The study was carried out with the aim of sourcing for bacteria from the natural environment having antifungal capabilities to control and inhibit postharvest fungal spoilage of fruits and vegetables caused by Botrytis cinerea. Soil and water samples were collected from Heriot Watt University environment and Dr Ruth Fowler’s garden and inoculated using the spread plate technique; identification was carried out using Microbact Identification kits; and isolates assayed for antifungal activities against Botrytis cinerea. Forty eight bacteria species were isolated out of which sixteen (16) belonging to genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Escherichia, Burkholderia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Proteus showed antifungal activities. Bacteria species Pseudomonas stutzeri and Burkholderia cepacia had the highest zones of inhibition with average radii of 3.06 and 3.20 cm respectively. The bacteria had the potential to inhibit mycelial and spore growth at varying levels thus making them possible candidates for further tests and studies. Considering the aim of the study, further research into identifying these antifungal isolates inhibitory compounds and metabolites is highly recommended.
Biological Control of Post-harvest Disease of Blue Mould (Penicillium expansu...AymenIsmaelAhmed
Biological Control of Post-harvest Disease of Blue Mould (Penicillium expansum) of Pear Fruit by using Antagonist Microorganisms under Laboratory and Cold Storage Conditions
The study was carried out with the aim of sourcing for bacteria from the natural environment having antifungal capabilities to control and inhibit postharvest fungal spoilage of fruits and vegetables caused by Botrytis cinerea. Soil and water samples were collected from Heriot Watt University environment and Dr Ruth Fowler’s garden and inoculated using the spread plate technique; identification was carried out using Microbact Identification kits; and isolates assayed for antifungal activities against Botrytis cinerea. Forty eight bacteria species were isolated out of which sixteen (16) belonging to genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Escherichia, Burkholderia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Proteus showed antifungal activities. Bacteria species Pseudomonas stutzeri and Burkholderia cepacia had the highest zones of inhibition with average radii of 3.06 and 3.20 cm respectively. The bacteria had the potential to inhibit mycelial and spore growth at varying levels thus making them possible candidates for further tests and studies. Considering the aim of the study, further research into identifying these antifungal isolates inhibitory compounds and metabolites is highly recommended.
Biological Control of Post-harvest Disease of Blue Mould (Penicillium expansu...AymenIsmaelAhmed
Biological Control of Post-harvest Disease of Blue Mould (Penicillium expansum) of Pear Fruit by using Antagonist Microorganisms under Laboratory and Cold Storage Conditions
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...IJEABJ
Chitosan play an important role as an antifungal against Botrytis cinerea and the effect was a concentration dependent. The obtained results of in vitro experiment demonstrated that chitosan (4%) decreased radial growth of B. cinereato 2 %. Invivo the severity of infection reduced from 59.8 and 100.0 to 9.7, 33.8 and 40.1 in first, second and third week’s storage periods at 13C, respectively. Also, chitosan coating (4%) significantly caused an increase in fruit firmness whereas TSS was decreased with an increase by increasing in storage time. However,Vitamin C gave fluctuated results by increasing storage time. Gamma irradiation at 2.5 KGy reduced severity (%) of infected fruits from 55.5, 100 and 100 to 31.7, 45.9 and 49.9 and in healthy fruits severity (%) reduced from 48.9, 100 and 100 to 23.3, 25.1 and 29.1 in different storage periods 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. Similarly, chitosan as well as gamma irradiation combination induced a significant increase of peroxidase enzyme (POD) activity. Induced changes in surface morphology and damage of cell structure caused by using chitosan shown by scanning electron microscopy. Also, gamma irradiation causes changes in hyphea structure and in surface morphology but combination of gamma irradiation with chitosan was more effective in altering fungus morphology and cell structure damage and no spore forming. This providing the efficiency of combination on reducing disease severity (%) of strawberry.
Autophagy and its role in plants - By Tilak I S, Dept. of Biotechnology, UASD.Tilak I S
Autophagy (Macroautophagy) a term from the Greek ‘auto’ (self) and ‘phagein’ (to eat), is a highly regulated cellular degradation and recycling process, conserved from yeast to more complex eukaryotes. The process involves sequestration of the cytoplasm into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, which subsequently fuse with lysosomes or vacuoles. The products of autophagic degradation of intracellular material are exported from lysosomes into the cytoplasm where they are recycled (Tang et al., 2018).
Autophagy is activated during various extracellular or intracellular factors such as nutrients deprivation, drought, stresses, and pathogenic invasion to degrade damaged, denatured, and aggregated proteins (Floyd et al., 2015). The mechanism of autophagy induction and regulation is carried out by TOR (Target of Rapamycin) complex and a number of autophagy related genes (ATGs) and proteins which have been identified in higher eukaryotes including yeasts, mammals, and plants (arabidopsis, rice, wheat, tomato and maize etc.) (Ryabovol and Minibayeva., 2016). In plants autophagy is essential for various physiological processes like growth and development, elimination of toxic compounds from the plants Eg: ROS (reactive oxygen species), involved in programmed cell death, nutrients recycling under detrimental environmental factors. Li et al. (2015) transferred an autophagy-related gene, SiATG8a, from foxtail millet to arabidopsis. Through expression profile analyses demonstrated that SiATG8a expression was induced by both drought and nitrogen starvation and over-expression of SiATG8a improved tolerance to nitrogen starvation and drought stress in transgenic Arabidopsis.
The study of autophagy in crop species has been expanding rapidly. Functions of autophagy in development, abiotic stress responses and plant–microbe interactions have been deciphered in various species (Kabbage et al., 2013). New findings such as the involvement of autophagy in reproductive development are increasing our understanding of autophagy but much work is still needed. One interesting topic that warrants more attention is the role of autophagy in organs or tissues that are specifically present in certain crops, for example fruits and nodules.
Considering its importance in development and stress responses, autophagy is a promising target to manipulate for agricultural benefits like higher yield. Increased expression of ATG genes may be valuable in agricultural applications, as this can confer a number of benefits to plants, including enhanced growth, higher yield and increased stress tolerance.
Efficacy of Microbial Biopesticide Formulations in the control of Xanthomonas...Open Access Research Paper
The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) occupies an important place in the world because of its cashew nut. However, its cultivation is confronted with bacteriosis, a bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae. This disease is one of the main causes of the low yield per hectare of cashew nuts, which fluctuates between 350 and 500 kg/ha. In view of this, it is wise to find ways of controlling this disease. It is in this context the objective of this work was to produce bio-formulations based on bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew trees, in order to evaluate their effectiveness on the growth of the agent responsible for cashew bacteriosis (Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae). Thus, two liquid formulations were made from Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew. Stability, in vitro antagonism and biocontrol tests against Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae were performed. The results obtained showed an inhibition of the Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae bacterium with inhibition zones of 8.13 ± 2.1 and 25.20 ± 3.9 mm in diameter respectively for the products formulated with Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In biocontrol tests, both formulated products showed their ability to protect cashew plants against bacterial blight with reduction rates of 80.95 ± 2.3 % and 73.80 ± 5.2% for the Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis formulations, respectively. These two formulations of bacterial, once tested in cashew plantations, could be used in the biological control of cashew bacterial blight in Côte d’Ivoire.
Harvesting of Spirulina platensis using an eco-friendly fungal bioflocculant ...MHAASAID
This study aimed to produce fungal biomass from agro-industrial by-products for later use as a bioflocculant in
the Spirulina harvesting. The production of fungal biomass from Aspergillus niger was carried out in submerged
fermentation, using media composed of wheat bran and/or potato peel. Fungal biomass was used as a bioflocculant in Spirulina cultures carried out in closed 5 L reactors and 180 L open raceway pond operated in batch
and semi-continuous processes, respectively. Fungal biomass was able to harvest Spirulina platensis cultures with
SIGS-A potential biopesticide strategy in Plant Disease Management.pptxVajrammaBoggala
Sustainable Plant Disease Management (PDM) demands novel, eco-friendly, cost-effective and transgenic-free strategies. Plant breeding is obstructed by inadequate disease-resistant sources, and still involves a costly, time-consuming transgenic process, even with the most advanced gene editing technologies like Crispr/cas9 and the existing RNA interference (RNAi) technologies like Host Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS) and Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS). As a result, current crop protection strategies are majorly depending on chemical pesticides at the cost of environmental safety, which is creating an urgent need to develop alternative means in plant protection to avoid chemical pesticides and time consuming transgenic approaches. Recent new studies demonstrated the most advanced gene silencing strategy such as Spray Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS) i.e. spraying double stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) on plant surfaces by targeting essential pathogen genes to silence/knockdown the mRNA at post transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) level in order to confer crop protection in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. Globally lot of research work is going on efficacy of dsRNA sprays, formulations, delivery methods and its commercial production, to exploit the advantage in PDM
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
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Chitosan play an important role as an antifungal against Botrytis cinerea and the effect was a concentration dependent. The obtained results of in vitro experiment demonstrated that chitosan (4%) decreased radial growth of B. cinereato 2 %. Invivo the severity of infection reduced from 59.8 and 100.0 to 9.7, 33.8 and 40.1 in first, second and third week’s storage periods at 13C, respectively. Also, chitosan coating (4%) significantly caused an increase in fruit firmness whereas TSS was decreased with an increase by increasing in storage time. However,Vitamin C gave fluctuated results by increasing storage time. Gamma irradiation at 2.5 KGy reduced severity (%) of infected fruits from 55.5, 100 and 100 to 31.7, 45.9 and 49.9 and in healthy fruits severity (%) reduced from 48.9, 100 and 100 to 23.3, 25.1 and 29.1 in different storage periods 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. Similarly, chitosan as well as gamma irradiation combination induced a significant increase of peroxidase enzyme (POD) activity. Induced changes in surface morphology and damage of cell structure caused by using chitosan shown by scanning electron microscopy. Also, gamma irradiation causes changes in hyphea structure and in surface morphology but combination of gamma irradiation with chitosan was more effective in altering fungus morphology and cell structure damage and no spore forming. This providing the efficiency of combination on reducing disease severity (%) of strawberry.
Autophagy and its role in plants - By Tilak I S, Dept. of Biotechnology, UASD.Tilak I S
Autophagy (Macroautophagy) a term from the Greek ‘auto’ (self) and ‘phagein’ (to eat), is a highly regulated cellular degradation and recycling process, conserved from yeast to more complex eukaryotes. The process involves sequestration of the cytoplasm into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, which subsequently fuse with lysosomes or vacuoles. The products of autophagic degradation of intracellular material are exported from lysosomes into the cytoplasm where they are recycled (Tang et al., 2018).
Autophagy is activated during various extracellular or intracellular factors such as nutrients deprivation, drought, stresses, and pathogenic invasion to degrade damaged, denatured, and aggregated proteins (Floyd et al., 2015). The mechanism of autophagy induction and regulation is carried out by TOR (Target of Rapamycin) complex and a number of autophagy related genes (ATGs) and proteins which have been identified in higher eukaryotes including yeasts, mammals, and plants (arabidopsis, rice, wheat, tomato and maize etc.) (Ryabovol and Minibayeva., 2016). In plants autophagy is essential for various physiological processes like growth and development, elimination of toxic compounds from the plants Eg: ROS (reactive oxygen species), involved in programmed cell death, nutrients recycling under detrimental environmental factors. Li et al. (2015) transferred an autophagy-related gene, SiATG8a, from foxtail millet to arabidopsis. Through expression profile analyses demonstrated that SiATG8a expression was induced by both drought and nitrogen starvation and over-expression of SiATG8a improved tolerance to nitrogen starvation and drought stress in transgenic Arabidopsis.
The study of autophagy in crop species has been expanding rapidly. Functions of autophagy in development, abiotic stress responses and plant–microbe interactions have been deciphered in various species (Kabbage et al., 2013). New findings such as the involvement of autophagy in reproductive development are increasing our understanding of autophagy but much work is still needed. One interesting topic that warrants more attention is the role of autophagy in organs or tissues that are specifically present in certain crops, for example fruits and nodules.
Considering its importance in development and stress responses, autophagy is a promising target to manipulate for agricultural benefits like higher yield. Increased expression of ATG genes may be valuable in agricultural applications, as this can confer a number of benefits to plants, including enhanced growth, higher yield and increased stress tolerance.
Efficacy of Microbial Biopesticide Formulations in the control of Xanthomonas...Open Access Research Paper
The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) occupies an important place in the world because of its cashew nut. However, its cultivation is confronted with bacteriosis, a bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae. This disease is one of the main causes of the low yield per hectare of cashew nuts, which fluctuates between 350 and 500 kg/ha. In view of this, it is wise to find ways of controlling this disease. It is in this context the objective of this work was to produce bio-formulations based on bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew trees, in order to evaluate their effectiveness on the growth of the agent responsible for cashew bacteriosis (Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae). Thus, two liquid formulations were made from Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew. Stability, in vitro antagonism and biocontrol tests against Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae were performed. The results obtained showed an inhibition of the Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae bacterium with inhibition zones of 8.13 ± 2.1 and 25.20 ± 3.9 mm in diameter respectively for the products formulated with Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In biocontrol tests, both formulated products showed their ability to protect cashew plants against bacterial blight with reduction rates of 80.95 ± 2.3 % and 73.80 ± 5.2% for the Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis formulations, respectively. These two formulations of bacterial, once tested in cashew plantations, could be used in the biological control of cashew bacterial blight in Côte d’Ivoire.
Harvesting of Spirulina platensis using an eco-friendly fungal bioflocculant ...MHAASAID
This study aimed to produce fungal biomass from agro-industrial by-products for later use as a bioflocculant in
the Spirulina harvesting. The production of fungal biomass from Aspergillus niger was carried out in submerged
fermentation, using media composed of wheat bran and/or potato peel. Fungal biomass was used as a bioflocculant in Spirulina cultures carried out in closed 5 L reactors and 180 L open raceway pond operated in batch
and semi-continuous processes, respectively. Fungal biomass was able to harvest Spirulina platensis cultures with
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Sustainable Plant Disease Management (PDM) demands novel, eco-friendly, cost-effective and transgenic-free strategies. Plant breeding is obstructed by inadequate disease-resistant sources, and still involves a costly, time-consuming transgenic process, even with the most advanced gene editing technologies like Crispr/cas9 and the existing RNA interference (RNAi) technologies like Host Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS) and Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS). As a result, current crop protection strategies are majorly depending on chemical pesticides at the cost of environmental safety, which is creating an urgent need to develop alternative means in plant protection to avoid chemical pesticides and time consuming transgenic approaches. Recent new studies demonstrated the most advanced gene silencing strategy such as Spray Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS) i.e. spraying double stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) on plant surfaces by targeting essential pathogen genes to silence/knockdown the mRNA at post transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) level in order to confer crop protection in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. Globally lot of research work is going on efficacy of dsRNA sprays, formulations, delivery methods and its commercial production, to exploit the advantage in PDM
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Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
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In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
2. Dept. of Plant Pathology 2
Importance of fruits and vegetables
(Jideani et al., 2021)
Antioxidants are important ingredients present in fruits
and vegetables
3. Dept. of Plant Pathology 3
What is post harvest diseases
The diseases which develop on harvested parts of the plants
like seeds, fruits and also on vegetables are known as post-
harvested diseases
(Wan et al., 2021)
14. 14
Dept. of Plant Pathology
Role of Chitosan in Post harvest Disease
Management
Arun A.T.
2020-21-011
Dept. of Plant Pathology
15. Dept. of Plant Pathology
1
5
1. Introduction
2. What is chitosan
3. Importance of chitosan in post harvest disease management
4. Management of bacterial diseases by chitosan
5. Mechanism of action of bacterial disease management
6. Management of fungal diseases by using chitosan
7. Mechanism of action of fungal disease management
8. Effect of chitosan coating on physiological quality parameters
9. Problems associated with the usage of chitosan
10. Conclusion
11. Future perspective
Contents
16. Dept. of Plant Pathology 16
What is chitosan
Chitosan is a high molecular weight cationic
polysaccharide consisting of β-(1-4)-linked D-glucosamine
(deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and usually
refers to a family of chitin derivatives obtained after partial
deacetylation
(Haghighi et al., 2020)
17. Dept. of Plant Pathology 17
NHCOCH3
NH2
Difference between chitin and chitosan
Chitin Chitosan
(Bibi et al., 2021)
18. Dept. of Plant Pathology 18
Prof. C. Rouget
(1859)
Discovery of chitosan
(Torres-Rodriguez et al., 2021)
19. 19
Dept. of Plant Pathology
Sources of chitosan
Fungal cell walls
Insect exoskeletons
Crustacean shells
Crab
shell
Shrimp
shell
(Yang et al., 2021)
20. Dept. of Plant Pathology 20
Extraction of chitosan
1.Biological method
2.Chemical method
Different Methods
(Varun et al., 2017)
21. Dept. of Plant Pathology 21
Major steps
1.Demineralization
2.Deproteination
3.Deacetylation
Extraction of chitosan
(Varun et al., 2017)
22. Dept. of Plant Pathology (Schmitz et al., 2019)
Biological method
Shrimp
shell waste
Crude shell
material
Demineralized
shell material
Chitin
Deproteinated
shell waste
Chitosan
Washing and drying
Lactic acid bacteria
Deacetylases
Proteolytic bacteria
Deminaralization
Deproteination
Deacetylation
22
23. 23
Dept. of Plant Pathology
Chemical method
Shrimp
shell waste
Deminaralized
powder
Chitin
Chitosan
Washing and drying
2N HCl (1:15), 2h,
150 rpm
2N NaoH (1:20), 2h, 150
rpm at 50°C
50%
NaOH, 1h
at 121°C,
15 psi
Demineralization
Deproteination
Deacetylation
Shrimp shell
powder
(Varun et al., 2017)
24. Dept. of Plant Pathology 24
Various applications of chitosan
Agriculture
Food industry
Pharmaceutical industry
Cosmetic industry
Water treatment
Paper industry
(Sigroha and Khatkar, 2017)
25. Dept. of Plant Pathology 25
Application of chitosan in agriculture
Biopesticide
Growth promoter
Post harvest disease management
(Bandara et al., 2020)
26. 26
Dept. of Plant Pathology
Importanant charecteristics of chitosan
Antioxidant
Biodegradability
Chemical stability
Antimicrobial
Non-toxicity
Film-forming
(Haghighi et al., 2020)
27. Dept. of Plant Pathology 27
Chitosan treatment -fresh products - safe -consumer &
environment
Chitosan - approved
United State Food and Drug Administration (USFDA)
Generally Reconized as Safe (GRAS) food additives
(Bibi et al., 2021)
28. Dept. of Plant Pathology 28
Preparation of chitosan solution
1. Chitosan solutions were prepared by dissolving Chitosan (1%
(w/v)) in 0.25N HCl.
2. The solution was centrifuged to remove undissolved particles
and the pH was adjusted to 5.6 with 1N NaOH.
At this pH, Chitosan is positively charged and exhibits
maximal biological activity.
(Prabha and Sivakumar, 2017)
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Dipping method of chitosan application
(Romanazzi, 2010)
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Product trade name Company (Country) Formulation Active
ingredient (%)
Chito plant ChiPro GmbH (Bremen, Germany Powder 99.9
Chito plant ChiPro GmbH (Bremen,
Germany)
Liquid 2.5
OII-YS Venture Innovations (Lafayette,
LA, United States)
Liquid 5.8
KaitoSo Advanced Green
Nanotechnologies Sdn Bhd
(Cambridge, United Kingdom)
Liquid 12.5
Armour-Zen Botry-Zen Limited (Dunedin,
New Zealand)
Liquid 14.4
Biorend Bioagro S.A. (Chile) Liquid
Kiforce Alba Milagro (Milan, Italy) Liquid 6
(Romanazzi et al., 2018)
Commercial products of chitosan
1.25
31. Dept. of Plant Pathology 31
Product trade name Company (Country) Formulation Active
ingredient (%)
FreshSeal BASF Corporation (Mount Olive,
NJ, United States)
Liquid 2.5
ChitoClear Primex ehf (Siglufjordur,
Iceland)
Powder
Bioshield Seafresh (Bangkok, Thailand) Powder
Biochikol 020 PC Gumitex (Lowics, Poland) Liquid 2
Kadozan Lytone Enterprise, Inc. (Shanghai
Branch, China)
Liquid 2
Kendal cops Valagro (Atessa, Italy) Liquid 4
Chitosan 87% Korea Chengcheng Chemical
Company (China)
TC (Technical
material)
87
Commercial products of chitosan
(Romanazzi et al., 2018)
100
100
32. 32
Dept. of Plant Pathology
pH
pH
Concentration
Molecular weight
Degree of deacetylation
Derivatives of chitosan
Type of organisms
Source of chitosan
Chitosan complexes
Factors affecting microbial activity of chitosan
(Ke et al., 2021)
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pH
Higher antimicrobial activity at low pH; Ideal pH ≤ 6
Anti
microbial
activity
(Kravanja et al., 2019)
pH
34. Dept. of Plant Pathology 34
Concentration
Effects of chitosan concentration on spore germination (A) and germ tube
elongation (B) of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum 12 h after
incubation at 25 °C.
(Liu et al., 2007)
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Molecular weight
Effect of low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) and high molecular weight
chitosan (HMWC) on decay of citrus fruits caused by Penicillium digitatum,
Penicillium italicum, Botrydiplodia lecanidion and Botrytis cinerea
(Zhang et al., 2011)
HMWC
LMWC
36. Dept. of Plant Pathology 36
Degree of deacetylation (DD)
Degree of deacetylation Class Property
70–85% Middle Partly dissolved in water
85–95% High Good solubility in water
95–100% Ultrahigh Excellent solubility in
water
(Zhuang et al., 2019)
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Derivatives of chitosan
Carboxymethyl chitosan
Quaternized carboxymethyl chitosan
(Sun et al., 2006)
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Effect of chitosan and oligochitosan with different concentrations on brown rot
diseases of peach fruit stored at 25 0C after 4 days
(Ma et al., 2013)
Role of chitosan and oligochitosan on peach fruit decay
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Type of organisms
Bacteria generally less sensitive to the antimicrobial action of
chitosan than fungi
(Kong et al., 2010)
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Source of chitosan
Fungal chitosan exhibited low antimicrobial activity as
compared to what crustacean shell chitosan
(Jeihanipour et al., 2007)
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Reduction in the linear growth and spore germination (%) of Penicillium
digitatum and P.italicum in citrus fruits as affected by different concentrations
of chitosan, lemongrass and citral essential oils on PDA medium
(El-Mohamedy et al., 2015)
43. Dept. of Plant Pathology 43
Chitosan
+Ve
-Ve
+Ve
-Ve
Electrostatic interaction
General antimicrobial action of chitosan
Pathogen
(Xing et al., 2015)
44. Chitosan-DNA/RNA interactions
• Chitosan able to pass through the microbial cell membrane
44
Dept. of Plant Pathology
mRNA
Proteins
Chitosan
(Xing et al., 2015)
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Management of bacterial diseases by using chitosan
The in vitro antibacterial activity of different molecular weights of chitosan products
against A. tumefaciens, C. fascians, E. carotovora, and P. solanacearum and in
combination with different concentrations of geraniol and thymol by nutrient agar (NA)
dilution technique.
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47
Photograph of the in vitro growth of A. tumefaciens, C. fascians, E.
carotovora, and P. solanacearum in NA plates incorporated with
chitosan film enriched with thymol (0.5%)
(Badawy et al., 2016)
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Mechanism of action of bacterial disease management
Differences in the cell surface structure G +ve and G -ve bacteria
-distinct susceptibilities to chitosan.
(Pasquina-Lemonche et al., 2020)
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Dept. of Plant Pathology
Antimicrobial activity against G +ve bacteria
(Ke et al., 2021)
50. 50
Dept. of Plant Pathology
Antimicrobial activity against G -ve bacteria
(Ke et al., 2021)
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Management of fungal diseases by using chitosan
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Effect of chitosan on mycelial growth of Colletotrichum capsici
(Akter et al., 2018)
Treatments Average mycelial growth
after 10 days (mm)
% of mycelial growth
inhibition over control
Control 90.00 a -
0.4% chitosan 64.30 b 28.56
0.6% chitosan 36.70 c 59.22
0.8% chitosan 11.00 d 87.78
1% chitosan 0.00 e 100.00
1.2% chitosan 0.00 d 100.00
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Mycelial growth inhibition of C. capsici by chitosan on PDA
Control 0.6% chitosan 0.8% chitosan 1% chitosan
(Akter et al., 2018)
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In vitro development of three chitosan-treated isolates of
Colletotrichum obtained from soursop, mango and banana held
at different concentrations and incubated at 20 ± 2ºC
(Gutierrez-Martinez et al., 2017)
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Mechanism of action of fungal disease management
56. 56
Dept. of Plant Pathology
Antimicrobial activity against fungi
Fungi
(Ke et al., 2021)
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Effect of chitosan on spore germination
Penicillium expansum
(Li et al., 2019)
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Effect of chitosan on fungal growth
Penicillium expansum
(Li et al., 2019)
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Morphological changes in response to chitosan
Light micrographs of P. expansum mycelia after 7 days of
cultivation with or without 0.05% chitosan treatment
(Li et al., 2019)
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Transmission electron micrographs of P. expansum conidia after
6 h of cultivation with or without 0.05% chitosan treatment
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Effect of chitosan coating on physiological quality
parameters
Total soluble solid
Fungal decay
Weight loss
Firmness
Respiration
(Aziz et al., 2021)
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Respiration
Changes in respiration rate of plum fruits coated with Chitosan during
cold storage.
(Bal, 2013)
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Weight loss
Change in weight loss of fresh-cut mangoes stored at 6°C
(Nongtaodum and Jangchud, 2009)
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Firmness
Effects of chitosan treatments on firmness of banana (cv. Sabri)
during 8 days after storage
(Aziz et al., 2021)
A Firmness scores:
1 = hard green
2 = sprung
3 = between sprung and
eating ripe
4 = eating ripe
5 = over ripe
6 = Blackened / rotten.
T0: Control
T1: 0.50% Chitosan
T2: 0.75% Chitosan
T3: 1.0% Chitosan
T4: 1.5% Chitosan
T5: 2.0% Chitosan
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Fungal decay
(Lin et al., 2011)
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Total soluble solid(TSS)
Effect of chitosan coating on TSS of banana fruit
(Hossain and Iqbal, 2016)
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(Prabha and Sivakumar, 2017)
Effect of chitosan treatments on shelf life of capsicum at
different concentration
4 Fourth
Day
Wrinkle were formed and size
began to shrink
No Change No Change
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(Prabha and Sivakumar, 2017)
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Day 1
Day 3
Day 2
Day 4
(Prabha and Sivakumar, 2017)
Effect of chitosan treatments on shelf life of capsicum at
different concentration
Control; 1% Chitosan; 3% Chitosan
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Day 5 Day 6
Day 7 Day 8
(Prabha and Sivakumar, 2017)
Control; 1% Chitosan; 3% Chitosan
Effect of chitosan treatments on shelf life of capsicum at
different concentration
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Effect of chitosan on tomato
(Prabha and Sivakumar, 2017)
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Day 1 Day 2
Day 3 Day 4
(Prabha and Sivakumar, 2017)
Control; 1% Chitosan; 3% Chitosan
Effect of chitosan treatments on shelf life of tomato at
different concentration
73. Dept. of Plant Pathology 73
(Prabha and Sivakumar, 2017)
Day 5 Day 6
Day 7 Day 8
Control; 1% Chitosan; 3% Chitosan
Effect of chitosan treatments on shelf life of capsicum at
different concentration
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Problems associated with the usage of chitosan
•Molecular weight
•Purity
•Solubility
•Its characteristics and biodiversity
• Not sufficient data on different effects on the fungi
affecting the fruits or vegetables
(Verlee et al., 2017)
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Conclusion
•Chitosan, naturally occurring compound, possessing broad-spectrum
antimicrobial effects potential in agriculture with regard to controlling
post harvest diseases
•Its application may counteract the wide use of chemical pesticides, in
part at least
•The polysaccharide chitosans represent a renewable source of natural
biodegradable polymers and meet with the emergence of more and
more food safe problem
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Future perspective
•The mechanisms of growth inhibition of pathogens and induced plant
immunity is unclear
• Chemical modification - enhance its antimicrobial activities, improve
the physical and chemical properties, and make it more suitable for
field applications
•In the case of antimicrobial mode of action, future work should aim at
clarifying the actual target molecule on the cell surface or other
intracellular targets