A molecular biology report for a 58-year-old female patient named CK Kunhamoo showed a SARS-CoV-2 test was negative. The nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swab was tested using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A negative result means SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in the patient's specimen, but does not completely rule out infection and should be considered with the patient's history and presentation. The report provides information on corona viruses, the test methodology, and interpretation of positive and negative results.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
1. LABORATORY REPORT
: P135676
: 10/01/2022 2 :15 PM
: 10/01/2022 2 :53 PM
: 11/01/2022 4 :06 PM
:
Patient ID
Registered On
Collected On
Reported On
External Id
: CK KUNHAMOO
: V134272
: 58 Y/ F
Name
Visit No
Age/Gender
Ref By
Aadhar Card
DOB
: Kalarikkal X ray, Ramanattukara
: XXXX XXXX XXXX
: DDMMYYYY
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORT
Test Name : COVID 19 SARS CoV 2 Detection by Qualitative Real Time PCR
ICMR Registration Number: CARREFLABVKK
SARS-CoV-2 Detection by Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
TEST RESULT
SARS-COV2 NEGATIVE
Specimen Type :
Method :
Nasopharyngeal/Oropharyngeal swab
RTPCR
This Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction test intended to use for the qualitative detection of a novel corona virus which was identified in 2019 at
Wuhan City, Hubei province, China in upper respiratory tract specimens and lower respiratory tract specimens of infected people.
Pathogen information :
Corona viruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome (MERS -CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) is a new strain that has not
been previously identified in humans.
Interpretation :
A "POSITIVE" result indicates that Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA is present in the given sample and
suggests the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Test result should always be considered in the context of patient's clinical history,
physical examination, and epidemiologic exposures.
A "NEGATIVE" result indicates that SARS-CoV-2 is not present in the patient's given specimen. Result should be correlated with patient’s history
and clinical presentation. However it does not rule out the infection completely and should not be used as the sole basis for making decisions related
to treatment and other patient management decisions. A false negative may resulted due to inadequate number of organisms are present in the
specimen due to improper collection, transport or handling
Note: The results relate only to the specimens tested and should be correlated with clinical findings
Interpretation guidance:
1. Testing of referred clinical specimens was considered on the basis of request/referral received
from/ through state surveillance officer(SSO) of concerned State Integrated Disease Surveillance
Programme / any other health care facility affirming requirements of the case definition/s
2.A single negative test result, particularly if this is from an upper respiratory tract specimen, does not exclude infection
3.A positive test result is only tentative, and will be reconfirmed by retesting.
4.Repeat sampling and testing of lower respiratory specimen is strongly recommended in severe or progressive disease. The repeat specimens may be
considered after a gap of 2-4 days after the collection of the first specimen for additional testing if required
5.A positive alternate pathogen does not necessarily rule out either, as little is yet known about the role of coinfections
*** End of Report ***
Page 1 of 1
Dr. Ronald A Roche
MD Microbiology
Consultant Microbiologist
Dr. Reshmi Gopalakrishnan
MD Microbiology
Consultant Microbiologist