This document discusses a study that explored how mortality salience and personal need for structure influence attitudes toward LGBT individuals. The study measured participants' personal need for structure and induced mortality salience by having some participants write about death. It then assessed attitudes toward the LGBT community. The results showed that among individuals high in personal need for structure, experiencing mortality salience led to more negative attitudes toward the LGBT community.
- The document discusses theories related to risk perception. It defines key terms like risk, risk perception, and provides an overview of major theories of risk perception including: early theories from the 1960s/70s focused on differences between expert and public risk assessment; psychology approaches examining cognitive biases and emotional factors; anthropology/sociology approaches viewing risk perceptions as socially constructed; and interdisciplinary approaches like the Social Amplification of Risk Framework integrating multiple disciplines.
- The Social Amplification of Risk Framework specifically postulates that risk events interact with psychological, social, and cultural factors in ways that can amplify or attenuate public risk perceptions, and that these amplified perceptions then generate secondary social or economic impacts.
The document discusses several models of health behavior:
1) The Basic Risk Perception Model focuses on likelihood and severity of harm from not acting. Higher risk perception predicts greater motivation to act.
2) The Health Belief Model includes perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers in predicting preventive health behaviors. Perceived barriers are the strongest predictor.
3) Protection Motivation Theory assesses threat and coping appraisal processes. Response costs have the strongest impact on health behaviors and attitudes.
4) The Transtheoretical Model proposes stages of change and processes of change to explain behavior progression. Decisional balance and self-efficacy also predict stage of change.
End-of-life ethics: An ecological approachHael Journal
This paper discusses the evolution of end-of-life ethics models in Western culture. It describes a shift from a paternalistic "rescue orientation" model based on beneficence to an individualistic model emphasizing patient autonomy. However, research shows limitations to relying solely on autonomy. The paper argues for an "ecological approach" that considers the effects of end-of-life decisions on family and community. This model aligns better with Western spiritual values of relationships and is supported by research on decision making and grief.
Newristics is the first company to provide market research & message optimization services based on behavioral science & artificial intelligence. Our AI models are trained on more than 660 known heuristics.
the-impact-of-social-media-on-mental-health.pdfNewristics USA
This whitepaper explores the decision heuristics that lead to completely irrational user behaviors, pertaining to the consumption and internalization of social media and its constant barrage of perfectly filtered photos, exaggerated lifestyles, and skewed validations.
How-did-medical-errors-becaome-the-cause-of-death-in-the-us.pdfNewristics USA
It's scary to think that your Healthcare may kill you. But that indeed is the unfortunate truth for tens of thousands of Americans, whose deaths are direct results of medical errors. While the issue is multi-faceted and involves several stakeholders, mitigating medical errors requires a closer look at the behavioral drivers involved.
This document provides an argument for the legalization of physician assisted death in Canada. It discusses the background of the issue, including relevant court cases. It outlines concerns about restricting end-of-life options and the impact on patient autonomy, dignity, and relationships with caregivers. The document also examines the issue from the perspectives of social work, health care, and law. It discusses examples from jurisdictions like Oregon that have legalized physician assisted death and reviews arguments for and against legalization in Canada.
This document discusses a study that explored how mortality salience and personal need for structure influence attitudes toward LGBT individuals. The study measured participants' personal need for structure and induced mortality salience by having some participants write about death. It then assessed attitudes toward the LGBT community. The results showed that among individuals high in personal need for structure, experiencing mortality salience led to more negative attitudes toward the LGBT community.
- The document discusses theories related to risk perception. It defines key terms like risk, risk perception, and provides an overview of major theories of risk perception including: early theories from the 1960s/70s focused on differences between expert and public risk assessment; psychology approaches examining cognitive biases and emotional factors; anthropology/sociology approaches viewing risk perceptions as socially constructed; and interdisciplinary approaches like the Social Amplification of Risk Framework integrating multiple disciplines.
- The Social Amplification of Risk Framework specifically postulates that risk events interact with psychological, social, and cultural factors in ways that can amplify or attenuate public risk perceptions, and that these amplified perceptions then generate secondary social or economic impacts.
The document discusses several models of health behavior:
1) The Basic Risk Perception Model focuses on likelihood and severity of harm from not acting. Higher risk perception predicts greater motivation to act.
2) The Health Belief Model includes perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers in predicting preventive health behaviors. Perceived barriers are the strongest predictor.
3) Protection Motivation Theory assesses threat and coping appraisal processes. Response costs have the strongest impact on health behaviors and attitudes.
4) The Transtheoretical Model proposes stages of change and processes of change to explain behavior progression. Decisional balance and self-efficacy also predict stage of change.
End-of-life ethics: An ecological approachHael Journal
This paper discusses the evolution of end-of-life ethics models in Western culture. It describes a shift from a paternalistic "rescue orientation" model based on beneficence to an individualistic model emphasizing patient autonomy. However, research shows limitations to relying solely on autonomy. The paper argues for an "ecological approach" that considers the effects of end-of-life decisions on family and community. This model aligns better with Western spiritual values of relationships and is supported by research on decision making and grief.
Newristics is the first company to provide market research & message optimization services based on behavioral science & artificial intelligence. Our AI models are trained on more than 660 known heuristics.
the-impact-of-social-media-on-mental-health.pdfNewristics USA
This whitepaper explores the decision heuristics that lead to completely irrational user behaviors, pertaining to the consumption and internalization of social media and its constant barrage of perfectly filtered photos, exaggerated lifestyles, and skewed validations.
How-did-medical-errors-becaome-the-cause-of-death-in-the-us.pdfNewristics USA
It's scary to think that your Healthcare may kill you. But that indeed is the unfortunate truth for tens of thousands of Americans, whose deaths are direct results of medical errors. While the issue is multi-faceted and involves several stakeholders, mitigating medical errors requires a closer look at the behavioral drivers involved.
This document provides an argument for the legalization of physician assisted death in Canada. It discusses the background of the issue, including relevant court cases. It outlines concerns about restricting end-of-life options and the impact on patient autonomy, dignity, and relationships with caregivers. The document also examines the issue from the perspectives of social work, health care, and law. It discusses examples from jurisdictions like Oregon that have legalized physician assisted death and reviews arguments for and against legalization in Canada.
Running head RESEARCH PROPOSAL10RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 10
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8
Research Proposal
Jamie Bass
Argosy University
March 3, 2016
ABSTRACT
Suicide is experienced in all parts of parts of the world. Even though it has been argued that suicide is common amongst the elderly in the society, it is worth noting that even children as young as 13 years old have committed suicide. The myths and misconceptions surrounding suicidal individuals are inherently different from one culture to another. For instance, in some cultures it is believed that suicidal individuals are possessed by demons. Other cultures attribute suicide to generational curses whereas other cultures attribute suicide to such factors as depression and other mental disorders. The purpose of the proposed research is to establish the risk factors of suicide and realize possible strategies which if undertaken can help to counteract suicide and hence its adverse effects in the society. In this proposal are the points to be addressed in the course of the research. It is anticipated that there will be objections to the factors to be established and hence part of this proposal are possible objections and how each of the possible objections will be addressed. The research will use secondary sources of information and hence part of this proposal is an annotated bibliography of the sources that will be utilized in course of the research. Comment by Spencer Ellsworth: This is good, but could you state it more as a piece of argumentation? Like “This paper argues that early intervention can prevent suicide if done correctly.”
WORKING THESIS
Suicide has negatively affected the society, and unless there are mitigation strategies to curb this menace, it will continue to take the lives of many people in the society.
EXPLANATION
Suicide is the act of human beings voluntarily taking their lives. Research has shown that it has always been caused by a sense of despair or hopelessness. All these issues may be induced by mental illness which may include Bipolar disorder or even depression. Suicide has been traumatizing and shameful to the bereaved families and many people in the society have always viewed it as a cowardice way of taking one’s life. Many suicidal persons have been haunted by their thoughts in many cases this is depicted as a very personal process (Goldsmith, Pellmar, Kleinman & Bunney, 2002).
In this paper, it is very much possible to look at what suicide is and the risk factors associated with suicide. A study conducted in Sweden consisting of 271 men aged 15 years and above revealed that mental disorder is a major suicide risk factor. It is thus recommended that the research paper will dwell on mental disorder and substance abuse as risk factors that contribute to suicide as well as medical conditions and psychosocial states. Harris & Barraclough (2009) also established a causal relationship between mental disorder and suicide a factor that further makes the proposed research ...
The document discusses factors that influence how public health messages are acted upon. It first presents the classical model of health communication, which assumes providing information will lead to behavior change. However, this model fails to account for human psychology. Later models recognize humans are not identical and consider additional factors like motivation, habits, and social influences. The health belief model specifically examines perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers, and how these impact preventive health behavior.
Severity in Scope versus altruism: working against organ donation's realizati...Michele Battle-Fisher
(Nov. 2011) Severity in Scope versus Altruism: Working Against Organ
Donation’s Realization of Goals- An Essay. [electronic version] OJHE Online Journal
of Health Ethics. 7(2). Retrieved from http://ojhe.org/.
Physician-assisted suicide is a controversial issue that is only legal in five U.S. states. It allows terminally ill patients with less than six months to live to request lethal medication from their doctor to end their own lives. While some see it as giving patients control at the end of life, others argue it could encourage suicide or that terminally ill patients are not in a mental state to make such a decision. There are also concerns about how to protect vulnerable patients from being coerced into suicide. The document discusses the various perspectives on this complex issue and argues rules need to be put in place to allow physician-assisted suicide as an option while also protecting doctors' and patients' rights.
Presentation recapping some of the primary points from a chapter on decisional architectures coming out later this year. Emphasis is on how information environments can be engineered to support better health and medicine in terms that are congruent with behavioral economics & human factors.
Concern Over Climate Change May Trigger Anxiety and Depression, Says Studytimothyweem
Natural calamities like wildfires, floods and storms, and weather abnormalities are usually a distant threat for most of the people. However, individuals who have witnessed such devastating episodes in the past are more likely to ruminate over those unpleasant experiences.
Health Psychology Psychological Adjustment to the Disease, Disability and Lossijtsrd
This article discusses the psychological adjustment of adults to severe or incurable diseases or other loss. The stress that results from a diagnosis of illness or loss depends on many factors, such as the beliefs of each individual and the social context. Considering the diversity of human perceptions, feelings and behaviors, it was considered important for the present study to include a theory of stress and treatment related to physical illness. At the center of attention are end stage individuals, not their organic problems but mainly their psychological state and that of their families. Reference is then made to the loss of loved one and the period of mourning. As regards the disease response, there is a difference between the immediate reaction to loss, what we call mourning, and the adaptation to a new way of life without the loved one. Finally, the role of therapeutic communication between patients and their families and mental health professionals, as well as the need to maintain psychological balance, is also described. Agathi Argyriadi | Alexandros Argyriadis ""Health Psychology: Psychological Adjustment to the Disease, Disability and Loss"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23200.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/psychology/23200/health-psychology-psychological-adjustment-to-the-disease-disability-and-loss/agathi-argyriadi
Lesson 11 Mental Health StigmaReadings Please note that th.docxSHIVA101531
Lesson 11: Mental Health Stigma
Readings: Please note that the Corrigan article in the syllabus has been replaced with the Collins and Corrigan articles below:
Required
Collins, R. L., Wong, E. C., Cerully, J. L., Schultz, D., & Eberhart, N. K. (2012). Interventions to reduce mental health stigma and discrimination. http://calmhsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Literature-Review_SDR_Final01-02-13.pdf
Corrigan, P., Morris, S., Michaels, P.J., Rafacz, J.D. & Rusch, N. (2012). Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: A meta-analysis of outcome studies. Psychiatric Services 63(10). doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201100529. http://ps.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=1372999&RelatedWidgetArticles=true
Link, B., Phelan, J. Bresnahan, A.S. & Persosolido, B., (1999). Public conceptions of mental illness: Labels, causes, dangerousness and social distance. American
Journal of Public Health (89), 1328-1333.
http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/89/9/1328.pdf
Swanson, J.W., Holzer, C.E., Ganju, V. K., Jono, R.T. (1990). Violence and psychiatric disorder in the community: Evidence from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area surveys. Hospital & Community Psychiatry,
41(7), 761-770.
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Mental+Health+Stigma+Video&FORM=VIRE7#view=detail&mid=102935613330F098A046102935613330F098A046
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Mental+Illness+Stigma&Form=VQFRVP#view=detail&mid=EC031B624F71269702CDEC031B624F71269702CD
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zn6yw2KUIwc&feature=youtu.be
Optional
Pettigrew, L. R. & Tropp, T.F. (2005). Relationships between intergroup contact and prejudice among minority and majority status groups. Psychological Science (16)12, 951-957.
Summary
Introduction
As many of you have noted in your discussion posts, mental health stigma is a pervasive problem that profoundly affects the lives of those suffering from mental illness. Aided by newspapers, books, movies and television, persons with mental illness have been portrayed and perceived as persons with bad character, demonically possessed, weak, unpredictable, and violent. As a result, many people have separated themselves from those with mental illness out of “distrust, stereotyping, fear, embarrassment, anger and/or avoidance.” (Surgeon General’s Report, 1999).
While some progress has been made in the past 50 years, stigma (often referred to as discrimination) continues to be a significant barrier to persons with mental illness. As we have seen in our readings, several recent documents have given prominence to the issue of stigma. In SAMSHA’s 2011 strategic plan “Leading Change: A Plan for SAMHSA’s Roles and Actions, 2011-2014”, Goal 4.3.2 is to “create a behavioral health awareness campaign focused on decreasing discrimination and improving employment outcomes for persons with mental and substance use disorders.” (p. 59). SAMHSA’s most recent strategic plan: Leading the Change 2.0: Advancing the Behavioral Health of the Nation 2 ...
THEORETICAL CONCEPT The Health Belief Model (HBM) is by far the mo.docxchristalgrieg
THEORETICAL CONCEPT The Health Belief Model (HBM) is by far the most commonly used theory in health education and health promotion (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2008; National Cancer Institute [NCI], 2005). The underlying concept of the HBM is that health behavior is determined by personal beliefs or perceptions about a disease and the strategies available to decrease its occurrence (Hochbaum, 1958). Personal perception is influenced by the whole range of intrapersonal factors affecting health behavior, including, but not limited to: knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, experiences, skills, culture, and religion.
THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTS
The following four perceptions serve as the main constructs of the model: perceived seriousness, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. Each of these perceptions, individually or in combination, can be used to explain health behavior. More recently, other constructs have been added to the HBM; thus, the model has been expanded to include cues to action, motivating factors, and self-efficacy. PERCEIVED SERIOUSNESS The construct of perceived seriousness speaks to an individual’s belief about the seriousness or severity of a disease. While the perception of seriousness is often based on medical information or knowledge, it may also come from beliefs a person has about the consequences an illness might have on him or her personally. For example, most of us perceive seasonal flu as a relatively minor ailment. We get it, stay home a few days, and get better. However, if you have asthma, contracting the flu could land you in the hospital. In this case, your perception of the flu might be that it is a serious disease. Or, if you are self-employed, having the flu might mean a week or more of lost wages. Again, this would influence your perception of the seriousness of this illness. Perception of seriousness can also be colored by past experience with the illness. No doubt, most people would consider skin cancer a serious disease. However, the perception of serious might be diminished in someone who had a cancerous lesion removed and recovered without much more than a sore area and a Band-Aid for a few days.
PERCEIVED SUSCEPTIBILITY
Personal risk or susceptibility is one of the more powerful perceptions in prompting people to adopt healthier behaviors. The greater the perceived risk, the greater the likelihood of engaging in behaviors to decrease the risk. This is what prompts men who have sex with men to be vaccinated against hepatitis B (de Wit, Vet, Schutten, & van Steenbergen, 2005) and to use condoms in an effort to decrease susceptibility to HIV infection (Belcher, Sternberg, Wolotski, Halkitis, & Hoff, 2005). Perceived susceptibility motivates people to be vaccinated for influenza (Chen, Fox, Cantrell, Stockdale, & Kagawa-Singer, 2007) to use sunscreen to prevent skin cancer, and to floss their teeth to prevent gum disease and tooth loss (Figure 4– 1). It is only logical that when peop ...
This document summarizes a research study that surveyed 837 mental health professionals to determine their views on various models of mental illness. It found that professionals' endorsement of models differed depending on the specific illness. For schizophrenia, they most endorsed a biological model followed by cognitive and behavioral aspects. For depression, a social model was most endorsed followed by cognitive and behavioral aspects, with biological being least endorsed. For antisocial personality disorder, professionals most endorsed social constructionist and nihilist models, suggesting lack of interest in viewing it as a mental illness. The implications of professionals' endorsed models are discussed, such as impacts on treatment approaches, responsibility attribution, stigma, and access to social benefits.
This document discusses euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. It defines active and passive euthanasia as deliberately or unintentionally ending a patient's life through action or inaction. Physician-assisted suicide involves a doctor providing a terminally ill patient with a lethal dose of medication to end their life. The document outlines debates around these issues, with some arguing they respect patient autonomy and end suffering, while others believe they could increase abuse and pressure vulnerable people into suicide. It also discusses the challenges they pose for social workers and doctors between patient self-determination and preventing harm.
Meyer from personalized med to personalized research-april 2013Michelle N. Meyer
This document discusses the heterogeneity problem in research, where individuals vary in their risks and expected benefits from participating in research. It makes the case that current approaches to research ethics and regulation do not adequately account for these individual differences.
It argues that just as personalized medicine aims to tailor medical interventions to individuals, research should move towards a more personalized approach. Current risk-benefit analyses conducted by Institutional Review Boards assess risks and benefits for average or typical participants, but this may not accurately reflect risks and benefits for individual outliers. The document considers two options to better account for individual heterogeneity: 1) bringing more individualized information to IRBs and regulators, and 2) experimenting with allowing individuals to autonomously decide if risks
Running Head ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH 1 .docxtoddr4
This document provides a literature review on the experiences of mothers who care for children with muscular dystrophy. It discusses four main themes found in the literature: 1) The lifestyle of being a primary caregiver contributes to maternal stress and affects well-being, 2) Mothers experience difficulty adjusting to their child's condition, 3) Maternal anxiety is directly related to quality of life, and 4) Mothers struggle with coping. The review synthesizes findings from eight research studies and relates the topic to the discipline of psychology. It concludes by noting gaps in understanding the lived experiences of these mothers and the need for further research.
Running Head ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH 1 .docxhealdkathaleen
This document provides a literature review on the experiences of mothers who care for children with muscular dystrophy. It discusses four main themes found in the literature: 1) The lifestyle of being a primary caregiver contributes to maternal stress and affects well-being, 2) Mothers experience difficulty adjusting to their child's condition, 3) Maternal anxiety is directly related to quality of life, and 4) Mothers struggle with coping. The review synthesizes findings from eight research studies and relates the topics of maternal distress to other disciplines like psychology. It concludes that further research is needed to better understand the lived experiences of these mothers.
This document discusses the ethical issues surrounding physician-assisted suicide. It begins by providing background on laws legalizing physician-assisted suicide in Oregon, Washington, and Montana. It then outlines the two main arguments for and against physician-assisted suicide - that terminally ill patients should have the right to end their suffering, but others argue they may not be thinking rationally due to depression or medication. The document raises concerns that legalizing physician-assisted suicide could open the door for people with other conditions to end their lives and that determining mental competence is difficult. It concludes that while death is a natural part of life, physician-assisted suicide could allow people to seize control over the timing of death in a way that prevents suicide in non-
Junxian KuangLaura SinaiENG099101572018In the essay O.docxtawnyataylor528
Junxian Kuang
Laura Sinai
ENG099/101
5/7/2018
In the essay “On Being a Cripple”, Nancy Mairs shares her experiences, attitudes towards life as a multiple sclerosis patient. First, she claims that the diseases she has faced are brain tumor and MS, and those diseases literally changed her fate. The relationships of her family member and the attitude of Nancy’s mother have affected by MS. Also, she writes about her identities in society, her friends who have the same physical issue, thoughts from disabled parents’ children, and her desire to travel. MS affected Nancy Mairs’s family member as well as her thoughts.
Subjective Socioeconomic Status Causes Aggression: A Test of the Theory
of Social Deprivation
Tobias Greitemeyer and Christina Sagioglou
University of Innsbruck
Seven studies (overall N � 3690) addressed the relation between people’s subjective socioeconomic
status (SES) and their aggression levels. Based on relative deprivation theory, we proposed that people
low in subjective SES would feel at a disadvantage, which in turn would elicit aggressive responses. In
3 correlational studies, subjective SES was negatively related to trait aggression. Importantly, this
relation held when controlling for measures that are related to 1 or both subjective SES and trait
aggression, such as the dark tetrad and the Big Five. Four experimental studies then demonstrated that
participants in a low status condition were more aggressive than were participants in a high status
condition. Compared with a medium-SES condition, participants of low subjective SES were more
aggressive rather than participants of high subjective SES being less aggressive. Moreover, low SES
increased aggressive behavior toward targets that were the source for participants’ experience of
disadvantage but also toward neutral targets. Sequential mediation analyses suggest that the experience
of disadvantage underlies the effect of subjective SES on aggressive affect, whereas aggressive affect was
the proximal determinant of aggressive behavior. Taken together, the present research found compre-
hensive support for key predictions derived from the theory of relative deprivation of how the perception
of low SES is related to the person’s judgments, emotional reactions, and actions.
Keywords: aggression, relative deprivation, social class, socioeconomic status
In most Western societies, wealth inequality is at its historic
height. For example, in the United States, the richest 1% possesses
more than 40% of the country’s wealth (Wolff, 2012). In Germany,
the biggest economy in the European Union, the median household
in the top 20% of the income class has 74 times more wealth than
the bottom 20% (European Central Bank, 2013). Although there is
widespread consensus among citizens that wealth inequality
should be reduced (Kiatpongsan & Norton, 2014; Norton & Ari-
ely, 2011), the wealth gap is actually increasing. For example, in
the United States, in 2012 the top 0.1% (including ...
A handout for students to practice creating a literature review from a source.
Here's the set:
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-may-11-lit-review-activity
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-may-11-lesson-plan
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-april-20-literature-review
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-april-20-lit-review-handout
10.11770146167203260716 ARTICLEPERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLSantosConleyha
10.1177/0146167203260716 ARTICLEPERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETINCozzolino et al. / GREED, DEATH, AND VALUES
Greed, Death, and Values:
From Terror Management to Transcendence
Management Theory
Philip J. Cozzolino
University of Minnesota
Angela Dawn Staples
Lawrence S. Meyers
Jamie Samboceti
California State University, Sacramento
Research supporting terror management theory has shown that
participants facing their death (via mortality salience) exhibit
more greed than do control participants. The present research
attempts to distinguish mortality salience from other forms of
mortality awareness. Specifically, the authors look to reports of
near-death experiences and posttraumatic growth which reveal
that many people who nearly die come to view seeking wealth and
possessions as empty and meaningless. Guided by these reports,
a manipulation called death reflection was generated. In
Study 1, highly extrinsic participants who experienced death
reflection exhibited intrinsic behavior. In Study 2, the manipu-
lation was validated, and in Study 3, death reflection and mor-
tality salience manipulations were compared. Results showed
that mortality salience led highly extrinsic participants to mani-
fest greed, whereas death reflection again generated intrinsic,
unselfish behavior. The construct of value orientation is dis-
cussed along with the contrast between death reflection manipu-
lation and mortality salience.
Keywords: greed; death reflection; mortality salience
Despite generations of poets, philosophers, and reli-
gious leaders decrying the “deadly sin” of greed, much of
humanity is presently engaged in a consumer-based eco-
nomic system that is most successful when citizens want
and seek to have. Public revelations of greed on the part
of a few corporate executives have recently left indivi-
duals asking, “What is it that makes some people strive
for excessive gains while knowingly leaving less for oth-
ers?” In attempts to distinguish the psychological fac-
tors that drive greed, recent research has focused on two
concepts: value orientation and reactions to death
awareness.
VALUE ORIENTATION
Early humanistic theorists such as Maslow (1954) and
Rogers (1963) first addressed the motives that fuel and
guide attempts to fulfill goals and needs. Maslow (1954)
suggested that human existence could only make sense
when individuals sought to achieve goals tied to their
inherent developmental promise. These goals include
personal growth, good health, a sense of autonomy, and
a desire to know oneself. Maslow went further, compar-
ing “healthy individuals” who seek inner freedom in
favor of external approval to “sick, neurotic people who
make the wrong choices” (p. 278). This humanistic per-
spective posits that when focusing on goals stemming
from external instead of internal forces (e.g., pursuits of
wealth instead of desires for insight) people are likely to
falter along the path to self-actualization. Expanding this
278
Authors ...
Case Study Clinical LeadersDavid Rochester enjoys his role as a C.docxPazSilviapm
Case Study: Clinical Leaders
David Rochester enjoys his role as a Clinical Leader in a palliative care setting. On a typical day David troubleshoots problems as they arise. His job responsibilities include resolving personnel issues, integrating changes in policies, and communicating patient care protocols to the nursing staff. He displays competence and confidence in trouble-shooting issues and follow-up is his specialty. During the past month, David has noticed an increase in the number of problems on the unit. He is uncertain of the origin of all of the problems. This morning, David received an email communication from the Director of Palliative Care Services, detailing several changes in clinical practices. David is certain that the timing of these changes will create more daily problems.
Respond to the following questions:
What are the characteristics of leadership does David exhibit? What are the characteristics that David must embrace to be an effective leader of a clinical microsystem?
Changing leadership styles requires deliberate steps. What key steps does David need to take to assure his success as he moves forward?
** At least
4 pages long - includes title page and references
, at least
4 SCHOLARLY REFERENCES, APA format, 12 pt font times new roman - 1" margins
**
see grading rubric attachment
.
CASE STUDY Clinical Journal Entry 1 to 2 pages A 21 month .docxPazSilviapm
CASE STUDY: Clinical Journal Entry: 1 to 2 pages
A 21 month old Caucasian baby girl was brought to clinic by her mother with complaint of her baby getting irritable, easy tired during the day and sleeps more than usual after small activities at the day care and now she just noticed her skin is pale especially around her hands and eyelids and her husband also confirmed that she did look pale. So they are here today for a checkup even though she notices no other developmental changes. Mother denies any s/s of GI bleed like tarry stool. She has been current with her immunization and has no other medical or surgical history.
Assessment
An active toddler, with recent fatigue, has increase in sleeping, mild exercise intolerance.. She is a picky eater, enjoys small chicken, pork, and some vegetables, but loves milk and drinks about seven bottles of whole milk daily.
Family history reveals mother had anemia during her pregnancy. There is no history of splenectomy, gall stones at an early age, or other anemia in the family.
Physical Examination:
Vital Signs: Temperature 37.8 degrees C, Blood Pressure 95/50 mmHg, Pulse 144 beats/minute, Respiration 18 breaths/minute , Height 85.5 cm (50th %ile), Weight 13.2 kg (75th %ile). General appearance: He is a pale appearing, active toddler.
Reflect on the patient provided who presented with a hematologic disorder during your Practicum experience. Describe your experience in assessing and managing the patient and his or her family and follow up apt . Include details of your “aha” moment in identifying the patient’s disorder. Then, explain how the experience connected your classroom studies to the real-world clinical setting.
Readings( Provide 2 more Credible , recent references)
•Burns, C. E., Dunn, A. M., Brady, M. A., Starr, N. B., & Blosser, C. G. (2013). Pediatric primary care (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
Chapter 26, “Hematologic Disorders” (pp. 557–584
.
CASE STUDY 5Exploring Innovation in Action The Dimming of the Lig.docxPazSilviapm
CASE STUDY 5
Exploring Innovation in Action: The Dimming of the Light Bulb
In the beginning….
God said let there be light. And for a long time this came from a rather primitive but surprisingly effective method – the oil lamp. From the early days of putting simple wicks into congealed animal fats, through candles to more sophisticated oil lamps, people have been using this form of illumination. Archaeologists tell us this goes back at least 40,000 years so there has been plenty of scope for innovation to improve the basic idea! Certainly by the time of the Romans, domestic illumination – albeit with candles – was a well-developed feature of civilised society.
Not a lot changed until the late eighteenth century when the expansion of the mining industry led to experiments with uses for coal gas – one of which was as an alternative source of illumination. One of the pioneers of research in the coal industry – Humphrey Davy – invented the carbon arc lamp and ushered in a new era of safety within the mines, but also opened the door to alternative forms of domestic illumination and the era of gas lighting began.
But it was not until the middle of the following century that researchers began to explore the possibilities of using a new power source and some new physical effects. Experiments by Joseph Swann in England and Moses Farmer in the USA (amongst others) led to the development of a device in which a tiny metal filament enclosed within a glass envelope was heated to incandescence by an electric current. This was the first electric light bulb – and it still bears more than a passing resemblance to the product found hanging from millions of ceilings all around the world.
By 1879 it became clear that there was significant commercial potential in such lighting – not just for domestic use. Two events occurred during that year which were to have far-reaching effects on the emergence of a new industry. The first was that the city of Cleveland – although using a different lamp technology (carbon arc) – introduced the first public street lighting. And the second was that patents were registered for the incandescent filament light bulb by Joseph Swann in England and one Thomas Edison in the USA.
Needless to say the firms involved in gas supply and distribution and the gas lighting industry were not taking the threat from electric light lying down and they responded with a series of improvement innovations which helped retain gas lighting’s popularity for much of the late nineteenth century. Much of what happened over the next 30 years is a good example of what is sometimes called the ‘sailing ship effect’. That is, just as in the shipping world the invention of steam power did not instantly lead to the disappearance of sailing ships but instead triggered a whole series of improvement in that industry, so the gas lighting industry consolidated its position through incremental product and process innovations.
But electric lighting was also improving and th.
Case Study 2A 40 year-old female presents to the office with the c.docxPazSilviapm
Case Study 2
A 40 year-old female presents to the office with the chief complaint of diarrhea. She has been having
recurrent episodes of abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding
.
She has lost 9 pounds
in the last month. She takes no medications, but is allergic to penicillin. She describes her life as
stressful,
but manageable. The physical exam reveals
a pale middle- aged
female in no acute distress. Her weight is 140 pounds (down from 154 at her last visit over a year ago), blood pressure of
94/60 sitting and 86/50
(orthostatic positive). standing, heart rate of 96 and regular without postural changes, respiratory rate of 18, and O2 saturation 99%. Further physical examination reveals:
Skin: w/d, no acute lesions or rashes
Eyes: sclera clear,
conj pale
Ears: no acute changes
Nose: no erythema or sinus tenderness
Mouth:
membranes pale,
some slight painful ulcerations
, right buccal mucosa,
tongue beefy red,
teeth good repair ( signs and symptoms of
Vitamin B12 deficiency
anemia)
Neck: supple, no thyroid enlargement or tenderness, no lymphadenopathy
Cardio: S1 S2 regular, no S3 S4 or murmur
Lungs: CTA w/o rales, wheezes, or rhonchi
Abdomen: scaphoid,
BS hyperactive
(due to diarrhea),
generalized tenderness
,
rectal +occult
blood
Post
APA format
1.
an explanation of the differential diagnosis (
Crohn disease
)
for the patient in the case study that you selected.
2.
Describe the role the patient history and physical exam (information from above) played in the diagnosis (of
Crohn disease
)
3.
Then, suggest potential treatment options based on your patient diagnosis (
Crohn disease
).
important information highlighted above
.
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Running head RESEARCH PROPOSAL10RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 10
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8
Research Proposal
Jamie Bass
Argosy University
March 3, 2016
ABSTRACT
Suicide is experienced in all parts of parts of the world. Even though it has been argued that suicide is common amongst the elderly in the society, it is worth noting that even children as young as 13 years old have committed suicide. The myths and misconceptions surrounding suicidal individuals are inherently different from one culture to another. For instance, in some cultures it is believed that suicidal individuals are possessed by demons. Other cultures attribute suicide to generational curses whereas other cultures attribute suicide to such factors as depression and other mental disorders. The purpose of the proposed research is to establish the risk factors of suicide and realize possible strategies which if undertaken can help to counteract suicide and hence its adverse effects in the society. In this proposal are the points to be addressed in the course of the research. It is anticipated that there will be objections to the factors to be established and hence part of this proposal are possible objections and how each of the possible objections will be addressed. The research will use secondary sources of information and hence part of this proposal is an annotated bibliography of the sources that will be utilized in course of the research. Comment by Spencer Ellsworth: This is good, but could you state it more as a piece of argumentation? Like “This paper argues that early intervention can prevent suicide if done correctly.”
WORKING THESIS
Suicide has negatively affected the society, and unless there are mitigation strategies to curb this menace, it will continue to take the lives of many people in the society.
EXPLANATION
Suicide is the act of human beings voluntarily taking their lives. Research has shown that it has always been caused by a sense of despair or hopelessness. All these issues may be induced by mental illness which may include Bipolar disorder or even depression. Suicide has been traumatizing and shameful to the bereaved families and many people in the society have always viewed it as a cowardice way of taking one’s life. Many suicidal persons have been haunted by their thoughts in many cases this is depicted as a very personal process (Goldsmith, Pellmar, Kleinman & Bunney, 2002).
In this paper, it is very much possible to look at what suicide is and the risk factors associated with suicide. A study conducted in Sweden consisting of 271 men aged 15 years and above revealed that mental disorder is a major suicide risk factor. It is thus recommended that the research paper will dwell on mental disorder and substance abuse as risk factors that contribute to suicide as well as medical conditions and psychosocial states. Harris & Barraclough (2009) also established a causal relationship between mental disorder and suicide a factor that further makes the proposed research ...
The document discusses factors that influence how public health messages are acted upon. It first presents the classical model of health communication, which assumes providing information will lead to behavior change. However, this model fails to account for human psychology. Later models recognize humans are not identical and consider additional factors like motivation, habits, and social influences. The health belief model specifically examines perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers, and how these impact preventive health behavior.
Severity in Scope versus altruism: working against organ donation's realizati...Michele Battle-Fisher
(Nov. 2011) Severity in Scope versus Altruism: Working Against Organ
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Physician-assisted suicide is a controversial issue that is only legal in five U.S. states. It allows terminally ill patients with less than six months to live to request lethal medication from their doctor to end their own lives. While some see it as giving patients control at the end of life, others argue it could encourage suicide or that terminally ill patients are not in a mental state to make such a decision. There are also concerns about how to protect vulnerable patients from being coerced into suicide. The document discusses the various perspectives on this complex issue and argues rules need to be put in place to allow physician-assisted suicide as an option while also protecting doctors' and patients' rights.
Presentation recapping some of the primary points from a chapter on decisional architectures coming out later this year. Emphasis is on how information environments can be engineered to support better health and medicine in terms that are congruent with behavioral economics & human factors.
Concern Over Climate Change May Trigger Anxiety and Depression, Says Studytimothyweem
Natural calamities like wildfires, floods and storms, and weather abnormalities are usually a distant threat for most of the people. However, individuals who have witnessed such devastating episodes in the past are more likely to ruminate over those unpleasant experiences.
Health Psychology Psychological Adjustment to the Disease, Disability and Lossijtsrd
This article discusses the psychological adjustment of adults to severe or incurable diseases or other loss. The stress that results from a diagnosis of illness or loss depends on many factors, such as the beliefs of each individual and the social context. Considering the diversity of human perceptions, feelings and behaviors, it was considered important for the present study to include a theory of stress and treatment related to physical illness. At the center of attention are end stage individuals, not their organic problems but mainly their psychological state and that of their families. Reference is then made to the loss of loved one and the period of mourning. As regards the disease response, there is a difference between the immediate reaction to loss, what we call mourning, and the adaptation to a new way of life without the loved one. Finally, the role of therapeutic communication between patients and their families and mental health professionals, as well as the need to maintain psychological balance, is also described. Agathi Argyriadi | Alexandros Argyriadis ""Health Psychology: Psychological Adjustment to the Disease, Disability and Loss"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23200.pdf
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Lesson 11 Mental Health StigmaReadings Please note that th.docxSHIVA101531
Lesson 11: Mental Health Stigma
Readings: Please note that the Corrigan article in the syllabus has been replaced with the Collins and Corrigan articles below:
Required
Collins, R. L., Wong, E. C., Cerully, J. L., Schultz, D., & Eberhart, N. K. (2012). Interventions to reduce mental health stigma and discrimination. http://calmhsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Literature-Review_SDR_Final01-02-13.pdf
Corrigan, P., Morris, S., Michaels, P.J., Rafacz, J.D. & Rusch, N. (2012). Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: A meta-analysis of outcome studies. Psychiatric Services 63(10). doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201100529. http://ps.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleid=1372999&RelatedWidgetArticles=true
Link, B., Phelan, J. Bresnahan, A.S. & Persosolido, B., (1999). Public conceptions of mental illness: Labels, causes, dangerousness and social distance. American
Journal of Public Health (89), 1328-1333.
http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/89/9/1328.pdf
Swanson, J.W., Holzer, C.E., Ganju, V. K., Jono, R.T. (1990). Violence and psychiatric disorder in the community: Evidence from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area surveys. Hospital & Community Psychiatry,
41(7), 761-770.
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Mental+Health+Stigma+Video&FORM=VIRE7#view=detail&mid=102935613330F098A046102935613330F098A046
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Mental+Illness+Stigma&Form=VQFRVP#view=detail&mid=EC031B624F71269702CDEC031B624F71269702CD
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zn6yw2KUIwc&feature=youtu.be
Optional
Pettigrew, L. R. & Tropp, T.F. (2005). Relationships between intergroup contact and prejudice among minority and majority status groups. Psychological Science (16)12, 951-957.
Summary
Introduction
As many of you have noted in your discussion posts, mental health stigma is a pervasive problem that profoundly affects the lives of those suffering from mental illness. Aided by newspapers, books, movies and television, persons with mental illness have been portrayed and perceived as persons with bad character, demonically possessed, weak, unpredictable, and violent. As a result, many people have separated themselves from those with mental illness out of “distrust, stereotyping, fear, embarrassment, anger and/or avoidance.” (Surgeon General’s Report, 1999).
While some progress has been made in the past 50 years, stigma (often referred to as discrimination) continues to be a significant barrier to persons with mental illness. As we have seen in our readings, several recent documents have given prominence to the issue of stigma. In SAMSHA’s 2011 strategic plan “Leading Change: A Plan for SAMHSA’s Roles and Actions, 2011-2014”, Goal 4.3.2 is to “create a behavioral health awareness campaign focused on decreasing discrimination and improving employment outcomes for persons with mental and substance use disorders.” (p. 59). SAMHSA’s most recent strategic plan: Leading the Change 2.0: Advancing the Behavioral Health of the Nation 2 ...
THEORETICAL CONCEPT The Health Belief Model (HBM) is by far the mo.docxchristalgrieg
THEORETICAL CONCEPT The Health Belief Model (HBM) is by far the most commonly used theory in health education and health promotion (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2008; National Cancer Institute [NCI], 2005). The underlying concept of the HBM is that health behavior is determined by personal beliefs or perceptions about a disease and the strategies available to decrease its occurrence (Hochbaum, 1958). Personal perception is influenced by the whole range of intrapersonal factors affecting health behavior, including, but not limited to: knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, experiences, skills, culture, and religion.
THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTS
The following four perceptions serve as the main constructs of the model: perceived seriousness, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers. Each of these perceptions, individually or in combination, can be used to explain health behavior. More recently, other constructs have been added to the HBM; thus, the model has been expanded to include cues to action, motivating factors, and self-efficacy. PERCEIVED SERIOUSNESS The construct of perceived seriousness speaks to an individual’s belief about the seriousness or severity of a disease. While the perception of seriousness is often based on medical information or knowledge, it may also come from beliefs a person has about the consequences an illness might have on him or her personally. For example, most of us perceive seasonal flu as a relatively minor ailment. We get it, stay home a few days, and get better. However, if you have asthma, contracting the flu could land you in the hospital. In this case, your perception of the flu might be that it is a serious disease. Or, if you are self-employed, having the flu might mean a week or more of lost wages. Again, this would influence your perception of the seriousness of this illness. Perception of seriousness can also be colored by past experience with the illness. No doubt, most people would consider skin cancer a serious disease. However, the perception of serious might be diminished in someone who had a cancerous lesion removed and recovered without much more than a sore area and a Band-Aid for a few days.
PERCEIVED SUSCEPTIBILITY
Personal risk or susceptibility is one of the more powerful perceptions in prompting people to adopt healthier behaviors. The greater the perceived risk, the greater the likelihood of engaging in behaviors to decrease the risk. This is what prompts men who have sex with men to be vaccinated against hepatitis B (de Wit, Vet, Schutten, & van Steenbergen, 2005) and to use condoms in an effort to decrease susceptibility to HIV infection (Belcher, Sternberg, Wolotski, Halkitis, & Hoff, 2005). Perceived susceptibility motivates people to be vaccinated for influenza (Chen, Fox, Cantrell, Stockdale, & Kagawa-Singer, 2007) to use sunscreen to prevent skin cancer, and to floss their teeth to prevent gum disease and tooth loss (Figure 4– 1). It is only logical that when peop ...
This document summarizes a research study that surveyed 837 mental health professionals to determine their views on various models of mental illness. It found that professionals' endorsement of models differed depending on the specific illness. For schizophrenia, they most endorsed a biological model followed by cognitive and behavioral aspects. For depression, a social model was most endorsed followed by cognitive and behavioral aspects, with biological being least endorsed. For antisocial personality disorder, professionals most endorsed social constructionist and nihilist models, suggesting lack of interest in viewing it as a mental illness. The implications of professionals' endorsed models are discussed, such as impacts on treatment approaches, responsibility attribution, stigma, and access to social benefits.
This document discusses euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. It defines active and passive euthanasia as deliberately or unintentionally ending a patient's life through action or inaction. Physician-assisted suicide involves a doctor providing a terminally ill patient with a lethal dose of medication to end their life. The document outlines debates around these issues, with some arguing they respect patient autonomy and end suffering, while others believe they could increase abuse and pressure vulnerable people into suicide. It also discusses the challenges they pose for social workers and doctors between patient self-determination and preventing harm.
Meyer from personalized med to personalized research-april 2013Michelle N. Meyer
This document discusses the heterogeneity problem in research, where individuals vary in their risks and expected benefits from participating in research. It makes the case that current approaches to research ethics and regulation do not adequately account for these individual differences.
It argues that just as personalized medicine aims to tailor medical interventions to individuals, research should move towards a more personalized approach. Current risk-benefit analyses conducted by Institutional Review Boards assess risks and benefits for average or typical participants, but this may not accurately reflect risks and benefits for individual outliers. The document considers two options to better account for individual heterogeneity: 1) bringing more individualized information to IRBs and regulators, and 2) experimenting with allowing individuals to autonomously decide if risks
Running Head ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH 1 .docxtoddr4
This document provides a literature review on the experiences of mothers who care for children with muscular dystrophy. It discusses four main themes found in the literature: 1) The lifestyle of being a primary caregiver contributes to maternal stress and affects well-being, 2) Mothers experience difficulty adjusting to their child's condition, 3) Maternal anxiety is directly related to quality of life, and 4) Mothers struggle with coping. The review synthesizes findings from eight research studies and relates the topic to the discipline of psychology. It concludes by noting gaps in understanding the lived experiences of these mothers and the need for further research.
Running Head ADVANCE NURSING RESEARCH 1 .docxhealdkathaleen
This document provides a literature review on the experiences of mothers who care for children with muscular dystrophy. It discusses four main themes found in the literature: 1) The lifestyle of being a primary caregiver contributes to maternal stress and affects well-being, 2) Mothers experience difficulty adjusting to their child's condition, 3) Maternal anxiety is directly related to quality of life, and 4) Mothers struggle with coping. The review synthesizes findings from eight research studies and relates the topics of maternal distress to other disciplines like psychology. It concludes that further research is needed to better understand the lived experiences of these mothers.
This document discusses the ethical issues surrounding physician-assisted suicide. It begins by providing background on laws legalizing physician-assisted suicide in Oregon, Washington, and Montana. It then outlines the two main arguments for and against physician-assisted suicide - that terminally ill patients should have the right to end their suffering, but others argue they may not be thinking rationally due to depression or medication. The document raises concerns that legalizing physician-assisted suicide could open the door for people with other conditions to end their lives and that determining mental competence is difficult. It concludes that while death is a natural part of life, physician-assisted suicide could allow people to seize control over the timing of death in a way that prevents suicide in non-
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Junxian Kuang
Laura Sinai
ENG099/101
5/7/2018
In the essay “On Being a Cripple”, Nancy Mairs shares her experiences, attitudes towards life as a multiple sclerosis patient. First, she claims that the diseases she has faced are brain tumor and MS, and those diseases literally changed her fate. The relationships of her family member and the attitude of Nancy’s mother have affected by MS. Also, she writes about her identities in society, her friends who have the same physical issue, thoughts from disabled parents’ children, and her desire to travel. MS affected Nancy Mairs’s family member as well as her thoughts.
Subjective Socioeconomic Status Causes Aggression: A Test of the Theory
of Social Deprivation
Tobias Greitemeyer and Christina Sagioglou
University of Innsbruck
Seven studies (overall N � 3690) addressed the relation between people’s subjective socioeconomic
status (SES) and their aggression levels. Based on relative deprivation theory, we proposed that people
low in subjective SES would feel at a disadvantage, which in turn would elicit aggressive responses. In
3 correlational studies, subjective SES was negatively related to trait aggression. Importantly, this
relation held when controlling for measures that are related to 1 or both subjective SES and trait
aggression, such as the dark tetrad and the Big Five. Four experimental studies then demonstrated that
participants in a low status condition were more aggressive than were participants in a high status
condition. Compared with a medium-SES condition, participants of low subjective SES were more
aggressive rather than participants of high subjective SES being less aggressive. Moreover, low SES
increased aggressive behavior toward targets that were the source for participants’ experience of
disadvantage but also toward neutral targets. Sequential mediation analyses suggest that the experience
of disadvantage underlies the effect of subjective SES on aggressive affect, whereas aggressive affect was
the proximal determinant of aggressive behavior. Taken together, the present research found compre-
hensive support for key predictions derived from the theory of relative deprivation of how the perception
of low SES is related to the person’s judgments, emotional reactions, and actions.
Keywords: aggression, relative deprivation, social class, socioeconomic status
In most Western societies, wealth inequality is at its historic
height. For example, in the United States, the richest 1% possesses
more than 40% of the country’s wealth (Wolff, 2012). In Germany,
the biggest economy in the European Union, the median household
in the top 20% of the income class has 74 times more wealth than
the bottom 20% (European Central Bank, 2013). Although there is
widespread consensus among citizens that wealth inequality
should be reduced (Kiatpongsan & Norton, 2014; Norton & Ari-
ely, 2011), the wealth gap is actually increasing. For example, in
the United States, in 2012 the top 0.1% (including ...
A handout for students to practice creating a literature review from a source.
Here's the set:
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-may-11-lit-review-activity
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-may-11-lesson-plan
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-april-20-literature-review
http://www.slideshare.net/samlandfried/9th-grade-april-20-lit-review-handout
10.11770146167203260716 ARTICLEPERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLSantosConleyha
10.1177/0146167203260716 ARTICLEPERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETINCozzolino et al. / GREED, DEATH, AND VALUES
Greed, Death, and Values:
From Terror Management to Transcendence
Management Theory
Philip J. Cozzolino
University of Minnesota
Angela Dawn Staples
Lawrence S. Meyers
Jamie Samboceti
California State University, Sacramento
Research supporting terror management theory has shown that
participants facing their death (via mortality salience) exhibit
more greed than do control participants. The present research
attempts to distinguish mortality salience from other forms of
mortality awareness. Specifically, the authors look to reports of
near-death experiences and posttraumatic growth which reveal
that many people who nearly die come to view seeking wealth and
possessions as empty and meaningless. Guided by these reports,
a manipulation called death reflection was generated. In
Study 1, highly extrinsic participants who experienced death
reflection exhibited intrinsic behavior. In Study 2, the manipu-
lation was validated, and in Study 3, death reflection and mor-
tality salience manipulations were compared. Results showed
that mortality salience led highly extrinsic participants to mani-
fest greed, whereas death reflection again generated intrinsic,
unselfish behavior. The construct of value orientation is dis-
cussed along with the contrast between death reflection manipu-
lation and mortality salience.
Keywords: greed; death reflection; mortality salience
Despite generations of poets, philosophers, and reli-
gious leaders decrying the “deadly sin” of greed, much of
humanity is presently engaged in a consumer-based eco-
nomic system that is most successful when citizens want
and seek to have. Public revelations of greed on the part
of a few corporate executives have recently left indivi-
duals asking, “What is it that makes some people strive
for excessive gains while knowingly leaving less for oth-
ers?” In attempts to distinguish the psychological fac-
tors that drive greed, recent research has focused on two
concepts: value orientation and reactions to death
awareness.
VALUE ORIENTATION
Early humanistic theorists such as Maslow (1954) and
Rogers (1963) first addressed the motives that fuel and
guide attempts to fulfill goals and needs. Maslow (1954)
suggested that human existence could only make sense
when individuals sought to achieve goals tied to their
inherent developmental promise. These goals include
personal growth, good health, a sense of autonomy, and
a desire to know oneself. Maslow went further, compar-
ing “healthy individuals” who seek inner freedom in
favor of external approval to “sick, neurotic people who
make the wrong choices” (p. 278). This humanistic per-
spective posits that when focusing on goals stemming
from external instead of internal forces (e.g., pursuits of
wealth instead of desires for insight) people are likely to
falter along the path to self-actualization. Expanding this
278
Authors ...
Similar to httpsdoi.org10.11770963721416689563Current Directions (18)
Case Study Clinical LeadersDavid Rochester enjoys his role as a C.docxPazSilviapm
Case Study: Clinical Leaders
David Rochester enjoys his role as a Clinical Leader in a palliative care setting. On a typical day David troubleshoots problems as they arise. His job responsibilities include resolving personnel issues, integrating changes in policies, and communicating patient care protocols to the nursing staff. He displays competence and confidence in trouble-shooting issues and follow-up is his specialty. During the past month, David has noticed an increase in the number of problems on the unit. He is uncertain of the origin of all of the problems. This morning, David received an email communication from the Director of Palliative Care Services, detailing several changes in clinical practices. David is certain that the timing of these changes will create more daily problems.
Respond to the following questions:
What are the characteristics of leadership does David exhibit? What are the characteristics that David must embrace to be an effective leader of a clinical microsystem?
Changing leadership styles requires deliberate steps. What key steps does David need to take to assure his success as he moves forward?
** At least
4 pages long - includes title page and references
, at least
4 SCHOLARLY REFERENCES, APA format, 12 pt font times new roman - 1" margins
**
see grading rubric attachment
.
CASE STUDY Clinical Journal Entry 1 to 2 pages A 21 month .docxPazSilviapm
CASE STUDY: Clinical Journal Entry: 1 to 2 pages
A 21 month old Caucasian baby girl was brought to clinic by her mother with complaint of her baby getting irritable, easy tired during the day and sleeps more than usual after small activities at the day care and now she just noticed her skin is pale especially around her hands and eyelids and her husband also confirmed that she did look pale. So they are here today for a checkup even though she notices no other developmental changes. Mother denies any s/s of GI bleed like tarry stool. She has been current with her immunization and has no other medical or surgical history.
Assessment
An active toddler, with recent fatigue, has increase in sleeping, mild exercise intolerance.. She is a picky eater, enjoys small chicken, pork, and some vegetables, but loves milk and drinks about seven bottles of whole milk daily.
Family history reveals mother had anemia during her pregnancy. There is no history of splenectomy, gall stones at an early age, or other anemia in the family.
Physical Examination:
Vital Signs: Temperature 37.8 degrees C, Blood Pressure 95/50 mmHg, Pulse 144 beats/minute, Respiration 18 breaths/minute , Height 85.5 cm (50th %ile), Weight 13.2 kg (75th %ile). General appearance: He is a pale appearing, active toddler.
Reflect on the patient provided who presented with a hematologic disorder during your Practicum experience. Describe your experience in assessing and managing the patient and his or her family and follow up apt . Include details of your “aha” moment in identifying the patient’s disorder. Then, explain how the experience connected your classroom studies to the real-world clinical setting.
Readings( Provide 2 more Credible , recent references)
•Burns, C. E., Dunn, A. M., Brady, M. A., Starr, N. B., & Blosser, C. G. (2013). Pediatric primary care (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
Chapter 26, “Hematologic Disorders” (pp. 557–584
.
CASE STUDY 5Exploring Innovation in Action The Dimming of the Lig.docxPazSilviapm
CASE STUDY 5
Exploring Innovation in Action: The Dimming of the Light Bulb
In the beginning….
God said let there be light. And for a long time this came from a rather primitive but surprisingly effective method – the oil lamp. From the early days of putting simple wicks into congealed animal fats, through candles to more sophisticated oil lamps, people have been using this form of illumination. Archaeologists tell us this goes back at least 40,000 years so there has been plenty of scope for innovation to improve the basic idea! Certainly by the time of the Romans, domestic illumination – albeit with candles – was a well-developed feature of civilised society.
Not a lot changed until the late eighteenth century when the expansion of the mining industry led to experiments with uses for coal gas – one of which was as an alternative source of illumination. One of the pioneers of research in the coal industry – Humphrey Davy – invented the carbon arc lamp and ushered in a new era of safety within the mines, but also opened the door to alternative forms of domestic illumination and the era of gas lighting began.
But it was not until the middle of the following century that researchers began to explore the possibilities of using a new power source and some new physical effects. Experiments by Joseph Swann in England and Moses Farmer in the USA (amongst others) led to the development of a device in which a tiny metal filament enclosed within a glass envelope was heated to incandescence by an electric current. This was the first electric light bulb – and it still bears more than a passing resemblance to the product found hanging from millions of ceilings all around the world.
By 1879 it became clear that there was significant commercial potential in such lighting – not just for domestic use. Two events occurred during that year which were to have far-reaching effects on the emergence of a new industry. The first was that the city of Cleveland – although using a different lamp technology (carbon arc) – introduced the first public street lighting. And the second was that patents were registered for the incandescent filament light bulb by Joseph Swann in England and one Thomas Edison in the USA.
Needless to say the firms involved in gas supply and distribution and the gas lighting industry were not taking the threat from electric light lying down and they responded with a series of improvement innovations which helped retain gas lighting’s popularity for much of the late nineteenth century. Much of what happened over the next 30 years is a good example of what is sometimes called the ‘sailing ship effect’. That is, just as in the shipping world the invention of steam power did not instantly lead to the disappearance of sailing ships but instead triggered a whole series of improvement in that industry, so the gas lighting industry consolidated its position through incremental product and process innovations.
But electric lighting was also improving and th.
Case Study 2A 40 year-old female presents to the office with the c.docxPazSilviapm
Case Study 2
A 40 year-old female presents to the office with the chief complaint of diarrhea. She has been having
recurrent episodes of abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding
.
She has lost 9 pounds
in the last month. She takes no medications, but is allergic to penicillin. She describes her life as
stressful,
but manageable. The physical exam reveals
a pale middle- aged
female in no acute distress. Her weight is 140 pounds (down from 154 at her last visit over a year ago), blood pressure of
94/60 sitting and 86/50
(orthostatic positive). standing, heart rate of 96 and regular without postural changes, respiratory rate of 18, and O2 saturation 99%. Further physical examination reveals:
Skin: w/d, no acute lesions or rashes
Eyes: sclera clear,
conj pale
Ears: no acute changes
Nose: no erythema or sinus tenderness
Mouth:
membranes pale,
some slight painful ulcerations
, right buccal mucosa,
tongue beefy red,
teeth good repair ( signs and symptoms of
Vitamin B12 deficiency
anemia)
Neck: supple, no thyroid enlargement or tenderness, no lymphadenopathy
Cardio: S1 S2 regular, no S3 S4 or murmur
Lungs: CTA w/o rales, wheezes, or rhonchi
Abdomen: scaphoid,
BS hyperactive
(due to diarrhea),
generalized tenderness
,
rectal +occult
blood
Post
APA format
1.
an explanation of the differential diagnosis (
Crohn disease
)
for the patient in the case study that you selected.
2.
Describe the role the patient history and physical exam (information from above) played in the diagnosis (of
Crohn disease
)
3.
Then, suggest potential treatment options based on your patient diagnosis (
Crohn disease
).
important information highlighted above
.
Case Study Horizon Horizon Consulting Patti Smith looked up at .docxPazSilviapm
Case Study
Horizon
Horizon Consulting Patti Smith looked up at the bright blue Carolina sky before she entered the offices of Horizon Consulting. Today was Friday, which meant she needed to prepare for the weekly status report meeting. Horizon Consulting is a custom software development company that offers fully integrated mobile application services for iPhone ™ , Android ™ , Windows Mobile ® and BlackBerry ® platforms. Horizon was founded by James Thrasher, a former Marketing executive, who quickly saw the potential for digital marketing via smartphones. Horizon enjoyed initial success in sports marketing, but quickly expanded to other industries. A key to their success was the decline in cost for developing smartphone applications which expanded the client base. The decline in cost was primarily due to learning curve and ability to build customized solutions on established platforms. Patti Smith was a late bloomer who went back to college after working in the restaurant business for nine years. She and her former husband had tried unsuc-cessfully to operate a vegetarian restaurant in Golden, Colorado. After her di-vorce, she returned to University of Colorado where she majored in Management Information Systems with a minor in Marketing. While she enjoyed her marketing classes much more than her MIS classes, she felt the IT know- how acquired would give her an advantage in the job market. This turned out to be true as Horizon hired her to be an Account Manager soon after graduation. Patti Smith was hired to replace Stephen Stills who had started the restaurant side of the business at Horizon. Stephen was “ let go” according to one Account Manager for being a prima donna and hoarding resources. Patti’s clients ranged from high- end restaurants to hole in wall Mom and Pop shops. She helped de-velop smartphone apps that let users make reservations, browse menus, receive alerts on daily specials, provide customer feedback, order take- out and in some cases order delivery. As an Account Manager she worked with clients to assess their needs, develop a plan, and create customized smartphone apps. Horizon appeared to be a good fit for Patti. She had enough technical training to be able to work with software engineers and help guide them to produce client-ready products. At the same time she could relate to the restaurateurs and enjoyed working with them on web design and digital marketing. Horizon was organized into three departments: Sales, Software Development, and Graphics, with Account Managers acting as project managers. Account Managers generally came from Sales, and would divide their time between proj-ects and making sales pitches to potential new clients. Horizon employed a core group of software engineers and designers, supplemented by contracted pro-grammers when needed. The first step in developing a smartphone application involved the Account Manager meeting with the client to define the requirements and vision for the application. .
Case Study EvaluationBeing too heavy or too thin, having a disabil.docxPazSilviapm
Case Study Evaluation
Being too heavy or too thin, having a disability, being from a family with same-sex parents, having a speech impediment, being part of a low socioeconomic class—each of these is enough to marginalize (placing one outside of the margins of societal expectations) a child or adolescent. When children and adolescents are marginalized, they often experience consequences like lower self-esteem, performing poorly in school, or feeling depressed and anxious. In order for social workers to help facilitate positive change for their clients, they must be aware of the issues that can affect their healthy development. For this Discussion, review the case study Working With the Homeless Population: The Case of Diane and consider the issues within her environment that serve to place her outside of the margins of society.
Post by Day 3
a brief explanation of the issues that place Diane outside of the margins of society. Be sure to include an explanation about how these issues may have influenced her social development from infancy through adolescence. Also explain what you might have done differently had you been Diane’s social worker. Please use the Learning Resources to support your answer.
.
Case Study Disney Corporation1, What does Disney do best to connec.docxPazSilviapm
Case Study Disney Corporation
1, What does Disney do best to connect with its core customers?
2. What are the risks and benfits of expanding Disney brand in new ways?
must use APA format
Reference at least 3 Peer reviewed journals
textbook
Kotler P & Keller KL Marketing management
.
Case Study 3 Exemplar of Politics and Public Management Rightly Un.docxPazSilviapm
Case Study 3: Exemplar of Politics and Public Management Rightly Understood
Read Case Study 3 in the textbook and respond to the following questions:
What were the chief elements of John Gaus' administrative ecology that Robertson drew upon to run Los Angeles Bureau of Street Services?
Explain how these elements were critical to achieving his goals?
Were there any elements of Arnstein's ladder of participation in the discharge of street services function?
.
Case Study 2 Structure and Function of the Kidney Rivka is an ac.docxPazSilviapm
Rivka played beach volleyball on a hot day without drinking water and became dehydrated. Her body stopped sweating and she felt dizzy. When in a state of dehydration, the kidneys' glomerular filtration rate decreases due to low blood pressure. The juxtaglomerular apparatus would secrete renin to constrict the afferent arteriole and raise the glomerular filtration rate. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule, which would help Rivka restore her sodium and water levels. A specific gravity test of Rivka's urine would likely show a higher than normal level, indicating her kidneys were concentrating her urine due to dehydration
Case Study 2 Plain View, Open Fields, Abandonment, and Border Searc.docxPazSilviapm
Case Study 2: Plain View, Open Fields, Abandonment, and Border Searches as They Relate to Search and Seizures
Due Week 6 and worth 100 points
Officer Jones asked the neighborhood’s regular trash collector to put the content of the defendant’s garbage that was left on the curb in plastic bags and to turn over the bags to him at the end of the day. The trash collector did as the officer asked in order to not mix the garbage once he collected the defendant’s garbage. The officer searched through the garbage and found items indicative of narcotics use. The officer then recited the information that was obtained from the trash in an affidavit in support of a warrant to search the defendant’s home. The officer encountered the defendant at the house later that day upon execution of the warrant. The officer found quantities of cocaine and marijuana during the search and arrested the defendant on felony narcotics charges.
Write a one to two (1-2) page paper in which you:
Identify the constitutional amendment that would govern Officer Jones’ actions.
Analyze the validity and constitutionality of officer’s Jones’ actions.
Discuss if Officer Jones’ actions were justified under the doctrines of plain view, abandonment, open fields, or border searches.
Use at least two (2) quality references.
Note:
Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Research and analyze procedures governing the process of arrest through trial.
Critically debate the Constitutional safeguards of key Amendments with specific attention to the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 14th Amendments.
Describe the difference between searchers, warrantless searches, and stops.
Write clearly and concisely about the criminal procedure using proper writing mechanics.
.
Case Study 2 Collaboration Systems at Isuzu Australia LimitedDue .docxPazSilviapm
Case Study 2: Collaboration Systems at Isuzu Australia Limited
Due Week 7 and worth 150 points
Read the case study in Chapter 12 titled “Collaboration Systems at Isuzu Australia Limited”.
Write a two to three (2-3) page paper in which you:
Summarize the main reason(s) that prompted Isuzu Australia Limited (IAL) to use collaboration technologies.
Identify the platform that IAL chose as an online portal and content management system, and describe the main reason(s) why IAL chose such a specific platform.
Discuss the significant attributes of a wiki, and describe the overall manner in which IAL uses wikis for its internal collaboration.
Speculate on the main challenges that IAL could face when implementing groupware, and suggest one (1) step that IAL could take in order to mitigate the challenges in question.
Use at least three (3) quality reference.
Note:
Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
Points: 150
Case Study 2: Collaboration Systems at Isuzu Australia Limited
Criteria
Unacceptable
Below 60% F
Meets Minimum Expectations
60-69% D
Fair
70-79% C
Proficient
80-89% B
Exemplary
90-100% A
1. Summarize the main reason(s) that prompted Isuzu Australia Limited (IAL) to use collaboration technologies.
Weight: 20%
Did not submit or incompletely summarized the main reason(s) that prompted Isuzu Australia Limited (IAL) to use collaboration technologies.
Insufficiently summarized the main reason(s) that prompted Isuzu Australia Limited (IAL) to use collaboration technologies.
Partially summarized the main reason(s) that prompted Isuzu Australia Limited (IAL) to use collaboration technologies.
Satisfactorily summarized the main reason(s) that prompted Isuzu Australia Limited (IAL) to use collaboration technologies.
Thoroughly summarized the main reason(s) that prompted Isuzu Australia Limited (IAL) to use collaboration technologies.
2. Identify the platform that IAL chose as an online portal and content management system, and describe the main reason(s) why IAL chose such a specific platform.
Weight: 20%
Did not submit or incompletely identified the platform that IAL chose as an online portal and content management system; did not submit or incompletely described the main reason(s) why IAL chose such a specific platform.
Insufficiently identified the platform that IAL chose as an online portal and content management system; insufficiently described the main reason(s) why IAL chose such a specific platform.
Partiall.
Case FormatI. Write the Executive SummaryOne to two para.docxPazSilviapm
Case
Format
I.
Write the Executive Summary
One to two paragraphs in length
On cover page of the report
Briefly identify the major problems facing the manager/key person
Summarize the recommended plan of action and include a brief justification of the recommended plan
II. Statement of the Problem
State the problems facing the manager/key person
Identify and link the symptoms and root causes of the problems
Differentiate short term from long term problems
Conclude with the decision facing the manager/key person
III. Causes of the Problem
Provide a detailed analysis of the problems; identify in the Statement of the Problem
In the analysis, apply theories and models from the text and/or readings
Support conclusions and /or assumptions with specific references to the case and/or the readings
IV. Decision Criteria and Alternative
Solution
s
Identify criteria against which you evaluate alternative solutions (i.e. time for implementation, tangible costs, acceptability to management)
Include two or three possible alternative solutions
Evaluate the pros and cons of each alternative against the criteria listed
Suggest additional pros/cons if appropriate
V. Recommended
.
Case Study #2 Diabetes Hannah is a 10-year-old girl who has recentl.docxPazSilviapm
Case Study #2: Diabetes Hannah is a 10-year-old girl who has recently been diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. She is a 4th grade student at Hendricks Elementary School. Prior to her diagnosis, Hannah was very involved in sports and played on the girls’ volleyball team. Her mother is concerned about how the diagnosis will affect Hannah.
Write a 2 page paper discussing the following points relating to the case study patient you selected:
● Include a definition of the actual disease or condition.
● The signs and symptoms of the disease.
● Identify the factors that could have caused or lead to the particular disease or condition (Pathogenesis).
● Describe body system changes as a result of the disease process.
● Discuss the economic impact of the chronic disease.
● Include a title and reference page (these do not count towards the 2 page requirement).
● The paper should be in APA format.
● At least two professional references (other than your text) must be included.
.
case scenario being used for this discussion postABS 300 Week One.docxPazSilviapm
case scenario being used for this discussion post:
ABS 300 Week One Assessment Scenario Donna, age 14, had consistently been a B+/A- student throughout elementary school and the beginning of middle school. However, in the 8th grade, she started demonstrating difficulty understanding some of her work. Increased difficulties were noted when she was required to work with abstract concepts rather than rely on rote memorization. Donna had always been fascinated with flowers, and she could remember the details of hundreds of different species of wild and domestic flower she encountered. Donna’s classmates and cousins thought she was odd, and her mother said that Donna was frequently picked on—at times without even realizing she was being made fun of. Donna was described as a confused and socially awkward girl who tended to keep to herself. The incident that led to her first psychological evaluation occurred after one of her classmates teased her repeatedly over several days to the point of making Donna upset. Donna decided to write a threatening note to the student as a warning for him to stop. The note included details of which species of flowers would be found growing on top of the place he would be buried. The boy’s parents brought the note to the principal and Donna was suspended from school and charged with terroristic threatening. The school ordered a psychological evaluation and risk assessment before they allowed her to return to school. Donna was observed to have awkward mannerisms, and she smiled at what appeared to be inappropriate times, for example, when she was talking about the teasing at school. She made very poor eye contact in ways that were atypical for her culture, and she had a difficult time staying on topic, frequently shifting the topic of conversation onto her interest in flower. Donna’s intelligence was found to be in the upper limits of the average range on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition (WISC-V). The Gilliam Asperger's Disorder Scale as rated by Donna and her mother together was in the clinically significant range, with her largest deficits being reflected in her social interactions scale. There were also deficits noted in pragmatic skills, restricted patterns of behavior, and cognitive patterns. Problems were also noted with reciprocal social interaction skills, communication skills, and stereotyped behaviors, interests, and activities. Donna's QEEG results showed multiple abnormalities. Her right parietal-temporal lobe showed excessively slow activity. This is an area important for facial recognition and empathy. She also had excessive mid-line frontal hi-beta, something that is often seen in those with mental rigidity and obsessive thinking. Multiple problems in coherence were noted, reflecting cognitive inefficiency in her mental processing. Excessive connectivity was noted in the frontal lobes areas and there were excessive disconnections between her frontal lobes and the central and bac.
Case Study #2Alleged improper admission orders resulting in mor.docxPazSilviapm
Case Study #2:
Alleged improper admission orders resulting in morphine overdose and death
There were multiple co-defendants in this claim who are not discussed in this scenario. Monetary amounts represent only the payments made on behalf of the nurse practitioner. Any amounts paid on behalf of the co-defendants are not available. While there may have been errors/negligent acts on the part of other defendants, the case, comments, and recommendations are limited to the actions of the defendant; the nurse practitioner.
The decedent patient (plaintiff) was a 72 year old woman who had been receiving hospital care for acute back pain resulting from a fall. Her past history included chronic pain management and end-stage renal disease for which she received hemodialysis. She was to be transferred to the co-defendant nursing facility for reconditioning and physical therapy prior to returning to her home.
The nurse practitioner (defendant) was on-call at the time of the patient’s transfer, and the nursing facility contacted her and read the orders to the defendant nurse practitioner over the telephone. The defendant nurse practitioner questioned the presence of two morphine orders for different dosages with both dosages administered twice daily. She instructed the nurse to clarify the correct morphine dosage with the transferring hospital’s pharmacist and to admit the patient only after the pharmacist clarified and approved the morphine orders. The defendant nurse practitioner had no further communication with the facility and no other involvement in the patient’s care. The facility nurse telephoned the hospital pharmacist who approved both morphine orders, and the patient was admitted to the nursing facility.
During the first evening and full day of her nursing facility stay, documentation revealed the patient to be alert and oriented. On the second day, she was found by nursing staff without vital signs. Despite immediate chest compressions and EMS additional resuscitation measures, the patient was pronounced dead. The autopsy results listed the cause of death as morphine intoxication. Surprisingly, the patient also had an elevated blood alcohol level (equal to drinking three to four alcoholic beverages). Because the source of the alcohol could not be identified, the medical examiner was unable to rule out accident, suicide or homicide and classified the manner of death as undetermined.
Resolution
Defense experts
presented testimony that
the nurse practitioner’s actions to be within the standard of care.
Defense experts
testimony was
that the patient’s final morphine blood levels, even considering her renal disease, could not have resulted from the amount of morphine ordered, administered and recorded in the patient’s health information record. The elevated morphine and alcohol levels led experts to the opinion that the patient may have ingested morphine and alcohol from a source other than the nursing facility.
Plaintiffs did not pres.
Case Study 1Denise is a sixteen-year old 11th grade student wh.docxPazSilviapm
Case Study 1
Denise is a sixteen-year old 11th grade student who started using marijuana and drinking at fourteen and has used heroin regularly for the past six months. Denise stopped attending school in January and hangs out with her friends. She lives at home with her mother and younger brother, but comes and goes and often isn’t seen by her mother for four or five days at a stretch. When Denise was fifteen, her mother, with the assistance of a school-based addiction treatment counselor, was able to get her enrolled in outpatient treatment to address her alcohol and marijuana use. Denise participated in the program and reduced her alcohol and marijuana use. The outpatient program diagnosed Denise with depression and mild anxiety, and she was prescribed medication. Denise seemed to be regaining her health, and she started high school classes in the fall. However, her mother began to notice troubling patterns of more serious drug use in November and was unable to get Denise to resume treatment at her outpatient program.
Denise’s mother now wants to have her daughter assessed for enrollment in a residential treatment program. She is afraid of the people her daughter hangs out with and does not want her son to be influenced by his sister’s friends and drug use. Denise recently had a scare about her heroin use when one of her friends suffered an overdose and barely survived. She agreed to go for an assessment at a residential program. The program agreed that Denise needed residential treatment and received authorization from the Medicaid managed care organization to provide services for a short length of stay. After three days in treatment, during which she was treated with suboxone to help her withdrawal, Denise began to resist care. She has decided to leave the program against medical advice and her mother’s wishes.
Questions:
Does alcohol and drug use uniquely affect an adolescent’s ability to make decisions about medical care for addiction; and, if so, should clinical and legal standards take this factor into consideration?
What if Denise had been arrested for drug possession with intent to distribute, placed in the juvenile justice system, and required to attend residential treatment. How should clinical care decisions and concepts of autonomy be addressed in the legal framework for juvenile justice drug treatment?
.
Case AssignmentI. First read the following definitions of biodiver.docxPazSilviapm
Case Assignment
I. First read the following definitions of biodiversity:
In Jones and Stokes Associates' “Sliding Toward Extinction: The State of California's Natural Heritage,” 1987:
Natural diversity, as used in this report, is synonymous with
biological diversity
...To the scientist, natural diversity has a variety of meanings. These include:
The number of different native species and individuals in a habitat or geographical area;
The variety of different habitats within an area;
The variety of interactions that occur between different species in a habitat; and
The range of genetic variation among individuals within a species.
In D. B. Jensen, M. Torn, and J. Harte, “In Our Own Hands: A Strategy for Conserving Biological Diversity in California,” 1990:
Biological diversity, simply stated, is the
diversity of life
...As defined in the proposed U.S. Congressional Biodiversity Act, HR1268 (1990), “
biological diversity means the full range of variety and variability within and among living organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur, and encompasses ecosystem or community diversity, species diversity, and genetic diversity
.”
Genetic diversity
is the combination of different genes found within a population of a single species, and the pattern of variation found within different populations of the same species. Coastal populations of Douglas fir are genetically different from Sierra populations. Genetic adaptations to local conditions such as the summer fog along the coast or hot summer days in the Sierra result in genetic differences between the two populations of the same species.
Species diversity
is the variety and abundance of different types of organisms which inhabit an area. A ten square mile area of Modoc County contains different species than does a similar sized area in San Bernardino County.
Ecosystem diversity
encompasses the variety of habitats that occur within a region, or the mosaic of patches found within a landscape. A familiar example is the variety of habitats and environmental parameters that constitute the San Francisco Bay-Delta ecosystem: grasslands, wetlands, rivers, estuaries, fresh and salt water.
.
Case and questions are In the attchmentExtra resources given.H.docxPazSilviapm
Case and questions are In the attchment
Extra resources given.
Helpful resources:
Gentile, M. C. (2010). Keeping your colleagues honest.
Harvard Business Review
,
88
(3), 114-117
Nash, L. (1981). Ethics without the sermon.
Harvard Business Review
.
59
(6), 78-79,
.
Case C Hot GiftsRose Stone moved into an urban ghetto in order .docxPazSilviapm
Case C: "Hot" Gifts
Rose Stone moved into an urban ghetto in order to study strategies for survival used by low-income residents. During the first six months of research, Stone was gradually integrated into the community through invitations (which she accepted) to attend dances, parties, church functions, and family outings, and by "hanging out" at local service facilities (laundromats, health centers, recreation centers, and so on). She was able to discern that there were two important survival tactics used by the community residents which she could not engage in: the first was a system of reciprocity in the exchange of goods and services (neither of which she felt she had to offer), and the second was outright theft of easily pawned or sold goods (clothing, jewelry, radios, TVs, and so on).
One night, a friend from the community stopped by "for a cup of coffee" and conversation. After they had been talking for about two hours, Stone's friend told her that she had some things she wanted to give her. The friend went out to her car and returned with a box of clothing (Stone's size) and a record player. Stone was a bit overwhelmed by the generosity of the gift and protested her right to accept such costly items. Her friend laughed and said, "Don't you worry, it's not out of my pocket," but then she became more serious and said, "Either you are one of us or you aren't one of us. You can't have it both ways. "
Stone's Dilemma: Suspecting that the items she was being offered were probably "hot" (e.g., stolen), she was afraid that if she wore the clothes in public, or had the record player in her apartment, she would be arrested for "accepting stolen goods." At the same time, she knew that "hot" items were often given to close friends when it was observed that they could use them. Still, this implied that there would be reciprocal giving (not necessarily in kind) at a later date. So, should she accept or refuse the proffered gifts?
.
Case Assignment must be 850 words and use current APA format with a .docxPazSilviapm
Case Assignment must be 850 words and use current APA format with a cover page, 1” margins, 12-point font, content, in-text citations, and a references page (the word count does not include the questions, cover page, or references page). No abstract is required; simply type the questions as a heading and respond. In addition, you must incorporate 4 scholarly research articles in your response.
Question 8 and 9 of the attached document
·
.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
2. affects everyday health decisions, and how it can be used
to foster better health outcomes.
The Genesis of the Terror Management
Health Model
Terror management theory (Greenberg, Pyszczynski, &
Solomon, 1986) builds from a tradition of existential and
psychodynamic theory (e.g., Becker, 1973) to posit that
people need to psychologically manage the unsettling
implications of knowing not just that death is inevitable
but that it could happen at any time. They do this by
identifying with cultural belief systems (i.e., worldviews),
which enable people to view themselves as valuable
members (reflecting self-esteem) of a cultural reality that
persists beyond their own physical demise. The theory
has inspired hundreds of studies around the globe and
been applied to an array of human social behaviors (see,
e.g., Pyszczynski, Solomon, & Greenberg, 2015).
After the initial wave of research on terror manage-
ment theory, studies increasingly suggested that people
689563CDPXXX10.1177/0963721416689563Arndt,
GoldenbergHealth and Death
research-article2017
Corresponding Author:
Jamie Arndt, McAlester Hall, Department of Psychological
Sciences,
University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201
E-mail: [email protected]
Where Health and Death Intersect:
Insights From a Terror Management
Health Model
3. Jamie Arndt1 and Jamie L. Goldenberg2
1Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri,
and 2Department of Psychology,
University of South Florida
Abstract
This article offers an integrative understanding of the
intersection between health and death from the perspective of
the terror management health model. After highlighting the
potential for health-related situations to elicit concerns
about mortality, we turn to the question, how do thoughts of
death influence health-related decision making? Across
varied health domains, the answer depends on whether these
cognitions are in conscious awareness or not. When
mortality concerns are conscious, people form healthy
intentions and engage in healthy behavior if efficacy and
coping resources are present. In contrast, when contending with
accessible but nonconscious thoughts of death,
health-relevant decisions are guided more by the implications of
the behavior for the individual’s sense of cultural
value. Finally, we present research suggesting how these
processes can be leveraged to facilitate health promotion
and reduce health risk
Keywords
health, decision making, risky behavior, terror management,
death, mortality salience
http://www.psychologicalscience.org/cdps
http://sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1177%2F09637214
16689563&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2017-04-06
Health and Death 127
4. defend against conscious and nonconscious awareness
of mortality in different ways (Pyszczynski, Greenberg, &
Solomon, 1999). When thoughts of mortality are con-
scious, people try to remove them from focal attention.
(After all, ending up as fertilizer is a thought on which
people generally don’t like to dwell.) Such proximal
defenses push death-related thought to the mental back-
ground. It is when thoughts of death are active but out-
side of conscious awareness that people more strongly
engage in distal defenses that address the problem of
death on an abstract and symbolic level. For example,
people cling more vigorously to their cultural beliefs (i.e.,
worldview defense) and try harder to live up to cultural
standards (i.e., self-esteem striving). Proximal and distal
defenses are often inferred in experimental research by
measuring outcomes immediately after a mortality
reminder or after a delay, respectively. Conceptual and
meta-analytic reviews (i.e., statistical approaches that
average across different studies) have supported the
unique time course of death-thought activation and the
distinct effects elicited (e.g., Steinman & Updegraff, 2015).
The TMHM (Fig. 1) builds from these ideas. It begins
with the assumption that health conditions have varying
potential to make people think about death. The model
then integrates insights about how people manage con-
scious and nonconscious death-related cognitions with
the recognition that health decisions can be influenced
by concerns central (proximal) and more tangential (dis-
tal) to the health context. The foundational idea is that
when mortality concerns are conscious, health decisions
are largely guided by the proximal motivational goal of
reducing perceived vulnerability to a health threat and
thus concerns about mortality. In contrast, when mortal-
ity cognition is active but outside of focal attention,
5. health-relevant decisions are guided by distal motiva-
tional goals concerning the symbolic value of the self.
TMHM Research
The link between health and death
Every time people undergo routine cancer screenings,
there is the possibility that what they discover could mark
the beginning of the end. It is perhaps not surprising that
over 60% of people in a population-level survey reported
that when they think of cancer, they automatically think
of death (Moser et al., 2014). Even presentations of the
word “cancer” that participants report not having seen
(i.e., subliminal primes) increase the cognitive availability
of death-related thought (Arndt, Cook, Goldenberg, &
Cox, 2007). Performing breast self-exams (among women;
Goldenberg, Arndt, Hart, & Routledge, 2008) or reading
about risks of cancer from smoking (Hansen, Winzeler, &
Topolinski, 2010) or unprotected sun exposure (Cooper,
Goldenberg, & Arndt, 2014) also makes thoughts about
death accessible. But cancer is just one of many health
domains sharing this connection. Appeals about binge
drinking ( Jessop & Wade, 2008) or risky sex (Grover,
Miller, Solomon, Webster, & Saucier, 2010) and even
insurance advertisements (Fransen, Fennis, Pruyn, & Das,
Health Scenarios/Threats
Conscious Death-
Thought Activation
Motivation: Reduce
Vulnerability/
Awareness of Death
6. Health-Behavior-
Oriented Outcomes
Health-Defeating
Outcomes
Health-Facilitating
Outcomes
Threat-Avoidance
Outcomes
Motivation: Bolster Meaning
and Symbolic Self-Conception
Nonconscious Death-
Thought Activation
Fig. 1. The terror management health model.
128 Arndt, Goldenberg
2008) also activate thoughts of death. Such findings
prompt the critical question, how do cognitions about
mortality influence health-related decision making and
behavior? Across domains such as tanning, smoking, can-
cer screening, nutrition, and fitness, the answer often
depends on whether thoughts of death are in conscious
awareness or not.
The proximal and distal health
implications of mortality salience
7. Routledge, Arndt, and Goldenberg’s (2004) studies on sun
protection provide an illustration of divergent health-
relevant responses to conscious and nonconscious death-
related thought. Women reported greater interest in sun
protection immediately after answering two short ques-
tions about their mortality (vs. a control topic), presum-
ably because it would reduce their vulnerability to a
health risk. However, after a delay, they indicated stronger
interest in tanning, in line with appearance-based esteem
contingencies assessed as part of the experiment.
McCabe, Vail, Arndt, and Goldenberg’s (2014) studies
on product endorsement provide another illustration.
One study featured an ostensible taste test. Participants
sampled a brand of bottled water purportedly endorsed
by a medical doctor (to appeal to health) or a popular
celebrity (to appeal to social status). Immediately after
reminders of mortality, participants drank more of the
water if it had been endorsed by a medical doctor,
whereas after a delay, they drank more of the celebrity-
endorsed water. Such effects highlight the distinction
between health and esteem motivations that follow from
conscious and nonconscious thoughts of death.
Because people are motivated to reduce vulnerability
to health concerns when consciously thinking about
death, explicit thoughts of mortality render health-
promoting (proximal) responses such as exercising more,
using sun protection, and undergoing a screening exam
more likely when people have sufficient coping resources,
optimism, or beliefs in the efficacy of the behavior (and
themselves) to effectively mitigate the health concern.
When lacking these resources, people may respond to
conscious thoughts of death by avoiding or denying the
health threat (e.g., Cooper, Goldenberg, & Arndt, 2010).
Thus, the effect of conscious concerns about mortality on
8. health decisions depends on factors of immediate rele-
vance to the health context, much as has been found in
research based on rationally oriented models of health
behavior (e.g., Prentice-Dunn & Rogers, 1986).
In contrast, the relevance of the behavior for esteem
and cultural identification often directs health decisions
once thoughts of death are no longer conscious. For
example, when distracted from mortality reminders, indi-
viduals who derive self-esteem from fitness increase
exercise intentions (Arndt, Schimel, & Goldenberg, 2003),
whereas those who derive self-esteem from smoking
report less interest in quitting (Hansen et al., 2010). These
findings mesh well with evidence that self-esteem and
self-presentational motives influence health-related deci-
sion making (e.g., Leary, Tchividijian, & Kraxberger, 1994;
Mahler, Kulik, Gibbons, Gerrard, & Harrell, 2003) but
extend it by demonstrating the role of mortality concerns
in these processes. The TMHM further suggests that
worldview beliefs function similarly. Consider, for
instance, people subscribing to a fundamentalist religious
worldview. Terror management processes may play a
role in their willingness to rely on faith alone for medical
treatment (Vess, Arndt, Cox, Routledge, & Goldenberg,
2009). Taken together, this work helps to delineate when
health decisions will be influenced by factors tangential
to the health context and why people sometimes do the
seemingly irrational things they do when it comes to tak-
ing care of their health.
Leveraging the Terror Management
Health Model to Improve Health
Decisions
The implications of the TMHM framework invite consid-
9. eration of a number of different ways to improve health-
related decision making. Indeed, research has begun to
examine how death-related cognition can be used as a
motivational catalyst to facilitate health promotion and
reduce health risk.
Augmenting conventional approaches
to health-related cognition
One research direction involves using conscious death-
related thought to bolster the influence of conventional
approaches to health-related cognition. For example,
Cooper et al. (2014) presented beachgoers with health
communications that did or did not highlight the risk of
death from skin cancer and did or did not elaborate on
the efficacy of sun protection to mitigate these risks.
When appeals emphasized sun-protection efficacy and
raised the conscious risk of mortality, sun-protection
intentions were greater. Such findings offer promise for
using explicit mortality concerns to augment educational
health campaigns that incorporate fear-related messages.
Notably, there are differing views about the potential
of the TMHM to inform research on the use of persuasive
fear messages (see Hunt & Shehryar, 2011; Tannenbaum
et al., 2015). When considering this potential, it is impor -
tant to recognize that appeals need not explicitly men-
tion death to conjure up death-related cognition;
implicating serious health consequences can do so as
Health and Death 129
well. Further, whether people are actively thinking about
death is an important issue for evaluating whether the
10. appeal encourages health- or esteem-based responses
and necessitates careful attention. Fine-grained measure-
ment of this issue may be necessary, although it is likely
challenging in the context of much health-communica-
tion research. But carefully considering the source of fear
and the potential for health communications to activate
conscious or nonconscious death-related thought may
help to illuminate when and why such appeals are effec-
tive, when they fall flat, and when they backfire (Ruiter,
Kessels, Peters, & Kok, 2014).
Targeting malleable bases of cultural
value
The TMHM suggests that when mortality concerns are
active but not conscious, efforts to change health behav-
ior may benefit from targeting malleable bases of cultural
value. For example, when smokers viewed a public ser-
vice announcement concerning the social consequences
of smoking (e.g., “Who wants to date someone with bad
breath?”), participants reminded of mortality reported
increased intentions to quit (Arndt et al., 2009; see also
Wong, Nisbett, & Harvell, 2017). Conveying positive
social norms can also be useful in this regard. Grocery
store patrons were reminded of mortality or a control
topic; then, based on research from the prototype-will-
ingness model (Gibbons & Gerrard, 1995), they visual-
ized exemplars of healthy eaters or did not. As determined
from their shopping receipts, those who were primed
with mortality and visualized healthy eaters purchased
healthier foods (McCabe et al., 2015).
The utility of targeting how individuals derive a sense
of value in conjunction with mortality reminders also
shows promise in the context of safe sun behavior. The
guiding idea is that if people can be steered away from
11. thinking of tanned skin as attractive, subtle primes of
mortality might lead to more interest in sun protection.
Using such an approach, Cox et al. (2009) observed
requests for sunscreen samples with higher SPF among
(Caucasian) beachgoers. Furthermore, framing a UV pho-
tograph of participants’ faces as revealing damaging
effects on appearance, rather than health, interacted with
mortality reminders to lead participants to take more
samples of sunscreen and report greater intentions to use
it (Morris, Cooper, Goldenberg, Arndt, & Gibbons, 2014).
Thus, there seems to be potential for nonconscious
thoughts of mortality to engage healthier behavioral
practices if aspects of social value are targeted.
Recognizing the body problem
The TMHM also fosters recognition of underappreciated
barriers to promoting health behavior. Goldenberg,
McCoy, Pyszczynski, Greenberg, and Solomon (2000)
suggested that the physicality of the body undermines
people’s capacity to maintain the symbolic, cultural value
of the self as a means to manage concerns associated
with mortality. This helps illuminate when and why peo-
ple may avoid health behaviors that involve intimate con-
frontation with the body’s physicality or creatureliness
(e.g., breast self-exams and mammograms; Goldenberg
et al., 2008). That these behaviors are threatening not
only because of their health implications (i.e., what one
might find) but also because of a non-health-related
threat suggests that, like other distal defenses, highlight-
ing the symbolic aspects of the self may benefit efforts to
foster health behavior. Opportunities to affirm symbolic
representations of the body may be effective when health
contexts elicit both mortality concerns and discomfort
with the body’s physicality (Morris, Cooper, Goldenberg,
12. Arndt, & Routledge, 2013).
The potential for behavioral
durability
An important question is whether the effects observed in
TMHM research are just a brief blip on the behavioral -
change radar. Concerns about inevitable mortality are an
ever-present condition with which people must contend,
and moreover, people are reminded of mortality—some-
times blatantly and sometimes subtly—on a routine basis.
Two recent studies provided initial insight as to how an
enduring influence of awareness of death may affect
health behavior as it unfolds over time.
In Morris, Goldenberg, Arndt, and McCabe (2016),
when participants were primed with mortality and rode
an exercise bike, they later reported exercising more in
the 2 weeks that followed than did participants who were
not reminded of mortality, and this led them to report
basing their self-esteem more on fitness. In a second
study, smokers who visualized a prototypical unhealthy
smoker after being reminded of mortality reported more
attempts to quit smoking in the following 3 weeks and
became more committed to an identity as a nonsmoker,
and this in turn inspired continued attempts over the next
3 weeks. These studies lay the groundwork for a longitu-
dinal model in which death-related thought encourages
identity-relevant behavior, the behavior fosters more
identity relevance, and this in turn promotes more of the
(healthy) behavior.
Becoming comfortably numb
Research has also begun to examine other processes
through which death-related cognition might influence
13. health-relevant choices. For example, perhaps because of
the potential for anxiety involved, death reminders can
motivate people to become “comfortably numb” (to
130 Arndt, Goldenberg
borrow from a colleague who borrowed from Pink Floyd)
and increase desire for intoxicants like marijuana (Nagar
& Rabinovitz, 2015) and purchasing and consumption of
alcohol (Ein-Dor et al., 2014). Such risky behavior may be
most likely for those who lack secure terror management
buffers. Indeed, nightclub patrons with low self-esteem
drank more alcohol (as indicated by breathalyzer analy-
sis) when primed with mortality reminders (Wisman,
Heflick, & Goldenberg, 2015).
Conclusion
The TMHM integrates research on existential motivation,
self-threats and psychological defense, risky behavior,
fear appeals, and vulnerability, esteem, and normative
factors influencing health-related decision making. Like
other applied theoretical research, research guided by
the TMHM enriches our understanding of the target
domain as well as the basic theory. Although additional
research is needed in the areas outlined above, the model
offers a foundation for understanding how people man-
age existential insecurity as well as harnessing the effects
of death-related thought to engage productive health-
behavior change.
Recommended Reading
Goldenberg, J. L., & Arndt, J. (2008). (See References). A theo-
14. retical review article introducing the TMHM.
Pyszczynski, T., Solomon, S., & Greenberg, J. (2015). (See
References). A recent comprehensive review of terror man-
agement theory research for those interested in the differ -
ent directions of research inspired by the theory.
Spina, M., Arndt, J., Boyd, P., & Goldenberg, J. L. (2016).
Bridging health and death: Insights and questions from
a terror management health model. In L. A. Harvell &
G. S. Nisbett (Eds.), Denying death: An interdisciplinary
approach to Terror Management Theory (pp. 47–61). New
York, NY: Routledge. A recent review of TMHM research.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The authors declared that they had no conflicts of interest with
respect to their authorship or the publication of this article.
Funding
Most of the research reviewed here that involved Jamie Arndt
and Jamie Goldenberg was supported by National Cancer Insti-
tute Grant R01CA096581.
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APA Citation
EXAMPLE:
Hunt, R. R., Smith, R. E., & Dunlap, K. R. (2011). How does
distinctive processing reduce false recall? Journal of Memory
and Language, 65, 378-389.
(APA format is very specific. I recommend picking up an APA
manual 7th edition. They’re pretty cheap and an amazing
resource. Otherwise, you can find APA format info by googling
“Owl Purdue APA format.”)
NOTE: Different types of sources require different methods of
citation. So, the citation format for a journal article will differ
from that of a book chapter or an internet source.
Research Question
What is the underlying question the researchers were aiming to
answer?
EXAMPLES:
Does masturbation frequency change as a function of age?
Is there a meaningful relationship between sexual preferences
and religious background?
What is the prevalence of HIV in a given population?
21. Do oysters act as an aphrodisiac?
Importance (why would other researchers be interested in this
study?)
What can be gained from the information provided in this
study? How might this inform future research?
Hypotheses
Hypotheses are specific predictions about the general research
question. For example, if the research question is, “Does
masturbation frequency change as a function of age,” then a
hypothesis might be, “As age increases, masturbation frequency
decreases.”
Design & Variables
Design: Descriptive, correlational, meta-analytic, or
experimental?
Independent variable(s): This is “manipulated” variable. Only
experimental designs involve independent variables. If the
research question is, “Do oysters act as an aphrodisiac?” then
the independent variable would be the administration of oysters.
For example, you might have one group of participants who
consume a half-dozen of oysters, another group who consumes a
dozen oysters, and a third group who consumes no oysters (i.e.,
a control group).
Dependent variable(s): This is the “variable of interest.” In
other words, this is the thing that the researchers are trying to
acquire information about. While only experimental designs
include independent variables, all research designs will include
at least one (and sometimes many more) dependent variable. In
the above example, the researchers are wanting to know if the
consumption of oysters increases sexual desire. In order to
determine this, they might measure self-reported sexual desire
22. levels and/or physiological signs of sexual desire, like blood
flow, perspiration, and pupillary dilation. Sexual desire would
be the dependent variable, and these things would be used to
measure it.
Number of participants (n = ____)
This is just the number of individuals who acted as participants
in the study.
Materials & Measures
In psychology, we often have to use indirect measures to
acquire information about a dependent variable. In the above
example involving oysters and sexual desire, the way one might
go about measuring sexual desire could include self-reports,
questionnaires, tools that measure blood flow, eye tracker s that
measure pupil dilation, etc. Any materials that were used to
gather data should be listed/briefly described here.
NOTE: Type of materials used will often differ depending on
the research design. For example, descriptive research often
employs behavioral observations, questionnaires, and/or
surveys.
Brief Description of Procedure
Here, you should provide a brief chronological account of what
participants actually did in the study.
EXAMPLE:
Participants completed informed consents and were randomly
assigned to one of three conditions. Measures of sexual desire
were gathered prior to oyster exposure in order to get baseline
measures for each participant. Depending on condition,
participants then consumed either a half-dozen oysters, a dozen
oysters, or zero oysters. Next, participants again completed the
sexual desire measures so that any change in desire due to
oyster consumption could be inferred.
23. NOTE: Procedures can differ greatly depending on the research
design. For example, a meta-analytic design would involve
analyzing several experimental studies on a particular subject
and then summarizing the collective results.
Results
What did the researchers find? Was there a significant
correlation or experimental effect? If the design was
descriptive, what kind of frequency data did they find?
Limitations (Is there anything about this research that might
affect the generalizability of the results?)
There are always limitations to every research design. More
specifically, there are some limitations that will apply to all
studies employing a given design (e.g., all descriptive research),
and there will be limitations that apply to a particular study. For
example, descriptive and correlational research can be said to
have low internal validity because it is difficult (or impossible)
to control for extraneous variables. Experimental designs, on
the other hand, can be said to have lower external validity
because it often involves a great degree of variable control.
Another common limitation is sample size. Results from a small
sample may be less generalizable than those from a larger
sample. If the researchers utilized a sample of convenience (i.e.,
one that was convenient but might not be representative of the
entire population of interest), this this could also be considered
a limitation.
NOTE: I want you to come up with something to put here. This
might take some critical thought!
How does this inform your group project?
Why is this study relevant to your own project topic?