulting in from categorical variables is that n variable is intuitively meaning that variables can be classified based on the interests or feelings of the research. Lastly, the n variables are redundant that is do not have updated information.
Question (b)
In statistics, logistic regressions are used in classification of variable that tend to have different forms either positive or negative values. Logistic regressions classify data consisting of dependent variables with and more than two or more independent variables. The classifications are based on pacing several variables at their different level of existence (van Smeden et al., 2016). Logistic regression predict the relationship of variables that can either take 1or 0 in the classification. Logistic regressions is concerned in giving descriptions to the data and give detailed information relationship between one independent variable and more nominal independent variables. For instance, logistic regression can be used in financial institutions to clarify financial defaulters. In classification of the data, logistic re.
Running head MANAGEMENT OF CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE THROUGH MO .docxwlynn1
Running head: MANAGEMENT OF CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE THROUGH MO 2
MANAGEMENT OF CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE THROUGH MO 8
Managing Congestive Heart Failure through Motivational Education
Rosaline Hicks
Chamberlain University
Dr. Sheryl Cator
March 26, 2020
The purpose of this paper is to discuss how motivation can improve outcomes in congestive heart failure (CHF). CHF is a chronic progressive condition that affects the pumping ability of the heart muscles. This paper will cover CHF as a practice problem, the role of evidence to in regard to CHF, and the role of the DNP practice scholar in the translation of evidence.
Addressing issues related to CHF management through education program is important in the improvement of self-management. Most of the reported readmission cases, morbidity, and mortality are associated with poor self-care and self-management of the diseases. The focus of most healthcare facilities when it comes to the management of the CHF is focused on an identified medication regimen, and little to no attention is given to the importance of patient education to improve self-management of CHF.
A study by Bader et al (2018) revealed that an advanced heart failure program helped in the improvement of disease awareness and self-care behaviors when the patients were led by well-trained heart failure nurses. Another study by Howie-Esquivel et al (2015) used the approach of TEACH-HF intervention to manage CHF patients. The study outcome revealed a significantly lower hospital re-admission rate and decrease in the length of stay.
DNP practice scholar play a key role in the translation of evidence. The DNP practice scholar is instrumental in the initiation of projects that focus on the standardized educational process for CHF patients. The initiation is done through the development of new education tools and clinician documentation of evidence-based heart failure care (Myslenski, 2018). Practice Problem and Question
Patient education is becoming an effective process of managing CHF at home. Patient education aids in the improvement of knowledge and self-care behaviors, thereby, reducing the incidence of readmissions cases (Bader, et al., 2018).
Heart failure is a common, high-risk condition that is characterized with high reports hospitalization and sometimes death. This disease affects more than 6.5 million Americans and in 2012 the CDC reported that it cost approximately 30.7 billion dollars to care for CHF patients and wages lost due to hospitalization. Unlike other cardiovascular illnesses, CHF appears to be the most common one and nearly 1 million new cases are being reported annually internationally. This, therefore, makes it the fastest growing cardiovascular disorder (Savarese & Lund, 2017).
This study is guided by the following Picot question: Does the multidisciplinary educational approach work effectively towards the prevention of hospital re-admission for patients diagnosed with congestive heart .
Running head: MALWARE 1
MALWARE 2
Student’s name:
Professor' name:
Topic:
Institution:
Date:
Malware-Trojan horse virus
Malware can be defined as any file or program that is introduced to a computer with the intention of harming the user. The harm to the user can be through interfering with his use of the compute, unauthorized access to his data, locking the user out of his computer and also spying on the user’s activity. There are several types of malware and they include ransom ware, Trojan horses, computer viruses, worms and spyware (White, Fisch & Pooch, 2017). For this particular assignment, I will focus on Trojan horse virus. The name Trojan horse comes from the famous Greek story, where Greek soldiers were able to take down the city of Troy after they sneaked into the city inside a wooden horse that was guised as a gift to the people of Troy. Just like the story the Trojan horse virus disguises itself as a legitimate program however the program provides unauthorized access into the system most of the time to hackers.
Most of the time, Trojan horses gain access to a secured system through social engineering. Most of the time, Trojan horse viruses are introduced into a system by duping a user into executing an attachment on an email guised to be unsuspicious. They can also be introduced via social media where users are tricked into clicking on fake advertisements or advertisements that offer fake rewards. Once the links or attachments are clicked on, a Trojan horse virus is introduced. Trojan horse viruses can allow an attacker to have access to a user’s personal information and other forms of data. Trojan horse viruses can affect other devices on the network through infection caused by the introduction of the first Trojan horse; most ransom ware is introduced through Trojan horse viruses (Wang, Lorch & Parno, 2016). In addition, through the use of Trojan horse viruses, attackers can modify data, copy data, block data, delete data and generally disrupt or distort the performance and operations of targeted computers or devices in a network.
Steps of mitigating a Trojan horse virus attack
The first step in mitigating a Trojan horse virus attack is the installation of effective anti-malware software or what is commonly referred to as an anti-virus. The anti-malware will detect as well as prevent any Trojan horse virus attack on a computer or a network. The second step in mitigating Trojan horse virus attacks is the installation of the latest available patches of the operating system in use. The third step is proper scanning of all external devices that are introduced to a computer or a network (Rader & Rahman, 2015). The fourth step is through the cautioning on the execution of any program th.
Running head LOS ANGELES AND NEW YORK BUDGETARY COMPARISON .docxwlynn1
Running head: LOS ANGELES AND NEW YORK BUDGETARY COMPARISON 1
LOS ANGELES AND NEW YORK BUDGETARY COMPARISON
3
Los Angeles and New York budgetary comparison
Vibert Jacob
South University
Los Angeles and New York budgetary comparison
The cities for comparison in this assignment are the city of New York and the city of Los Angeles. These two are major cities in the United States that have large population and play a crucial role both locally and internationally. The cities have major infrastructural, social, and economic burdens to bear. They also have huge finances to budget for the management of their cities. In the financial year 2017, the city of New York budgeted for an expenditure of $84 billion (The City of New York, 2017). Los Angeles has a budget of $9.2 billion (City of Los Angeles, 2017). The New York City budget is larger than some of the states in the USA. Both cities are required to ensure they have a balanced budget each year with clear information about the sources of the funds, use of the fund and ensure that the budgetary deficits are clearly financed in each year.
The city of Los Angeles budgets is prepared with several underlying principles that must adhered. The city has a reserve fund, which equals to 5% of the city’s general fund revenues. The capital improvements fund for the city is equal to 1% of the city’s general fund revenue. The city holds that all the funds from one-time sources must be used to finance the one-time expenditures. The city of New York has also established several reserves to take care of uncertainties in the city (City of Los Angeles, 2017). These reserves include the Retiree health benefit trust funds, a general reserve as well as a capital stabilization reserve fund for the city.
Sources of funds
The two cities have almost similar sources of funds for their budgets. These sources of funds, however, have differing contributions to the city’s finances. The table below presents the proportional sources of incomes to the cities.
Los Angeles
New York
Source
%
%
property taxes
21.9
29
allocation from other government agencies
6.5
27
utility user tax
7.1
7
business occupation
8.6
4
licenses and other fees
24.5
8
sales tax
5.7
8
proprietary
5.3
13
miscellaneous
20.4
4
100
100
In the two cities, the property taxes account for the largest source of incomes. In New York, the allocation and distribution from other government and government agencies is the second largest source of income. This is due to the international nature of the city, which hosts major national and international offices. The city of Los Angeles has large commercial enterprises within its jurisdiction that contributed large amount of incomes in form of licenses, fees, and permits compared to New York’s city income from license and fees amounting to only 8% of the overall incomes. The miscellaneous sources of finance include the transfers from the reserve transfers, the special funds .
Running head MAJOR PROJECT1MAJOR PROJECT9Initial Ou.docxwlynn1
Running head: MAJOR PROJECT
1
MAJOR PROJECT
9
Initial Outline
Chicago
University
(The Working Title of this Major Paper Should Go Here Exactly as on the Title Page)
Foreclosure is a scary word for homeowners, but it is
not all that common today (citation needed). Bortz (2017) reported that the foreclosure rate (meaning the percentage of loans in foreclosure) currently hovers just under 1%. During economic downturns, like the housing crisis of 2011, foreclosure rates rose as high as 3.6% in United State (Bortz, 2017).
Research question
The phenomenon as mentioned above and literature background lead to the overriding research question, “what are the lived experiences of management executives whose companies face foreclosure?” The subareas of exploration for this question are:
i. The manager’s self-care practices
ii. The manager’s relationship with immediate relatives
iii. The manager’s business practices
iv. The manager’s relationships with subordinates
Methodology
In order to investigate the lived experiences of management executives, a phenomenological qualitative method will be employed. The relationships and practices of managers facing company foreclosure are the core of this research. Creswell (2013) discussed that the purpose of a phenomenological qualitative method is to …….
Proposed population
1. The homogenous group for the study is former management executives strictly from the operations department. The selected executives will have a background of having undergone company foreclosure at least once in the past 20 years.
2. Participants will be solicited through enticing advertisements online for filling surveys to participate in a study interview.
3. The number of participants will be restricted to 16 executives aged 35 years or more. Their former positions will be limited to operations management.
Data collection
1. The type of data to be accrued will be unstructured and semi-structured interviews.
2. Participants will be asked to participate in at least two rounds of one-on-one interviews spanning anywhere from 50 to 60 minutes each. Interviews will be conducted in person, by phone, or through an internet source such as Zoom.
3.
Bracketing
I am especially interested in this research question because my research showed scarce primary literature about the impact of company foreclosure on the personal and professional lives of executives’ manager and their families. With many companies facing foreclosure around the globe every year, it is surprising that very little research has been conducted on how they affected the lives of the involved executives. I suspect I may find it useful to know the real potential consequences of organizational shutdown in case I become a manager in the future. Even though one works hoping for the best, preparing for the worst is also a very rational route for any organizational management model.
(Do you have any first or third-party experience and/or knowledge of a.
Running Head MAJOR CONCERNS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHINA 1MAJO.docxwlynn1
Running Head: MAJOR CONCERNS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHINA 1
MAJOR CONCERNS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHINA 10
Major Concerns of Climate Change in China
Student’s Name:
Course Title:
Course Number:
Professor’s Name:
Date:
Major Concerns of Climate Change in China
Introduction
China is one of the critical countries in the world, which are considered to significantly contribute to the issue of climate change. Research indicates that China produces over 6.000 megatons of carbon dioxide every year. The increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is associated with increase in global warming, which perpetrates the climate change. To this end, China is regarded as the largest emitter of greenhouse gases across the globe based on absolute terms, contributing to about 22 percent of the total amount of emissions (Held, Nag & Roger, 2011). At the moment, the emissions of the greenhouse gases by China have exceeded the global per capita average, following the growth in the emissions by over 200 percent from 1990 to 2008. The concern of increased greenhouse gases emissions in China is largely associated with the countries appetite for economic growth. The historical growth of the Chinese economy has been tremendously effected through the use of fossil fuels as a major source of energy in industries. Despite the increased desire from the global community to mitigate the impacts of climate change, there is fear that the emission of greenhouse gases in the country may rise by between 55 and 75 by 2025 (Held, Nag & Roger, 2011). Therefore, it is important to discuss the different concerns presented by China regarding the issue of climate change that is tremendously perpetrated by increase in emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
Overview of the Issue of Climate Change in China
The Chinese government has established policies that are aimed at adopting effective governance of climate change, improved domestic capacity of effectively governing the energy use and emissions, as well as supporting the commitments that positively impact decline in future international emissions. China acknowledges the need to lower the emission of greenhouse gases as well as mitigating the impacts of climate change, which is a critical solution towards obtaining a healthier international environment (Lipin, 2016). As a matter of fact, numerous multinational negotiations have been advanced so as to develop a global climate regime that governs the efforts of reducing the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Being among the world’s largest polluters, China has received increase attention from the global community. The country, which has the highest population of over 1.3 billion, has been steadfastly reluctant to comply to the suggestions by international organizations such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (Held, Nag & Roger, 2011). These organizations have been engaged in pushing for .
Running Head LOGISTICS1Running Head LOGISTICS7.docxwlynn1
Running Head: LOGISTICS 1
Running Head: LOGISTICS 7
Logistics and Supply Chain Operations
Stanley Thompson Jr.
DB 8035
24 May 2020
INTRODUCTION
Amazon is one of the fastest growing online retailer company in the United States of America that has been able to overhaul its business structure by using innovative strategies in supply chain management. Amazon has left most of its competitors have a hard time trying to catch up. The firm has made huge investments in the management of its inventory to include recent forms of technology to beat its competition. The firm has optimized every link in its supply chain to ensure its customers are satisfied and well attended to (Leblanc, 2019). This paper hence seeks to discuss Amazons supply chain operation factors such as; transport and security, procurement and inventory management, technology and information management, and articulate some of the global risk factors affecting the firm. Comment by TJS: Paragraphs need to be left justified Comment by TJS: Great point here. Amazon is dominating the industry Comment by TJS: Anthropomorphisms should not be utilized. An anthropomorphism is the attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a good, animal, or object.
TRANSPORTATION AND SECURITY
Transportation cost structures, modes, and distribution centers, inventory control systems, and inventory costs reduction strategies
Amazon initially launched a two-day delivery program for its customers to ensure that its customers had fast delivery of products but soon other competitors started catching on. Amazon hence had to make another adjustment in its freight services and now offers a two-hour delivery service to Amazon Prime customers. For product freight, Amazon has equally sub-contracted firms such as the United Parcel Service to transport its products to its customers. Amazon has been relying on third-party couriers to make their deliveries as they have a better-established delivery route and path that they can leverage for efficient delivery services (Leblanc, 2019). Comment by TJS: Yes. They set a new industry standard
However, due to the consideration of numerous factors involved in using third-party carriers for deliveries, Amazon has developed its privately-owned freight service. Amazon hence uses its privately-owned vehicles to carry products to its clients specifically for same-day deliveries. In recent times, Amazon has been developing cargo freight service in certain specific areas where the firm uses drones to carry items straight to their clients who are within a 10-mile radius from their warehouses. This has cut product deliveries to half an hour or less. Amazon is progressively incorporating newer technologies in its supply chain that systems can hence run without human supervision. This strategy has been articulated to be efficient so far as there are has been reduced inventory management costs over the last few years since the acquisition of Kiva Systems (Leblanc, 2.
Running head LOGIC MODELLOGIC MODEL 2Logic modelStu.docxwlynn1
Running head: LOGIC MODEL
LOGIC MODEL
2
Logic model
Student’s name
University affiliation
Date
References
Blue-Howells, J., McGuire, J., & Nakashima, J. (2008). Co-location of health care services for homeless veterans: a case study of innovation in program implementation. Social work in health care, 47(3), 219-231.
Output
Integrating patient care
Communication and collaboration between workers hence resulting to communities of practicing clinicians
Attracting new patients to GLA
Funding a two-year pilot grant
Effective process for psychiatric screening for homeless patients
Outcomes
Homeless project were integrated
The issues of homeless veterans were addressed due to institutional barriers
There was creation of coalition and linking the project to legitimate VA-wide goals
Good sustained program maintenance, process evaluation and encouraging development of communities.
Activities
Building a coalition of decision makers
Introduction of a new integrated program
Inputs
The decision to implement
Initial implementation
Sustained maintenance
Termination or transformation
Running head: PROGRAM EVALUATION 1
PROGRAM EVALUATION 2
Program Evaluation
Institutional Affiliation
Insert the student’s name
Instructor’s name
Course
Date
Introduction
Evaluation of the program is usually done to in order to determine the quality of the program, how effective the program is and how the program is performing. This can help to know if the program is making a significant difference among the targeted people. It can also assist to know if the program is functioning or not. This paper therefore seeks to evaluate the program which is assisting the homeless people within the community.
The two program evaluation questions are: what is the reach of the program? And what has been the impact of the program on the homeless people? The answers to these questions would elicit both qualitative and quantitative results. Therefore, the program evaluation will require both quantitative and qualitative data collection plan. This is because the use of mixed-method approach is convenient since the results and findings would be reliable (Creswell, 2017). After identifying the evaluation program questions, the next step will be to come up with plan of evaluating a program. The plan should consist of methods of collecting data, evidences, the person responsible and the duration.
Program Evaluation Question
Evidence
Methods and sources of collecting data
Person in charge
Duration
1. What is the reach of the program?
Number of building materials distributed
Records of the program
Robert
One month
2. What has been the impact of the program on the homeless people?
Number of people resettled
Number of people not yet re.
Running head LITERATURE REVIEW1MINORITY BOYS SCHOOL DROPOUT A.docxwlynn1
Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1
MINORITY BOYS SCHOOL DROPOUT AND CONTINUATION SCHOOL 2
Literature Review
Literature Review
It is expected that every student enrolled in high school works hard towards the completion of their high school diploma. However, research indicates there was a 5.4% drop out among the minority groups, in which 6.4% of the overall status dropout rate is that of the male youth. Among the Africans, Hispanics, and American Indian Natives, the dropout rates among the boys are 8%, 10%, and 11.6%, respectively (Musu-Gillette, De Brey, McFarland, Hussar, Sonnenberg, & Wilkinson-Flicker, 2017). These dropouts often join continuation schools later in life with the hope that they will get an equivalent of their high school diploma. The theoretical framework of this research is based on the phenomenological approach, in which the aim is to examine the occurrence of school dropout among minority boys and their performance after joining continuation school.
One of the theories that explain why minority boys drop out of school is the Critical Race Theory. The model argues that education opportunities are often affected by an individual’s race and racism (Colbert, 2017). Based on this theory, minority groups are often faced with issues such as poverty and racial discrimination in schools, which causes some of the male students to drop out of school. Racism victims in school feel inferior to the whites and sometimes feel like they do not deserve a quality education, and they end up falling behind in school.
Cultural production theory, on the other hand, explains why the dropouts choose to go back to school. The theory holds that the education system helps to level out the playing field so that people get equal opportunities to make their lives. The approach provides an essential perspective as to why minority boys dropouts join continuation schools and complete their learning process.
According to Bania, Lydersen, and Kvernmo (2016), non-completion of high school mostly results from different problems, most of which are health-related. In research in which the authors carried out among the youths in the Arctic, they found out that dropout rates were higher among males. Additionally, minority males often drop out due to mental issues. Based on the article, education affects an individual’s employment opportunities and income, as well as the quality of life, which explains why the dropouts choose to join continuation schools later in life.
Hernandez and Ortez (2019) undertake research in which they analyze the experiences of some Latinas who are enrolled in continuation school. Based on the writers’ claims, continuation schools have put in place strategies that enable the students to cope and realize that they have an opportunity to succeed just like any other individual. Additionally, due to the improvement in the prospects for quality education presented to the marginalized groups, the article indicates that there are .
Running head LIVING WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS1Living with Chroni.docxwlynn1
Running head: LIVING WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS 1
Living with Chronic Illnesses 2
Living with chronic illnesses: How are those with a chronic illness treated by their families since their diagnosis?
Maura K. Little
University of West Florida
Abstract
This study aims to figure out what the relationship and meaning of the ways that a family treats a family member with a chronic mental or physical illness. The exploration of the way those with a chronic illness are treated since their diagnosis is important to understand the perceptions, behaviors, and communication that surrounds illness. Chronic mental illness will be analyzed against chronic physical illness to assess similarities and differences in family behaviors. Participants included individuals selected from local support groups based on their illness as well as family structure. An ethnographic study would be used to compare both the verbal and nonverbal relationship between the ill family member and the rest of the family.
Introduction
This study aimed to focus on both physical chronic illnesses and mental chronic illnesses and their effects on family communication, particularly surrounding the diagnosis of the illnesses.
Family has a large impact on the perceptions of illness. In recent times, the publicity around individuals with chronic illnesses, both mental and physical, has increased dramatically in the media. From the production of films about those with physical chronic illnesses to celebrity diagnosis of a mental illness, illness is something our society is beginning to talk about more frequently. However there are certain stigmas attached to these illnesses that make it harder for patients and their families to cope with their situation. Most often because of the portrayals of chronic illness that romanticize illnesses and do not necessarily show all of the effects of these illnesses on the patient or their family.
Both mental and physical chronic illnesses are much more complex than how they are portrayed in the media. These illnesses often produce copious amounts of side effects that bring a whole new level of challenges to the patient's struggle through their daily life and readjustment after diagnosis. One effect that is often not publicized as much as others is the relationships that exist between the patient and their family. These family relationships may change drastically with the diagnosis of and grappling with a chronic illness, changing how family members perceive one another, how they act, and even how they communicate. All of these things depend upon the nature of the family, and the illness and produce different changes. However, through all different types of families and illnesses, communication in situations like these is essential to understanding one another. According to Rosland (2009), several interviews and focus groups showed that family members lowered stress, and are central to patient success. In most instances, the family i.
Running Head LITERATURE REVIEW2LITERATURE REVIEW 2.docxwlynn1
This document discusses the effects of tobacco use. It notes that tobacco consumption peaks between ages 20-40 for both males and females, though males consume more. Smoking rates are higher for some minority groups than the national average. Tobacco use leads to diseases like cancer, heart disease, and addiction. While educating people on the harms of tobacco and making it less affordable can reduce use, tobacco has caused many deaths regardless of socioeconomic background. Lung cancer is a major cause of cancer deaths and is linked to tobacco consumption. Tobacco use also increases risks of other cancers and can damage blood vessels.
Running head LOGIC MODELLOGIC MODEL 4Situ.docxwlynn1
Running head: LOGIC MODEL
LOGIC MODEL
4
Situation: due to language barrier, patients are unable to receive adequate healthcare
Inputs
Outputs
Outcomes – Impact
Activities
Participation
ShortMediumLong
-Funding
-Staff
-Technology
-Trainers
-Software
-Facilitators
-Computer devices
In order to measure the effectiveness of these inputs, a comprehensive program evaluation may be done through interviews, questionnaires etc
-Training of staff
-Use of technology
-Use of professional interpreter
-Use of multiple languages
-Use of visuals like graphs and pictures
-Interview patients and healthcare
- Assessing the language barrier
-Improving staff ability to communicate using different languages
-Developing ways that can be used in eradicating the issue of language barrier
-50% of healthcare providers trained within three months.
75% of patients reporting greater satisfaction in healthcare services
-70% increase in number of patient comeback.
-Training completed
-100% effective communication between healthcare providers and patients
-Improved patient satisfaction
-Increase number of community patients
-Improved quality of patient quality.
Project assumptions
There will be enough funding for the training and equipments.
Healthcare providers/staff will be open to participation
References
Chou, C. & Cooley, L. (2018). Communication Rx : transforming healthcare through relationship-centered communication. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
Jacobs, E. & Diamond, L. (2017). Providing health care in the context of language barriers : international perspectives. Bristol, U.K. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Multilingual Matters.
.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
Running head FRAMING ON DECISION-MAKING FRAMING ON DECISION-MA.docx
1. Running head: FRAMING ON DECISION-MAKING
FRAMING ON DECISION-MAKING
17
The Effects of Framing on Decision-Making
Student Name
Southern New Hampshire University
PSYC 444: Senior Seminar
Professor Lotto
July 30, 2020
The Effects of Framing on Decision-Making
Decision-making is the process by which we choose
between different options. Some decisions can be important
(i.e., deciding whether to attend graduate school or not) others
can be much simpler (i.e., deciding what to eat for dinner).
Nonetheless, every decision, big or small, can have an impact
on our lives. So how is it that we make these decisions and
what factors influence our decision-making? Kahneman and
2. Tversky (1973), explored decision-making and how the
representativeness heuristic affects people’s decisions. The
representativeness heuristic is a mental shortcut that relies on
the similarities of a prototype, while ignoring true odds
(Kahneman & Tversky, 1973). Since categorization of objects
or members is based off resemblances, predictions are often
wrong and decision-making is impacted.
Predictions are intuitive guesses that are made before
decisions, and are affected by three factors: prior knowledge,
specific information, and expected accuracy (Kahneman &
Tversky, 1973). Previous knowledge is important because it
influences what predictions people will make, based off their
experiences. Specific information is also beneficial because it
allows people to make predictions that support the provided
material. However, excepted accuracy is the most vital because
it relies on confidence levels (i.e., the probability that a
prediction is correct). Notably, when confidence is high,
individuals rely on intuition and when confidence is low,
individuals rely more on given information (Johnson, 1987;
Kahneman & Tversky, 1973). Although information is often
provided, Johnson (1987) found that when information is
missing, people use prior knowledge or experience such as
heuristics and make inferences based off their personal
experiences. These inferences cause individuals to make
interpretations based on personal preference and to make
decisions based off what they want or what they think they want
(Johnson, 1987; McNeil, Pauker, & Tversky, 1988).
Tversky and Kahneman (1981) discovered that when personal
preference is involved people partake in psychological
accounting, which states that individual’s frame, and evaluate
the outcomes of an act based off the consequences of their
choice. Such accounting leads individuals to make decisions
that benefit them the most because they want to get the most
advantage (Kahneman & Tversky, 1973; Tversky & Kahneman,
1981). Tversky and Kahneman (1981) found that the expected
utility theory is also important in the decision making process
3. since individuals assess outcomes by evaluating the likelihood
of each of them occurring. Additionally, the prospect theory,
which is derived from expected utility theory, is also part of the
process since people take into account the probability of a good
outcome (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981). Primarily, Tversky and
Kahneman (1981) discovered that losses cost more than gains,
so decisions can be easily influenced by the framing effect.
This is the idea that people are more risk-aversive (i.e., avoid
risks) when an option is a certain gain and more risk-taking
when an option involves a loss.
The framing effect has been tested in many scenarios and
has been evaluated to be influential. Tversky and Kahneman
(1981); Chien, Lin, and Worthley (1996); and Johnson (1987)
presented participants with different money problems and
framed them in terms of loss or gain. The researchers
discovered that in the negatively framed scenarios (i.e.,
spending more money or losing money) participants were more
risk-taking, while in the positively framed scenarios (i.e.,
winning money or gaining money) participants were more risk-
aversive. Furthermore, Mikels and Reed (2009) also presented
participants with a money problem and discovered that
participants were affected by the framing effect, as they were
more risk-taking (i.e., likely to gamble) when there was money
at stake. Overall, prior research has evaluated that when
presented with money scenarios, participants tend to be
susceptible to the framing effect, since they are more likely to
take risks when faced with a loss, and to avoid risks when
encountered with a gain.
Notably, the framing effect has also been influential in
mortality scenarios. Chien et al. (1996) and, McNeil et al.
(1988) presented participants with a disease problem, and found
that they were more likely to pick the certain option if the frame
was positive (i.e., saving more people) and the risk option if the
frame was negative (i.e., losing lives). Similarly, a different
researcher evaluated a euthanasia mortality scenario and
discovered that when participants had to choose between a
4. positively framed scenario (i.e., not prolonging a patient’s life)
and a negatively framed scenario (i.e., ending a patient’s life)
the participants were more likely to choose the positively
framed scenario (Gamliel, 2012). Overall, although mortality
scenarios have been quite influential, morality scenarios have
produced different results. McNeil et al. (1988) investigated
genetic counseling and asked participants whether or not they
would have a child even if there were a chance that the child
would be born with a heart defect. The researchers found that
whether the scenario was positively framed (i.e., normal heart)
or negatively framed (i.e., abnormal heart), the framing effect
was ineffective because morals are very powerful and not
susceptible to framing. All in all, the framing effect has been
influential in mortality problems, since participants have often
taken risks when presented with a negatively framed scenario.
However, the framing effect has not been effective in morality
scenarios because morals are too strong.
Nevertheless, the framing effect has worked among
different variables, such as age, education level, gender, and
ethnicity. For instance, Chien et al. (1996) discovered that
when presented with a mortality scenario or a money problem,
adolescents were just as susceptible to the framing effect as
adults. Similarly, Rönnlund, Karlsson, Laggnäs, Larsson, and
Lindström (2005) evaluated age and presented younger adults
and older adults with a disease problem and found that despite
their age, participants were equally impacted by the framing
effect. Conversely, a different study with a gambling scenario,
led researchers to discover that in a negatively framed scenario
older adults were much less susceptible to the framing effect as
opposed to younger adults because they made much less risky
decisions and often picked certainty (i.e., keeping money)
instead (Mikels & Reed, 2009). Overall, although results tend
to vary, in most cases researchers have discovered that younger
individuals and older individuals are influenced equally by the
framing effect.
When considering other variables, such as education, Chien et
5. al. (1996) found that both math honor students and math non-
honors students were equally influenced by the framing effect.
Moreover, the researchers also found that gender was an
additional unimportant factor because the framing effect
influenced males and females equally. However, a previous
study on gender differences with regard to the framing effect
has led different researchers to find contrary results. The
researchers discovered that across different scenarios (i.e.,
disease, cancer, school dropouts, job layoffs, and civil defense)
females were more susceptible to the framing effect than males,
since males answered contrary to the framing effect and were
actually more risk-taking in the positively framed scenarios and
risk-aversive in the negatively framed scenarios (Fagley &
Miller, 1990). Aside from gender, another influential variable
is ethnicity. Velez Ortiz, Martinez, and Espino (2015),
evaluated end-of-life preferences and found different results
among Caucasian and Latino participants. Latinos overall were
more influenced by the framing effect because when they were
provided with a positively framed scenario (i.e., chance of
survival) they were more likely to accept resuscitation, while
Caucasians were not. All in all, varying education levels tend
to be equally susceptible to the framing effect. However, males
and females and different ethnicities are not influenced as
similarly, since prior research has demonstrated that females are
more influenced by the framing effect than males, and
Caucasians are less susceptible to the framing effect when
compared to Latinos.
Varying levels of involvement (i.e., whose life is on the line)
have also impacted how people make decisions. McNeil et al.
(1988) discovered that participants were influenced by the
framing effect, since they were more risk-taking when presented
with scenarios that had to do with their own lives. On the other
hand, the researchers also discovered that when participants
were presented with a scenario that involved someone else’s life
(i.e., a friend or a loved ones), participants were less influenced
by the framing effect since they were more likely to choose a
6. certain option because they wanted to be sure that they made the
right decision. However, when making a decision on a
stranger’s life, other researchers found that participants were
susceptible to the framing effect because they were more risk-
aversive in positively framed scenarios (i.e., saving lives), and
risk-taking in negatively framed scenarios (i.e., losing lives)
(Chien et al., 1996; & Tversky and Kahneman, 1981). Although
individuals’ own lives, stranger’s lives, and loved ones’ lives,
are susceptible to the framing effect, so are animal’s lives.
Evidently, individuals display empathy towards animals, thus
Bloomfield (2006) assessed the influence of the framing effect
on human and animals’ lives and discovered that when
participants were not presented with any additional information
(i.e., pictures or names) they were more likely to take a risk in
the human scenario, while in the animal scenario they were
more risk-aversive. Overall, prior research has demonstrated
that the framing effect varies across different levels of
involvement and participants are typically more risk-taking with
their own lives or strangers lives and more risk-aversive with
loved ones’ lives and animal’s lives.
All in all, the framing effect has been evaluated to be
influential under many circumstances, but there is still
information lacking in the field. Specifically, more research
should be conducted on stranger’s lives, in order to discover
how individuals make decisions that don’t directly impact them.
Therefore, the purpose of the current study is to examine
stranger’s lives and how college students are influenced by the
framing effect when presented with an adaptation of Tversky
and Kahneman’s (1981) mortality scenario. The hypotheses
propose that in the positively framed scenario, participants will
be more likely to choose certainty over risk, and in the
negatively framed scenario, participants will be more likely to
choose the risk option over the certain option. Overall, it is
predicted that when strangers’ lives are at risk, college students
will be susceptible to the framing effect.
Method
7. Participants
Participants included a total of 234 psychology students from a
California State University (m = 59; f = 175; age range = 19 -
59; average age = 24.59). Participants varied in education level
(senior = 62.7%; junior = 34.7%; sophomore = 2.5%) and
English proficiency (native English speaker = 69.1%; not
native/very fluent = 26.3%; not native/fluent = 4.7%). No
incentives were given and all participants were treated in
accordance to the American Psychological Association Ethical
Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (American
Psychological Association, 2002).
Materials
Handouts included an informed consent, a response sheet, and a
debriefing statement. The top portion of the response sheet
contained demographics (i.e., age, gender, level of education,
and English proficiency) and the second portion included the
response options for question 1 and question 2, indicating to
pick either option X or option Y. A computer was used to
present a PowerPoint on a projection screen. The PowerPoint
presentation included five slides (i.e., consent, instructions,
question 1, question 2, and debriefing statement). The
scenarios were adapted and modified from Tversky and
Kahneman (1981). Both question slides were presented with the
following scenario:
Imagine that the United States is preparing for the outbreak of
an unusual disease that is expected to kill 600 people. Two
alternative programs to combat the disease have been proposed.
Assume that the exact scientific estimate of the consequences of
the program are as follows:
The positively framed scenario read:
If program X is adopted, 200 people will be saved.
If program Y is adopted, there is a one-third probability that
600 people will be saved, and a two-thirds probability that no
people will be saved.
Which of the two programs (X or Y) would you favor?
The negatively framed scenario read:
8. If program X is adopted, 400 people will die.
If program Y is adopted, there is a one-third probability that
nobody will die, and a two-thirds probability that 600 people
will die.
Which of the two programs (X or Y) would you favor?
Procedure
All participants were tested individually in a quiet group
setting. Participants were given an informed consent, which
they X’d and dated.Participants were then given a response
sheet and filled out the demographics section, which was
located on the top portion of the page. Next, a PowerPoint was
presented which provided instructions informing participants
that they were going to see the questions one at a time for 40
seconds each. The PowerPoint then proceeded to question 1 and
question 2. To control for order effects, the presentation of the
question slides was counterbalanced with half of the
participants receiving the positively framed scenario first,
followed by the negatively framed, and the other half receiving
the negatively framed scenario first, followed by the positively
framed. Participants indicated on the second section of their
response sheet with a check mark for each question, whether
they selected option X (i.e., certain) or option Y (i.e., risk).
After the participants finished responding, they were debriefed
and thanked for their time.
Design
The current study had a within subjects design. The
independent variable was the framing effect with two levels,
positive and negative. The dependent variable was the response
options with two levels, a certain option (i.e., option X) and a
risk option (i.e., option Y). A Pearson’s chi-square was used,
with a significance desired of p < .05.
Results
A chi-square analysis was conducted to determine if the
positively framed scenario would influence participant’s
response options. Results from the positively framed scenario
9. were not significant (2 (1, N = 234) = 3.35, p = .067) (see Table
1). In the positively framed scenario more participants selected
the certain option (n = 131) over the risk option (n = 103),
although the hypothesis was not supported.
Another chi-square analysis was used to determine if the
negatively framed scenario would influence participant’s
response options. Results from the negatively framed scenario
were also not significant (2 (1, N = 235) = 2.66, p = .103). In
the negatively framed scenario participants were more likely to
select the risk option (n = 130) than the certain option (n =
105), although the hypothesis was not supported yet again.
A final chi-square analysis was conducted to determine the
overall susceptibility to the framing effect. Significant results
indicated that participants were not susceptible to the framing
effect (2 (2, N = 233) = 75.00, p < .001). More participants
were not susceptible (Option XX or YY; n = 138) than those
susceptible (Option XY; n = 61) or those who responded
opposite of prediction (Option YX; n = 34). As predicted, some
participants were susceptible to the framing effect, however
more participants were not.
Discussion
The purpose of the current study was to determine if
participants were influenced by the framing effect when
provided with positively and negatively framed mortality
scenarios surrounding stranger’s lives. It was proposed that in
the positively framed scenario, participants would be more
likely to choose certainty over risk, and in the negatively
framed scenario, participants would be more likely to choose
risk over certainty. The results revealed that this was the case,
since some participants did answer accordingly, but not enough
to establish significance. Additionally, the overall
susceptibility results demonstrated that the participants were
not susceptible to the framing effect.
The hypothesis for the positively framed scenario was most
likely not supported because the chosen problem involved
strangers’ lives. Most commonly, participants are not as
10. concerned with stranger’s lives as they are with their own lives
or their loved ones’ lives. Veldwijk et al. (2016) presented
participants with a mortality scenario in which they were told to
imagine that they were prone to colon cancer, and could
undertake preventative methods to combat the disease. The
researchers discovered that participants were much more likely
to be risk-aversive with their lives and thus pick the positively
framed scenario (i.e., survival) over the negatively framed
scenario (i.e., mortality). It appears that there is no time for
risk-taking when it comes to an individual’s own life, but the
results can be much different when considering strangers or
loved ones’ lives. To validate this claim, Bloomfield, Sager,
Bartels, and Medin (2006) evaluated how social relations
influence the framing effect, and presented participants with
different mortality scenarios (i.e., their own families, someone
else’s family, friends, or strangers lives). The researchers
discovered that a reverse framing effect occurred in the friends
scenario since participants were more risk-taking when
presented with a positively framed scenario, but with regard to
the stranger scenario the participants were not influenced by the
framing effect. Notably, the results from prior research
demonstrate that individuals respond differently to the framing
effect, according to whose life is on the line.
On a different note, the hypothesis for the negatively framed
scenario was possibly not supported because the participants
faced a time constraint (i.e., 40 seconds) and didn’t have
enough time to read the questions thoroughly or think about
their answers. In a study on time pressure, researchers provided
participants with different mortality scenarios (i.e., cancer,
heart operation, disease, and AIDS) and determined that the
participant’s response options varied according to the amount of
time they had to answer the questions (i.e., 40 seconds or no
time) (Svenson & Benson, 1993). The researchers discovered
that participants with no time pressure were susceptible to the
framing effect; therefore, the results indicated that time
restrictions reduced the impact of the framing effect. Certainly,
11. individuals who are under a time constraint must make
decisions quickly and might not have time to evaluate the
scenario, thus guessing. Kocher, Pahlke, and Trautmann (2013)
discovered that time pressure influenced participants response
options in money scenarios. They determined that in the
negatively framed scenarios and mixed frame scenarios (i.e.,
positively and negatively framed) participants were more risk-
aversive (i.e., opposite of the framing effect). Overall, these
findings demonstrate that when individuals are under time
restrictions they are less influenced by the framing effect or
tend to answer contrary to it.
Specifically, overall susceptibility was most likely not
supported because the current study was conducted on
undergraduate psychology students who have probably
encountered the framing effect before. In this case, it is
possible that the participants had previously taken a cognitive
psychology course and were educated on the subject; thus
influencing the results. In other cases, simple evaluation of
decisions is enough to undermine the framing effect. For
example, Almashat, Edelstien, Ayotte, and Margrett (2008),
presented two experimental groups with a decision evaluation
form, and the control group with a generic questionnaire. The
researchers discovered that mere manipulation was significant
enough for the experimental groups to not be susceptible to the
framing effect. These findings demonstrate that knowledge is
powerful and if rationalization can challenge the framing effect,
then experience is far more likely to decrease its influence.
For instance, a researcher discovered that undergraduate
psychology students were not affected by the framing effect,
since only seven out of thirteen scenario trials were found to be
influential, while the rest ran contrary or demonstrated no effect
(Wang, 1996). The researcher concluded that the findings arose
partially from social context, since this factor can influence an
individual’s perception. Notably, since college students are
commonly in an educational setting and are surrounded by other
knowledgeable peers, their social environment can be very
12. influential. Even if the students themselves do not have direct
experience with the framing effect, they can still gain
knowledge on the subject through word-of-mouth.
Consequently, the participants in the current study were
possibly not influenced by the framing effect since they have
most likely taken a cognitive or social psychology course before
and have been directly educated on the framing effect or they
have heard about the framing effect from their peers.
In particular, the current study had many limitations such as,
gender. Specifically, the current sample of males in the
experiment was relatively small compared to the population of
females. Therefore, future researchers should include an equal
sample in their studies in order to determine if male and female
college students are influenced differently by the framing
effect, and if any generalizations can be made. Notably, in a
meta-analysis researchers evaluated the influence of gender on
the framing effect and discovered that overall males are much
more risk-taking than females, in many different scenarios and
despite how the problem is framed (Byrnes, Miller, & Schafer,
1999). Another critical limitation is that the current study
utilized college students, specifically psychology majors. As
previously mentioned it is possible that social environments,
and knowledge on the subject can influence participant’s
decision-making. Past research by Cao et al. (2017) tested the
framing effect on different college majors (i.e., physics, history,
and English) by presenting students with two mortality
scenarios (i.e., bridge problem and trolley problem) and
discovered that the participants were impacted by the framing
effect. Thus, if a study is going to be conducted on psychology
students, researchers should develop a new scenario in order to
reduce the probability that students have previously encountered
the classic framing model. Overall, future research should
examine how prior knowledge on the framing effect can
influence susceptibility, and should particularly beware of
participant sophistication, the pre-exposure effect, time
constraints, and chosen level of involvement.
13. By and large, research on the framing effect is required to
understand what factors influence individual’s decision making.
This type of information can be valuable for any morality or
mortality based scenarios, in which doctors must frame
questions accordingly in order to not influence the individual
into making a decision based off wording. Research on the
framing effect is also beneficial for decision makers in order for
them to recognize that framing affects their response options.
Since framing is used in many sources, from advertisements to
news articles it’s important for individuals to gain knowledge
on the framing effect, in order to increase their competence and
make their own honest decisions without focusing on how a
question or scenario is framed. The current research partially
demonstrated how important prior knowledge is in influencing
individuals to make decisions that they find best. Overall,
although the framing effect itself is not harmful, in the hands of
the wrong people it can be, and with more knowledge,
individuals are able to take back control of their decision-
making.
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Table 1
Number and Percentage of Participants Selecting Each Response
Option (X or Y) in
Different Problem Frames (Positive vs. Negative)
Types of Decision Problems
17. Positively Framed Problems
Negatively Framed Problems
Option X
Option Y
Total
Option X
Option Y
Total
ƒ
131
103
234
105
130
235
%
56.0
44.0
100
44.7
55.3
100
Note. N = 234, ƒ = frequency, % = percentage.
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Karnik, N. S., & Zalta, A. K. (2020). Feasibility of a 3-week
intensive treatment program for service members and veterans
with PTSD. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice,
and Policy, 12(4), 422–430. https://doi-
org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1037/tra0000485
Holmes, R., & Snape, I. (2019). Effectiveness of Treatment of
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3–14.
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C., Clark, E. L., Laifer, L. M., Richards, L. K., Chow, L. K.,
Sylvia, L. G., Lento, R. M., Harward, L. K., Clowes, J.,
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Bui, E., Simon, N. M., & Harvey, M. M. (2019). An Intensive
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PSY 444 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
The final project for this course is the creation of a formal
research report. Because of the course’s structure and provided
resources, only quantitative research
19. methods are permitted.
As the final step in your journey toward your degree in
psychology, you will complete a capstone that integrates the
knowledge and skills you have developed in
previous coursework by creating a research paper appropriate
for an undergraduate research conference. Through this
capstone, you will demonstrate your
grasp of important concepts in psychology and how to
appropriately conduct research. The skills used in reviewing and
conducting research will be invaluable in
your future pursuits.
This capstone will be assessed somewhat differently than other
courses you have taken online at SNHU. You will be evaluated
on your overall project in
determining whether you have demonstrated proficiency in each
outcome.
The project is divided into three milestones, which will be
submitted at various points throughout the course to scaffold
learning and ensure quality final
submissions. These milestones will be submitted in Modules
Two, Four, and Six. The final project will be submitted in
Module Eight.
In this assignment, you will demonstrate your mastery of the
following course outcomes:
psychology by developing detailed literature reviews and
presentations
field of psychology as evidenced in an e-compendium
20. -level deliverable depicting theoretical
or empirical research and how it fits a larger body of knowledge
in the research literature of
psychology
problem examined in a theoretical or empirical research project
research designs and statistical analyses used in an original
research project
the core
content areas of psychology as evidenced through the creation
of informed consent forms
and the use of ethical reasoning
The final project is meant for you to propose a hypothetical
study. You are not and should not be conducting human-subject
research for this project. It is not
necessary for the purposes of this assignment. All human-
subject research requires written approval from the SNHU
COCE Institutional Review Board in order
to protect the welfare and ensure ethical treatment of the
subjects.
Prompt
The final project for this course is a formal research project
21. based on one of the psychological topics listed below, or a topic
of your choice (to be approved by
your instructor) and it will include the following components:
abstract, introduction, methods and results, discussion, and
references. As the base of your
research project, you will locate data sets and .you will use
Microsoft Excel for your data analysis. Your report should be
developed as if it were being presented
at an undergraduate research conference.
For your research project, select one of the following topics:
orensic psychology
concentration
health concentration
If you would like to research a topic not listed here, you will
need instructor approval. In the Module One discussion forum
you will identify which of the topics
above you will research, or you will need to propose a topic of
your choice for instructor approval.
The purpose of this assignment is for you to explore one topic
area in depth and demonstrate how you have developed the
professional skills and dispositions
critical to the field of psychology over your academic career.
Your research report must follow proper APA formatting.
22. Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:
I. Abstract: For the first section of your research report, you
will create an abstract that is a concise summary of your
research study. Include information
on your research question, subjects (if applicable), methods,
results, and discussion.
II. Introduction: In this section, you will create an introduction
that includes a literature review of research pertinent to the
topic area you have chosen. This
section should contain the following elements, which will
demonstrate your ability to interpret psychological research and
develop research questions
regarding unexplored topic areas:
A. Prepare a literature review
B. Determine testable research questions with hypotheses
III. Methods and Results: For the next section of your research
report, you will develop methods and results sections that
inform potential readers of how
you conducted your study and what the statistical results of the
study were. These sections should contain the following
elements, which will
demonstrate your ability to detail the process of conducting
research and to appropriately convey your results:
A. Explain the methods of how you conducted your study
B. Conduct statistical analyses as appropriate
23. IV. Discussion: For the last section of your research report, you
will write your discussion section, which describes your
interpretation of your results and
speaks to how future researchers can expound on your work.
This piece should contain the following elements, which will
demonstrate your ability to
detail the process of conducting research and to appropriately
convey your results:
A. Interpret your results
B. Discuss any limitations or ethical issues
Your research report should be appropriately formatted
following the latest guidelines for APA formatting, using in-text
citations when necessary. You will be
expected to use at least 10 research articles in the topic area to
support your review of the literature.
Milestones
Milestone One: Draft of Introduction
In Module Two, you will submit a draft of your introduction
(including the literature review of your first five sources). This
milestone is graded with the
Milestone One Rubric.
Milestone Two: Draft of Methods and Results Sections
In Module Four, you will submit a draft of your methods and
results sections. This milestone is graded with the Milestone
24. Two Rubric.
Milestone Three: Draft of Discussion
In Module Six, you will submit a draft of your discussion
section. This milestone is graded with the Milestone Three
Rubric.
Final Submission: Research Report
In Module Eight, you will submit your final project. It should
be a complete, polished artifact containing all of the critical
elements of the final product and should
include at least 10 scholarly sources. It should reflect the
incorporation of feedback gained throughout the course. This
submission will be graded with the Final
Project Rubric.
Deliverables
Milestone Deliverable Module Due Grading
One Draft of Introduction Two Graded separately; Milestone
One Rubric
Two Draft of Methods and Results Section Four Graded
separately; Milestone Two Rubric
Three Draft of Discussion Six Graded separately; Milestone
Three Rubric
Final Submission: Research Report Eight Graded
comprehensively; Final Project Rubric
25. Final Project Rubric
Guidelines for Submission: Your research report should be at
least 15 pages in length (plus a cover page and references) and
written in APA format. Use double
spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, and one-inch
margins. The paper will utilize at least 10 scholarly sources.
Any references should be cited in APA format.
Instructor Feedback: This activity uses an integrated rubric in
Blackboard. Students can view instructor feedback in the Grade
Center. For more information,
review these instructions.
The “Possible Indicators of Success” are examples for you and
the instructor of the types of concepts to look for to
demonstrate proficiency. They are neither
exhaustive nor proscriptive and should be used as guides for
illustrating how your capstone embodies the outcome.
PSY-444-01: Assimilate classic and current research within the
field of psychology by
developing detailed literature reviews and presentations
Proficient
100%
Not Proficient
0%
Possible Indicators of Success
Does student demonstrate his or her ability to utilize benchmark
studies with current peer-reviewed studies? Does he or she
demonstrate
26. the ability to support the literature review with appropriate
seminal work in the field?
Does student demonstrate his or her ability to concisely
synthesize supporting literature in a focused direction?
Does student demonstrate his or her ability to evaluate how
current and future research is informed by classic research?
Does he or she
demonstrate the ability to holistically analyze the literature in
the field?
Does student demonstrate his or her ability to professionally
articulate how classic and current research support his or her
research and
claims made?
PSY-444-02: Gather, organize, and analyze acquired knowledge
within the field of psychology
as evidenced in an e-compendium
Proficient
100%
Not Proficient
0%
Possible Indicators of Success
Does student demonstrate his or her ability to select relevant
empirically driven research that encompasses a variety of
research designs
for literature support? Does he or she demonstrate the ability to
select supporting research that incorporates the perspectives of
different
subject areas in psychology?
27. Does student demonstrate his or her ability to present the
findings of other peer-reviewed research publications in a
logical and unique
manner?
Does the student demonstrate his or her ability to incorporate
his or her personal perspective in his or her interpretation of the
findings of
other empirically driven publications? Does he or she
demonstrate the ability to articulate his or her unique but
research-supported
perspective on the topic area?
PSY-444-03: Develop a conference-level deliverable depicting
theoretical or empirical research
and how it fits a larger body of knowledge in the research
literature of psychology
Proficient
100%
Not Proficient
0%
Possible Indicators of Success
http://snhu-
media.snhu.edu/files/production_documentation/formatting/caps
tone_rubric_feedback_instructions_student.pdf
Does student demonstrate his or her ability to narrow a relevant
topic of interest to a feasible research project? Does he or she
demonstrate the ability to anticipate and account for potential
28. issues of practicality associated with the research?
Does student demonstrate his or her ability to concisely
synthesize relevant theory with established research? Does he or
she demonstrate
the ability to develop research-informed research questions?
Does student demonstrate his or her ability to articulate a
convincing need for investigation regarding the selected
research question(s)?
Does he or she demonstrate the ability to communicate the value
of the research to the field of psychology as well as society?
PSY-444-04: Evaluate the appropriate research method(s) to use
for the problem examined in
a theoretical or empirical research project
Proficient
100%
Not Proficient
0%
Possible Indicators of Success
Does student demonstrate his or her ability to select flexible
research methodology that can account for potential limitations?
Does he or
she demonstrate the ability to discuss ways to address potential
limitations associated with the research? Does he or she
demonstrate the
ability to design or select professional research designs that are
relevant to the research?
Does the student demonstrate his or her ability to design
research that efficiently gathers data from participants (if
29. applicable)? Does it
demonstrate the student’s ability to develop or utilize
comprehensive data gathering materials and strategies?
PSY-444-05: Describe informed conclusions that align with
selected research designs and
statistical analyses used in an original research project
Proficient
100%
Not Proficient
0%
Possible Indicators of Success
Does student demonstrate his or her ability to incorporate their
personal perspective in their interpretation of their gathered
data? Does
he or she demonstrate the ability to make unique, informed
conclusions about the results?
Does student demonstrate his or her ability to predict future
research into the topic area of their research?
Does student demonstrate his or her ability to convey how his or
her research expands on the collective understanding of the
topic area?
Does he or she demonstrate the ability to articulate the value or
importance of his or her research to the field of psychology and
society?
PSY-444-06: Analyze multifaceted ethical issues associated
with the core content areas of
psychology as evidenced through the creation of informed
consent forms and the use of
30. ethical reasoning
Proficient
100%
Not Proficient
0%
Possible Indicators of Success
Does student demonstrate his or her ability to identify ethical
issues in psychological research? Does he or she demonstrate an
awareness
of how research can be impacted or influenced by limitations?
Does he or she demonstrate the ability to make
recommendations to
account for ethical issues when conducting research?
Does student demonstrate his or her ability to adhere to ethical
standards regarding research materials?
Does student demonstrate his or her ability to collect, interpret,
discuss, and store qualitative and quantitative data in an ethical
manner?
Does he or she demonstrate the ability to account for potential
issues of ethics when gathering data from participants (if
applicable)? Does
he or she demonstrate the ability to consider the needs of the
participants?