This PPT Will help to CAET student In TESTING OF agriculture Implement

1. Agricultural Mechanization In India
 Most developing countries in Asia - Low level of productivity _
Reason is – insufficient power availability on farms.
 Package of modern technology _ besides improved seed,
fertilizer, irrigation facility, Need of time is efficient and
economic farm implements and suitable form of farm power
 Above all mechanization removes drudgery/hazards and
provides respectability and dignity to labour.
 More than 70 % farmers falls in small and marginal category,
no definite policy for Agril.Mechanization in India is emerged.
No fixing of mile stone also.
 Industry has taken initiatives to manufacture. Leads to uneven
mechanization (Faridkot-137 tractors/ha, other parts 1-2
tractor/ha. Tribal belt: manual or animal drawn implements).

2.  Most developing countries in Asia - Low level of productivity _
Reason is – insufficient power availability on farms.
 Package of modern technology _ besides improved seed,
fertilizer, irrigation facility, Need of time is efficient and
economic farm implements and suitable form of farm power
 Above all mechanization removes drudgery/hazards and
provides respectability and dignity to labour.
 More than 70 % farmers falls in small and marginal category,
 No definite policy for Agril.Mechanization in India is emerged.
No fixing of mile stone also.
 Industry has taken initiatives to manufacture. Leads to uneven
mechanization.

3.  FAO Year Book-1999 indicate_ density of tractor_ world
average: 19.15 tractors/1000 ha., 403 tractors/1000 ha in
Japan.
 In India_ 5.59 tractors/1000 ha.
 Improved Implements initiated in1880 with advent of Deptt. Of
Agriculture.
 First steam model tractor imported by sir Joginder singh in
1914.
 Manufacture of tractors and power tillers started in 1960.
 Now a days, we are producing 4.5 lakh tractors annually. Huge
market in the world.
Level of Agricultural Mechanization In India

4.  No state forward policy in India.
 76.4 % small and marginal farmers command 28.7%
cultivable land, large farmers commands 3/4th
of total
cultivable land.
 Two distinct farm mechanization model in world
1. Japanese model_ based on small individually owned farm
machines. (Popular in Korea, Taiwan etc.)
2 Western Model_ large hp machines for dryland
agriculture.
(popular in North America, Australia, Europe etc)
Mechanization Policy

5. Testing and Evaluation Systems
 Agricultural Inputs- improved seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides
are essential for good crop yield. But, the Implements which ensures
best possible use of these inputs are more important.
 Cost reduction at the expenses of quality will be undesirable.
 Quality of farm implements/machines can be maintained by Testing
and Evaluation systems.
 Testing and Evaluation are undertaken to quantify performance of
machine for desired operation.
 Testing means analysis of behaviour of machine when compared
with standard norms/codes under ideal condition.
 Evaluation means measurement of performance under actual field
condition. It also considers economic and social issues addition to
functional performance.

6.  ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is apex body-
International level.
 National Standards Bodies formed on various countries.
 BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards formed in 1947 and begun
collaboratively with ISO.
 Industrial development/agro industrial made use of all natural resources.
Therefore, coordinated, rational and efficient management in resource
mobilization is utmost importance.
 Farm Machinery acceptance is depends on their quality. To reap benefits
of standardization, organized efforts were made by BIS in late 50’s by
setting up Technical Committees for formulation of standards.
 More than 300 standards (Animal drawn implements) have been
published. Later on power operated equipment as well as tractors were
taken up for standardization.
Highlights of works are------
 1. Standardization of specifications and interchangeability of components
 2. Implementation of standards
 3. Certification marks Scheme
Standardization efforts

7. For Manufactures:
• Streamlining of production process and introduction of quality control
• Financial incentives offered by IDBI, Nationalized banks, Govt.schemes
• Better image of products in the market.
• Consumers confidence and goodwill
For Consumers:
• Helps in choosing a standard products
• Protection for exploitation and deception
• Assurance of safety against hazards to life and property.
For Organized purchase:
• Convenient basis for concluding contracts
• Free replacement of products if found substandard product
• Elimination of the need of inspection and testing good purchased.
For Exporters:
• Convenient basis for concluding export contracts
• Exemption from pre-shipment inspection.
For Export Inspection Authorities:
• Elimination of the needs for exhaustive inspection of consignments exported
from the country.
• Saving expenditure, time and labour.
Advantages of Certification scheme

8. Testing programme and Procedures
 In order to obtain accurate results---
it is most important to conduct the testing under a set of standardized
test conditions and to follow standardized test procedure.
 Attempts were made to develop test codes since unorganized testing
was posing problems for rationalizing the performance of various
equipment.
 Test codes and procedure for numbers of farm machinery and tractor
have already formulated and published by BIS.

9. History of Tractor Testing
 World History of tractor testing is only 75 years old.
 First tractor with I.C.engine was introduced in America in 1889.
 “Plough Rating”- tractor performance was judged by comparative
pulling power for M.B.Plough (Demonstration and Fair only).
 In 1919, American farmer and senator of Nebraska raised voice for
compulsory and official testing.
 In 1920, Tractor Testing Act was passed in U.S.A.
 The Agril.Engg. Deptt. In Nebraska University was assigned the
responsibility for tractor testing laboratory and issuing reports. Then
after many testing station were established in different countries in
the world.
 In India, tractors were introduced by import in 40’s in small way.
 Till 1960, India was dependent on imported tractor.
 In 1954, a need was recognized for having National Tractor Testing
Station in the country.
 In 1959, Tractor Testing Station was established at Budni (M.P.) and
first testing report was released in 1961.

10. Testing Systems in India
 Different testing system in India are---
1. National Testing:
• CFMTTI, Budni (M.P.) under Govt.of India
2. Prototype Testing:
• It includes the testing of research prototype and production
prototypes
• Currently, different State Agril.Universities and ICAR Institutes
with Engineering Divisions conduct this type of test.
3. Testing for quality Marketing:
• This is run by BIS under Certification Marks Scheme.

11. Regular National Tests
Following types of regular national tests are conducted on Tractors, Power
tillers and Agricultural Machineries---
A. Confidential Test: providing confidential information of machine
performance that may required by manufactures/applicants.
Scope for this tests are:
1.prototype model before commercial production
2. improved model prior to manufacture of import
3. commercially produced machines with modification in one or more
system.
4. machines submitted for BIS certification scheme
B. Commercial Test: machines ready for commercial production.
i. Initial Commercial Test: indigenous or imported machines for commercial
production
ii. Batch test: continuous improvement in quality tested after certain
interval (for tractors only). Every tractor model, once in every two year are
tested.
iii. Serial test: different models/makes of similar type of machine
iv. Test as per OECD code: test of already undergone initial commercial test
on specific request.

12. 1. Length: Distance between two vertical planes at right angles to the
median plane of the tractor and touching its front and rear extremities.
2. Width: Distance between two vertical planes parallel to median plane of
tractor, each plane touching outermost point of tractor on respective
sides.
3. Height: Distance between supporting surface and horizontal plane
touching the uppermost part of the tractor.
4. Track: Distance between median plane of wheels on the same axle
measured at the point of ground contact.
5. Wheel base: horizontal distance between front and rear wheels
measured at the centre of their point of ground contact.
6. Ground clearance: Distance between firm horizontal supporting surface
and lowest point of the tractor.
7. Position of centre of gravity: Height above supporting surface, Distance
to right or left the median plane of the tractor, Distance from vertical
plane passing through line representing the track of the rear wheels.
8. Turning space diameter: Diameter of the smallest circle described by the
outer most point of the tractor while sharp turning.
Terminology Related to Tractor Testing

13. 9. Turning diameter: Diameter of the circle described by the centre of tyre
contact with the ground of the outermost wheel of the tractor while
sharp turning.
10. Rated speed: engine speed specified by manufacturer for continuous
operation at full load.
11. Engine power: power measure at flywheel or crankshaft, when engine is
running at rated speed.
12. Belt power: power transmitted through belt to a dynemometer for belt
pulley work.
13. Power take-off power: power measured at shaft used for PTO work.
14. Drawbar power: power available at the drawbar sustainable over a
distance of atleast 20 m.
15. Maximum drawbar pull: mean maxi.sustained pull which the tractor can
maintain at the drawbar over a given distance.
16. Specific fuel consumption: Amount of fuel consumed per unit of power
developed per hour. It is widely used to compare the performance of
different engines.
17. Specific energy: work per unit volume of fuel consumed.

14. 18. Slip:
a. Belt slip is determined by following formula---
Belt slip (%) = 100(n0-n1)/n0
where, n0 and n1 are Nos. of RPM of driven pulley at no load and under
load respectively
b. Slip of driving wheel or tracks is given by-----
Wheel or track slip (%) = 100(n1- n0)/n1
where,
n1 = It is the sum of RPM of all driving wheels or tracks for a given
distance with load.
no = It is the sum of RPM of all driving wheels or tracks for same distance
without drawbar load at speed not exceeding 3.5 km/h.

15. General Regulations for Testing of Tractors
1. Selection: sample tractor - random selection from series of production
2. Manufacturer’s Instructions: operated in accordance with mfg instructions
3.Preparation:fuel tank,coolant, lubricant, tyre inflation-prescribed in manual
4. Specification sheet: provide by applicant _check and mark any deviation.
5. Fuels and Lubricants: commercially available in market
6. Auxiliary equipment:hydraulic pump,air compressor-disconnected_ all test
7. Measuring Instruments: inspected and calibrated before use
8. Adjustments of engine during tests: adjustment not changed throughout
9. Operating conditions: atmospheric pressure not less than 96.6kpa.
10. Ballasting: ballasted weight may be fitted.
11. Repairs during tests: all repairs made are reported
12. Fuel consumption: conversion of unit of mass to volume, density at 15° c
13. Testing two version of the same tractor: one version modified to other
14. Suspension of test: abnormality during test or on applicant’s request
15. Retesting: if modified tractor affects performance
16. Atmospheric conditions: a. Temperature: 25-35° c (PTO, Belt pulley and
Engine test), b. Atmospheric pressure: mini.96.6 kpa. required
17. Permissible measurement tolerances: various tolerances _refer book

16. Basic Measurements
In almost all tests to evaluate performance of engine, measurements are--
Speed:
• wide range of speed measuring devices- mechanical tachometer to digital and
triggered electric tachometer.
• Accurate and continuous speed a magnetic pick up is placed near toothed wheel
coupled to engine shaft, which will produce a pulse for every revolution.
Fuel consumption:
• measured by volume of flow in a given time interval and multiplying it by
sp.gravity of fuel.
• Gravimetric method- time consumed for given weight of fuel
• for instantaneous reading- continuous flow like Flotron.
Smoke density:
• smokemeters are carbon density (g/m3)measuring devices
• Bosch smoke meter is very popular.
• Von brand smokemeter give continuous reading of smoke density.
Power measurement:
• Observed power- obtained at dynemometer without correction for temp,
vapour pressure.
• Corrected power: corrected to std.condition of sea level pressure(1.013x10-3
pa), temp (15.5 °C), zero vapour pressure.

17. Tractor Test Items
1. Specification checking
2. PTO performance test
(A)- Under normal (25-35°C) ambient temperature condition
• Test at varying speed
• Two hour test at maxi.power
• Test at standard PTO speed
• Test at varying load
• Test for PTO which is not designed to transmit full power of engine.
(B)- 2-hr.test at maxi.power under high ambient temperature(45+ 2) condition
(C)- Engine test for tractor
3. Belt Pulley performance test
4. Drawbar performance test
A-Test for ballasted tractor
• Maxi.power test
• Ten hour test
B- Test for unballasted tractor
5. Hydraulic performance test
• Hydraulic lift test
• Hydraulic power test
• Maintenance lift load test

18. Tractor Test Items
6. Turning ability test
7. Position of centre of gravity and overturning angle
8. Visibility test
9. Brake test
• Cold brake test
• Hot brake test
• Hand brake test
10. Air cleaner oil pull-over test
11. Noise measurement
• A. Noise at Bystander’s position
• B. Noise at operator’s ear level
12. Mechanical vibration measurement
13. Field test
14. Water proof test
15. Assessment of power drop and wear
• Power drop test
• Wear test