This document provides information about a seminar on the role of insect pathogenic bacteria in integrated pest management. It discusses how 20-40% of crop yields are lost to pests, costing $120 billion globally. After the overuse of synthetic pesticides, more environmentally friendly biopesticides are being explored. The document focuses on entomopathogenic bacteria like Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus sphaericus, Xenorhabdus, Photorhabdus, Serratia, and Chromobacterium subtsugae that produce toxins lethal to various insect pests. It also discusses the commercial use and future prospects of these bacteria in providing targeted, non-polluting alternatives to chemical
Bio-control agents:Insecticidal toxins of Bacillus thuringiensisManisha G
This presentation is all about bio control agents, stressing more about the use of insecticidal toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis as potent biocontrol agent.
Usage spots of biological insecticides in consort with target insect pests or...Premier Publishers
The greatest risks to our environment and health come from chemical insecticides, therefore, overall objective of this article is to protect health of consumer and ensure fair practices in insect and vector controls. Biological insecticides are living organisms or toxins produced by bacteria, viruses and fungi having low toxicity to humans and non-target insects. Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and Baculo virus infect an insect when it ingests them. Others microorganisms, such as fungi, Beauveria bassiana, deposit themselves on insect’s carapace and infiltrate organism that is fatal to ravaging pests. The B. thuringiensis is an insecticidal bacterium, marketed worldwide for control of many important plant pests, mainly caterpillars of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), but also mosquitoes and simuliid blackflies vectors. Commercial Bt products are powders containing mixture of dried spores and toxin crystals used on crops and ornamental plants, around buildings, in aquatic settings, and in aerial applications that are commonly sprays, dusts, granules and pellets. Some crops have been engineered to make the Bt toxin and these plant-incorporated protectants include corn, cotton, and soybeans. Baculo viruses are widely used both as protein expression in vectors and as insect pest control agents, and progress has been made in genetic enhancement of baculo viruses for improved insecticidal efficacy. Treating of crops and stagnant water or pools with Bt can definitely decrease the number of pests and vectors larvae, and therefore, number of adults, but growers and householders may still need to use traps, repellants or other control methods to prevent all pests in an area.
Consequence upon the geometrically rising world population and the increasing pressure on food items, it has become increasingly necessary to increase food production from the present level. The possibility of achieving this is not only to increase production but also to protect the crops cultivated. Crop protection can be achieved through several means. One of such is the use of pesticides. This paper therefore reviews the use of neem extracts as bio-pesticides among other plant species with inherent pesticidal activities. It is no doubt that the chemical pesticides or insecticides possess inherent toxic substances that endangers the ecological environment, operators of application equipment and consumers of the agricultural products. It is therefore important that we encourage the use of biological pesticides as they affect only target pest, are easily biodegradable, increase farm land fertility, environmentally friendly, cost effective and ease of availability. It is also important that because of the low cost of production of biopesticides it should be encouraged as an option in African countries especially Nigeria in agricultural practices.
Insecticidal activities of diketopiperazines of Nomuraea rileyi entomopathoge...IJEAB
Entomopathogenic fungi are fungal organisms extensively used in various parts of the world as biopesticides against insect pests that cause important economic damage. Various secondary metabolites produced by these fungi have many potential biological activities. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the insecticidal activity of extracts and pure compounds from Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson entomopathogenic fungi against Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera), Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera) and Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera), three insect pests that generate serious economic losses in the northwest of Argentina. Diketopiperazines were extracted from the culture free supernatant of the media with ethyl acetate. Antifeedant properties were detected in all extracts under dietary choice conditions (300 ug/ g of diet). The maximum antifeedant activity was noted in cycles (Pro-Val) (86.02) and cycle (Pro-Phe) (73.47), while the rest of the extracts and metabolites exhibited varying degrees of moderate or less toxic effects. The maximum oviposition deterrence against C. capitata (55.86%) was recorded with cycle (Pro-Phe) at a 50 µm/cm2 dose. Culture medium extracts supplemented with insect remains and all pure compounds showed repellent action against T. castaneum. The main repellency was observed in phenylacetic acid and cycle (Pro-Val) with RI values of 42 and 41% respectively. The present study would suggest the possible utilization of entomopathogenic fungal metabolites as an effective agent for controlling insect pests that cause important economic losses.
Bio-control agents:Insecticidal toxins of Bacillus thuringiensisManisha G
This presentation is all about bio control agents, stressing more about the use of insecticidal toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis as potent biocontrol agent.
Usage spots of biological insecticides in consort with target insect pests or...Premier Publishers
The greatest risks to our environment and health come from chemical insecticides, therefore, overall objective of this article is to protect health of consumer and ensure fair practices in insect and vector controls. Biological insecticides are living organisms or toxins produced by bacteria, viruses and fungi having low toxicity to humans and non-target insects. Bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and Baculo virus infect an insect when it ingests them. Others microorganisms, such as fungi, Beauveria bassiana, deposit themselves on insect’s carapace and infiltrate organism that is fatal to ravaging pests. The B. thuringiensis is an insecticidal bacterium, marketed worldwide for control of many important plant pests, mainly caterpillars of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), but also mosquitoes and simuliid blackflies vectors. Commercial Bt products are powders containing mixture of dried spores and toxin crystals used on crops and ornamental plants, around buildings, in aquatic settings, and in aerial applications that are commonly sprays, dusts, granules and pellets. Some crops have been engineered to make the Bt toxin and these plant-incorporated protectants include corn, cotton, and soybeans. Baculo viruses are widely used both as protein expression in vectors and as insect pest control agents, and progress has been made in genetic enhancement of baculo viruses for improved insecticidal efficacy. Treating of crops and stagnant water or pools with Bt can definitely decrease the number of pests and vectors larvae, and therefore, number of adults, but growers and householders may still need to use traps, repellants or other control methods to prevent all pests in an area.
Consequence upon the geometrically rising world population and the increasing pressure on food items, it has become increasingly necessary to increase food production from the present level. The possibility of achieving this is not only to increase production but also to protect the crops cultivated. Crop protection can be achieved through several means. One of such is the use of pesticides. This paper therefore reviews the use of neem extracts as bio-pesticides among other plant species with inherent pesticidal activities. It is no doubt that the chemical pesticides or insecticides possess inherent toxic substances that endangers the ecological environment, operators of application equipment and consumers of the agricultural products. It is therefore important that we encourage the use of biological pesticides as they affect only target pest, are easily biodegradable, increase farm land fertility, environmentally friendly, cost effective and ease of availability. It is also important that because of the low cost of production of biopesticides it should be encouraged as an option in African countries especially Nigeria in agricultural practices.
Insecticidal activities of diketopiperazines of Nomuraea rileyi entomopathoge...IJEAB
Entomopathogenic fungi are fungal organisms extensively used in various parts of the world as biopesticides against insect pests that cause important economic damage. Various secondary metabolites produced by these fungi have many potential biological activities. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the insecticidal activity of extracts and pure compounds from Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson entomopathogenic fungi against Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera), Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera) and Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera), three insect pests that generate serious economic losses in the northwest of Argentina. Diketopiperazines were extracted from the culture free supernatant of the media with ethyl acetate. Antifeedant properties were detected in all extracts under dietary choice conditions (300 ug/ g of diet). The maximum antifeedant activity was noted in cycles (Pro-Val) (86.02) and cycle (Pro-Phe) (73.47), while the rest of the extracts and metabolites exhibited varying degrees of moderate or less toxic effects. The maximum oviposition deterrence against C. capitata (55.86%) was recorded with cycle (Pro-Phe) at a 50 µm/cm2 dose. Culture medium extracts supplemented with insect remains and all pure compounds showed repellent action against T. castaneum. The main repellency was observed in phenylacetic acid and cycle (Pro-Val) with RI values of 42 and 41% respectively. The present study would suggest the possible utilization of entomopathogenic fungal metabolites as an effective agent for controlling insect pests that cause important economic losses.
Pseudomonas fluorescens as plant growth promoting Rhizo- Bacteria and biologi...Innspub Net
The use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to control disastrous diseases in many crops has been considered important recently. The research was conducted to evaluate several bacterial strains to control white rust in chrysanthemum. The research consisted of two chronological experiments, in vitro and in vivo testing of bacterial isolate against the disease. 16 bacteria isolates were collected, purified and applied on the rust-infected leaf. Three isolates showed more effective in suppressing white rust during in vitro testing and further identification confirmed these strains, Pf Kr 2, Pf Smd 2 and Pf Ktl were grouped into P. flourescens. In vivo testing of the Pf isolates also revealed consistent performances of these three Pf isolates in retarding the growth of fungal Puccinia horiana and even more effective than Azotobacter sp. and Azospirilium sp. The production of ethylene on the leaf was coincidence with the slower development and lower disease intensity on the treated plants. Among the three strains, Pf Kr 2 showed stronger suppression to the disease. Further investigations are needed to further elucidate the existence of specific interrelation between Pf strains and plant genotypes or cultivars. Prior to a selection of good bacterial inoculants, it is recommended to select cultivars that benefit from association with these bacteria. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/pseudomonas-fluorescens-as-plant-growth-promoting-rhizo-bacteria-and-biological-control-agents-for-white-rust-disease-in-chrysanthemum/
Gut microflora and their role in susceptibility of lepidopteran pests to baci...Prema Latha
This topic to be covered Types of insect-microbe interactions, Microbial diversity in insects, Role of gut microflora on the susceptibility of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Mode of Action of Bt, Role of gut microflora on the susceptibility of Bt and more case studies supported to this topic.
The biotic stresses are caused by insects, pathogens (viruses, fungi, bacteria), and wounds. The abiotic stresses are due to herbicides, water deficiency (caused by drought, temperature, and salinity), ozone and intense light.
Insect-resistant transgenic crops were first commercialized in the mid-1990s with the introduction of GM corn (maize), potato and cotton plants expressing genes encoding the entomocidal δ-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt; also known as Cry proteins). In 2010, 148 million ha of biotech crops were grown in 29 countries, representing 10% of all 1.5 billion hectares of cropland in the world. The global value of this seed alone was valued at US $11.2 billion in 2010, with commercial biotech maize, soybean grain and cotton valued at approximately US $150 billion per year. In recent years, it has become evident that Bt-expressing crops have made a significant beneficial impact on global agriculture, not least in terms of pest reduction and improved quality. However, because of the potential for pest populations to evolve resistance, and owing to lack of effective control of homopteran pests, alternative strategies are being developed. Some of these are based on Bacillus spp., e.g. vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIPs) or other insect pathogens.
Endophytes are tiny organisms present in living tissues of distinct plants and have been extensively studied for their endophytic microbial complement. Roots of Rosmarinus officinalis were subjected to the isolation of endophytic fungi and screened for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. Genomic DNA from active fungal strain of Trichoderma harzianum was isolated, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using ITS4 and ITS5 primers and sequenced for genetic inference in fungus. The crude extract of T. harzianum isolate with Ethyl acetate was showed significant antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, B. subtilis and E. coli. The antimicrobial activity was highest against P. aeruginosa at concentration of 40μg/ml, followed by S. aureus and K. pneumonia at the same concentration. The lowest antimicrobial activity was against by S. aureus at concentration of 60μg/ml. The current
Molecular detection and antimicrobial activity of Endophytic fungi isolated f...DrGhazwan
Endophytes are tiny organisms present in living tissues of distinct plants and have been extensively studied for their endophytic microbial complement. Roots of Rosmarinus officinalis were subjected to the isolation of endophytic fungi and screened for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. Genomic DNA from active fungal strain of Trichoderma harzianum was isolated, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using ITS4 and ITS5 primers and sequenced for genetic inference in fungus. The crude extract of T. harzianum isolate with Ethyl acetate was showed significant antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, B. subtilis and E. coli. The antimicrobial activity was highest against P. aeruginosa at concentration of 40μg/ml, followed by S. aureus and K. pneumonia at the same concentration. The lowest antimicrobial activity was against by S. aureus at concentration of 60μg/ml. The current study is confirmed that the antimicrobial activity is due to bioactive compounds founded in endophytic fungi.
Abstract— The indiscriminate use of agricultural inputs, such as fertilizers e and synthetic pesticides, can cause high levels of toxic residues in food, biological imbalance, environmental contamination, intoxication of humans and animals, and other direct and indirect effects. The use of plant extracts as alternative insecticides is a way to minimize the problems caused by synthetic insecticides. Insecticides are in the second position in the trading market of agrotoxics in Brazil. The species Tagetes erecta L. and Tagetes patula L. have antioxidant properties, larvicidal, fungicidal, antimicrobial, nematicide and insecticide. In order to verify the possibility of Tagetes sp. extracts be suitable alternative to the use of synthetic insecticides, the bioassays laboratorial were designed through of insect mortality test of Sitophilus zeamais. We evaluated the antioxidant activity by the test of DPPH, in addition to screen the chromatographic profile of the extracts. It is concluded that the extracts evaluated are efficient in insect mortality, checking still considerable amount of antioxidant compounds, as identified also flavonoids, terpenes and alkaloids in extracts. According to these results we conclude that T. erecta and T. patula has phytotoxic compounds that can promote and expand its use as a natural insecticide.
Pseudomonas fluorescens as plant growth promoting Rhizo- Bacteria and biologi...Innspub Net
The use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to control disastrous diseases in many crops has been considered important recently. The research was conducted to evaluate several bacterial strains to control white rust in chrysanthemum. The research consisted of two chronological experiments, in vitro and in vivo testing of bacterial isolate against the disease. 16 bacteria isolates were collected, purified and applied on the rust-infected leaf. Three isolates showed more effective in suppressing white rust during in vitro testing and further identification confirmed these strains, Pf Kr 2, Pf Smd 2 and Pf Ktl were grouped into P. flourescens. In vivo testing of the Pf isolates also revealed consistent performances of these three Pf isolates in retarding the growth of fungal Puccinia horiana and even more effective than Azotobacter sp. and Azospirilium sp. The production of ethylene on the leaf was coincidence with the slower development and lower disease intensity on the treated plants. Among the three strains, Pf Kr 2 showed stronger suppression to the disease. Further investigations are needed to further elucidate the existence of specific interrelation between Pf strains and plant genotypes or cultivars. Prior to a selection of good bacterial inoculants, it is recommended to select cultivars that benefit from association with these bacteria. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/pseudomonas-fluorescens-as-plant-growth-promoting-rhizo-bacteria-and-biological-control-agents-for-white-rust-disease-in-chrysanthemum/
Gut microflora and their role in susceptibility of lepidopteran pests to baci...Prema Latha
This topic to be covered Types of insect-microbe interactions, Microbial diversity in insects, Role of gut microflora on the susceptibility of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Mode of Action of Bt, Role of gut microflora on the susceptibility of Bt and more case studies supported to this topic.
The biotic stresses are caused by insects, pathogens (viruses, fungi, bacteria), and wounds. The abiotic stresses are due to herbicides, water deficiency (caused by drought, temperature, and salinity), ozone and intense light.
Insect-resistant transgenic crops were first commercialized in the mid-1990s with the introduction of GM corn (maize), potato and cotton plants expressing genes encoding the entomocidal δ-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt; also known as Cry proteins). In 2010, 148 million ha of biotech crops were grown in 29 countries, representing 10% of all 1.5 billion hectares of cropland in the world. The global value of this seed alone was valued at US $11.2 billion in 2010, with commercial biotech maize, soybean grain and cotton valued at approximately US $150 billion per year. In recent years, it has become evident that Bt-expressing crops have made a significant beneficial impact on global agriculture, not least in terms of pest reduction and improved quality. However, because of the potential for pest populations to evolve resistance, and owing to lack of effective control of homopteran pests, alternative strategies are being developed. Some of these are based on Bacillus spp., e.g. vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIPs) or other insect pathogens.
Endophytes are tiny organisms present in living tissues of distinct plants and have been extensively studied for their endophytic microbial complement. Roots of Rosmarinus officinalis were subjected to the isolation of endophytic fungi and screened for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. Genomic DNA from active fungal strain of Trichoderma harzianum was isolated, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using ITS4 and ITS5 primers and sequenced for genetic inference in fungus. The crude extract of T. harzianum isolate with Ethyl acetate was showed significant antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, B. subtilis and E. coli. The antimicrobial activity was highest against P. aeruginosa at concentration of 40μg/ml, followed by S. aureus and K. pneumonia at the same concentration. The lowest antimicrobial activity was against by S. aureus at concentration of 60μg/ml. The current
Molecular detection and antimicrobial activity of Endophytic fungi isolated f...DrGhazwan
Endophytes are tiny organisms present in living tissues of distinct plants and have been extensively studied for their endophytic microbial complement. Roots of Rosmarinus officinalis were subjected to the isolation of endophytic fungi and screened for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. Genomic DNA from active fungal strain of Trichoderma harzianum was isolated, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified using ITS4 and ITS5 primers and sequenced for genetic inference in fungus. The crude extract of T. harzianum isolate with Ethyl acetate was showed significant antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, B. subtilis and E. coli. The antimicrobial activity was highest against P. aeruginosa at concentration of 40μg/ml, followed by S. aureus and K. pneumonia at the same concentration. The lowest antimicrobial activity was against by S. aureus at concentration of 60μg/ml. The current study is confirmed that the antimicrobial activity is due to bioactive compounds founded in endophytic fungi.
Abstract— The indiscriminate use of agricultural inputs, such as fertilizers e and synthetic pesticides, can cause high levels of toxic residues in food, biological imbalance, environmental contamination, intoxication of humans and animals, and other direct and indirect effects. The use of plant extracts as alternative insecticides is a way to minimize the problems caused by synthetic insecticides. Insecticides are in the second position in the trading market of agrotoxics in Brazil. The species Tagetes erecta L. and Tagetes patula L. have antioxidant properties, larvicidal, fungicidal, antimicrobial, nematicide and insecticide. In order to verify the possibility of Tagetes sp. extracts be suitable alternative to the use of synthetic insecticides, the bioassays laboratorial were designed through of insect mortality test of Sitophilus zeamais. We evaluated the antioxidant activity by the test of DPPH, in addition to screen the chromatographic profile of the extracts. It is concluded that the extracts evaluated are efficient in insect mortality, checking still considerable amount of antioxidant compounds, as identified also flavonoids, terpenes and alkaloids in extracts. According to these results we conclude that T. erecta and T. patula has phytotoxic compounds that can promote and expand its use as a natural insecticide.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. A
COURSE SEMINAR
ON
ROLE OF INSECT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT AND THEIR PROSPECTS
Presented by:
Sushil Kumar
Ph.D. Entomology
Id- 1859/13
Seminar Incharge:
Dr. S. K. Sachan & Dr. Gaje Singh
Deptt. Of Entomology
3. INTRODUCTION
The attack of pathogenic organisms and insect pests, 20–40% decrease in
crop yield occurs which results in loss of 120 billion US $ worldwide
(Zhou CN.2001).
The global pesticide market is presently growing at a rate of 3.6% per year
and is valued around $ 47 billion (BCC Research, 2010).
After the Second World War, the control of pests mostly relied on
application of synthetic insecticides.
After despite use of synthetic insecticides among these, the insect
resistance development, the destruction of non-target entomofauna
(predators, parasitoids and pollinators,) as well as contamination water and
food and environmentally pollute.
These reasons search of environmentally friendly control systems and their
use in IPM strategies.
4. The developed different strategies to kill the insect
and discovery various entomopathogenic microbial
species bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungi and
microsporidia, nematodes (Vega and Kaya, 2012).
The present work focuses mainly on
entomopathogenic bacteria.
Entomopathogenic bacteria:
Entamopathogenic bacteria are pathogens
that infect insects.
7. Family: Bacillaceae
Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a gram-positive, motile,
rod shaped bacterium produces a parasporal crystal
composed of one or more proteins
The strains of Bt characterized so far affect members
of 3 insect orders: Lepidoptera (butterflies & moths),
Diptera (mosquitoes & biting flies) and Coleoptera
(beetles)
3 Bt products registered in India
B.t. kurstaki is the most commonly used Bt
formulation
B.t. israelensis (diptera)—frequently used for mosquitoes
B.t. kurstaki (lepidoptera)—frequently used for gypsy moth,
spruce budworm, and many vegetable pests
B.t. galleriae (coleoptera)—frequently used for leaf beetle,
Colorado potato beetle
8. Bacillus thuringiensis strains
produce crystalline proteins
(called δ-endotoxins)
Caterpillar consumes the Bt spore
(diagram 1) & crystalline toxin-
treated leaf
The Bt crystalline toxin (diamond shapes in
diagram 2) binds to gut wall receptors, and
the caterpillar stops feeding
Within hours, the gut wall breaks down,
allowing spores (oval tube shapes) and normal
gut bacteria (circular shapes) to enter body
cavity, where the toxin dissolves
The caterpillar dies in 24 to 48 hours from septicemia, as spores and gut
bacteria proliferate in its blood (diagram 3)
Mode Of Action
9. Effect microbial insecticide on H. armigera in Tomato
Treatments % Fruit
infestation
(number)
%Fruit
infestation
(weight)
Yield
(t/ha)
%Yield
increase
over
control
HaNPV @
0. 4 ml/L
17.67 13.11 14.73 37.79
Bt @ 2g/L 13.25 10.85 16.65 55.75
HaNPV & Bt 11.78 9.64 16.92 58.28
control 18.32 17.04 10.69
LSD value
CV%
0.64
8.34
0.58
8.25
0.53
7.04
Rahman et al.,2014
10. Bacillus sphaericus
Bacillus sphaericus species
production of spherical endospores
closely associated with parasporal
crystals containing an equimolar ratio
of Binary protein toxins (BinA and
BinB).
• This toxin has heamoceolic toxicity to
Spodoptera litura.
11. These two active ingredients allow for the
effective control of many of the world's vector
and nuisance pests.
In addition, vegetative cells of certain strains
produce mosquitocidal toxins (Mtx proteins).
Targets pest
Mosquitoes
Black flies
Midges
12. Brevibacillus laterosporus
B. laterosporus is a rod-
shaped, endospore-forming
bacterium production canoe-
shaped parasporal body
(CSPB)and spore coat(SC).
Firstly isolated beginning of
the 20th century by ( White,
1912)
It is an ubiquitous species
that has been isolated from a
wide range of materials
including soil fresh water,
insect bodies, leaf surfaces,
milk, compost etc.
13. Favret & Yousten, 1985
Different Strains toxicity targets
four insect
14. Some of the active compounds of B.
laterosporus
.
References
Warren, G.W. (1997)
Schnepf et al.,2005
Zubasheva, et al., 2010
Rivers, et al., 1991
Bone & Singer 1991
Huang, et al., 2005
Prasanna, et al., 2013
Singer et al., 1997
Saikia, et al., 2011
16. Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus
Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are two
genera of bacteria that symbiotically associate
with specific nematodes.
Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus species
producing insecticidal toxins complex (Tc)
high potential pest management (Waterfield et
al., 2001) and other insecticidal proteins (Pir)
Infect (soil insect, butterflies,flies and beetles
as well as adult forms of beetles, grasshoppers
and crickets.)
Family : Enterobacteriaceae
17. Entomopathogenic Nematodes (EPNs) in the genera Heterorhabditis
and Steinernema are used as biological control agent (BCA) for diverse
insect pests.
Steinernema sp. Heterorhabditis sp.
THE
AMBUSHERS
THE
CRUISERS
EPN Pest
The enemy of my enemy is my friend
Xenorhabdus Photorhabdus spp
18. Mode of action
The juvenile stage penetrate insect through
natural opening and then enters into the
hemocoel.
Start feeding on multiplying bacteria and
disintegrated host tissues.
Toxins produced by nematodes and multiplying
bacteria in the body cavity
kill the insect host usually within 48 hours..
23 generations insect cadaver for seek new host
20. Firstly report entomopathogenic S. marcescens strain
against different developmental stages of S. litura
(Aggarwal et al., 2015)
Chitinase-producing bacteria were isolated from
diseased insect Pieris brassicae and Spodoptera
litura cadavers.
The pADAP plasmid from Serratia entomophila
contains the genes sepA, sepB, and sepC.
Serratia spp.
21. 1. Ingestion of S. entomophila, larvae cease feeding
within 48 hours
2. Their gut, which is normally dark, develops an amber
coloration
• Serratia sp. are responsible for causing amber disease
in grass grubs, costelytra zealandica (jackson et al.,
2001)
Target insect
Boll weevil Tobacco hornworm
House fly Spodoptera litura
Pod borer Honey bee
Grass grubs
23. Yersinia entomophaga
Y. entomophaga is a non-spore-forming
entomopathogenic bacterium production of an
insecticidal toxin complex (Yen-Tc)
Recently discovered species was isolated
from diseased larvae of the New Zealand
grass grub, Costelytra zealandica (Hurst et
al., 2011).
24. Ingestion of Yen-Tc, grass grub larvae displayed an
amber coloration and clearance of gut contents .
Fluid loss through vomiting an excessive expulsion of
discrete frass material.
P. xylostella, initial apical swelling of gut columnar
cells occurred after ingestion of purified Tc from Y.
entomophaga.
The average time to death was 5-6 day
26. Family: Pseudomonadaceae
Root associated bacteria
Widely used for crop protection
P. entomophila, P. Syringae, fluorescens
have insecticidal properties.
P. entomophila
P. entomophila is a ubiquitous
bacterium that orally infects of insects
P. entomophila destroys gut cells of the
fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster
27. Strains of P. fluorescens have insecticidal activity to
aphids, phytophagous and termites (Devi and Kothamasi,
2009)
Combination of P. fluorescens strains was reduce the
incidence of rice leafroller and Rhizoctonia solani
both conditions (Karthiba et al., 2010).
Fit, proteinous toxin to effective -
S. littoralis, H. virescens, P. Xylostella, M. sexta, and
G. mellonella.
30. Family : Neisseriaceae
Chromobacterium subtsugae
C.subtsugae new strain of entomopathogenic bacterium
discovered in 2000 (Martin et al., 2007).
Gram negative soil bacteria production of violecein
introduced diff. bacterium spp. (Hoshino et al., 2011).
PRAA4-1 (Martin et al., 2007)(USA) and C.violaceum
ESBV was isolated from TN (India).
C.subtsugae insectiside approved by (EPA) in 2011
New strain identified (Csp_P) isolate from Aedes
aegypti, that colonize the insect midgut (Ramirez et al.
2014).
31. Commercial product -
Grandevo (MBI 203), MBI 205 & 206
• Broad spectrum control of sucking and chewing
insects(Lepidoptera, Coleoptera), and flies (Grandevo,
2013).
Diamondback moth( mortality 90% in 2-7 days), when fed
a diet including C. substsugae NRRL
32. Colorado potato beetle
Corn rootworms
Small hive beetle
Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)
Gypsy moth
Tobacco hornworm
Sweet potato whitefly
Southern green stink bug
Mosquito Martin et al., 2007
Target pest of Chromobacterium subtsugae
33. Source: Streptomyces avermitilis
Streptomycetes are Gram-positive bacteria
Bioactive secondary metabolites which
valuable alternatives to chemical control
agents less toxic and readily biodegradable
Extract of Streptomyces hydrogenans DH16,
effective against Spodoptera litura.
Streptomyces
36. S. spinosa, in soil collected at an inoperative
sugar mill rum still (Mertz and Yao 1990)
S spinosa produce metabolites 'spinosyns' that
economically, ecologically, and agriculturally
important.
Effective to mites, European Corn Borer,
Colorado Potato Beetle, Western Flower Thrips,
and Grape Berry Moth (Thompson et al. 2000).
Attractive pest management tool because it
degrades quickly via photolysis (Kirst 2010).
Commercial products-
Conserve® , Tracer ® and Entrust®
Saccharopolyspora spinosa
37. Spinosad
Source: Saccharopolyspora spinosa
Formulations: 45% SC (Tracer ® )
Spinosad are acquired by fermentation of S.
spinosa cultures, spinosyns A and spinosyn D,
Spinosyns bind to and stimulate the Ach
receptor on the post-synapse nerve.
Spinosad intoxication is characterized by
excitation of the nervous system, leading to
involuntary muscle contractions, tremors and
paralysis.
39. Future Prospects
Environmentally safe the Bts and their insecticidal
crystal proteins are going to increase in the future,
with the wide adoption of transgenic crops.
The Biopesticides industry is estimated to grow at a
CAGR of 15.5% by volume and 16.82% by value
terms during 2015- 2020.
Discovery of new toxins and new ways of presenting
the toxin to the target insects.
40. Development of recombinant microorganisms and
proteomic technology, could be adapted to the study of
Bt crystal proteins.
Improvement of existing Bt application strategies and
the ability to design alternative options.
A most promising area of investigation is the
discovery, identification and validation of molecular
targets for development of new insecticides.
41. Stand-alone products for pest management in organic
farming.
Bio-pesticides easily biodegradable, target-specific with
very low mammalian toxicity
Entomopathogenic bacterial recognized as lower risk
substances than conventional chemical pesticides
Biopesticides use in IPM safe for workers, the reduction
of residues on crop.
Besides optimizing efficacy, modern pest management
strategies tend to minimize the impact on the
environment and on non-target organisms.
Conclusion