Rock_Mechanics_Stress.pptx
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This document discusses stress in rock mechanics and engineering. It defines stress as a tensor quantity requiring six values to fully describe the stress state at a point, including three normal stress components and three shear stress components. It explains that tensors have magnitude, direction, and orientation, unlike scalars and vectors. The document also presents the stress components on a small cube within rock and how these are organized into a stress matrix.
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- Sequence stratigraphy subdivides strata using surfaces that represent changes in relative sea level, including sequence boundaries, maximum flooding surfaces, and systems tracts like transgressive and highstand.
- Facies describe the characteristics of sediment deposited in different environments, and sequence stratigraphy studies the geometric relationships between facies belts to interpret depositional history.
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Submarine canyons cut across continental shelves and slopes, carrying sediment from rivers and coastal areas to deep ocean basins. Submarine fans form at the mouths of canyons, accumulating sediment across the continental slope in a fan-shaped pattern. Sediment transport within submarine fans occurs through various mechanisms like debris flows, density currents, and turbidity currents, resulting in deposition of turbidite sequences that can be studied to understand ancient submarine fan environments.
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vdocument.in_unit-1-introduction-to-sedimentology-and-stratigraphy.pptx
Sediments form through the weathering and erosion of rocks, followed by transportation and deposition. There are three main types of sediments: mechanical (clastic), chemical, and organic. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments via the process of diagenesis. Sedimentology involves the study of sediment formation and depositional environments, while stratigraphy examines the temporal and spatial relationships between sedimentary strata. Key methods used in sedimentology include facies analysis, particle size and shape analysis, lithological analysis, and stratigraphic mapping and description.
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This document discusses key petrophysical properties of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir rocks including porosity, permeability, saturation, and capillarity. It defines porosity as the ratio of pore space to total volume, permeability as the ability of rocks to allow fluid flow through interconnected pores, saturation as the volume of pore space occupied by a fluid, and capillarity as the pressure difference between fluids across curved interfaces in rock pores. Accurate analysis and modeling of these petrophysical properties is important for estimating petroleum reserves and recovery efficiency from reservoirs.
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This document provides an overview of facies analysis and depositional environments in sedimentary geology. It discusses different facies interpretations of successive units in non-marine sandstones, including planar and trough cross-bedding, asymmetric scour surfaces, and rippled sandstone and mudstone. It also examines a transect of a Permian reef margin and hierarchy of depositional units, including migrating dunes, changes in hydraulic regime, lag accumulation, bar migration, channel erosion, and allogenic events driven by tectonics, eustasy, climate. Adjacent environments can result in vertical successions with different sedimentary structures.
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The document discusses reservoir petrophysics, which is the study of rock properties and interactions with fluids. It describes a course on reservoir petrophysics that systematically studies physical rock properties including porosity, permeability, fluid saturation, and fluid-rock interactions. The course objectives are to define key concepts and demonstrate techniques for determining properties like porosity, permeability, and fluid saturation through experiments and calculations.
formation pressure (2).pptx
The document discusses various methods used to prevent sloughing during well drilling operations. Specifically:
1. Circulating refrigerating fluid through the well below the freezing point of the formation to freeze it and prevent sloughing.
2. Circulating brine through the well below the freezing point of water to freeze the formation.
3. Circulating mud-laden fluid through the well below the freezing point of water to freeze the formation.
4. Circulating an emulsion through the well below the freezing point of water to freeze the formation.
5. Causing fluid to flow into the well to seep into the formation, then circulating it below the freezing point of water to freeze the formation
abnormal pressure.pptx
The document discusses methods for drilling wells through formations containing sloughing shale to prevent borehole collapse.
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1. Circulating refrigerated fluid through the well to freeze the formation, with the refrigerant having a freezing point below that of the formation fluid.
2. Circulating brine through the well and cooling it to freeze the formation, with the brine's freezing point below that of water.
3. Circulating mud-laden fluid through the well in the same way as method 2.
4. Circulating an emulsion through the well in the same way as methods 2 and 3.
5. Causing fluid to flow into the well to contact
sloughing formation.pptx
The document discusses the problem of sloughing shale during drilling operations. Sloughing shale occurs when the mud weight is not adequate to control subsurface pressure or the mud salinity causes undesirable osmotic pressure, leading to borehole collapse and stuck drill pipes or bottom hole assembly (BHA). It states that sloughing shale is one of the mechanical issues that can cause stuck pipes. The author provides a personal anecdote about experiencing BHA getting stuck in sloughing shale for the first time and seeing large cuttings, which was shocking. While shale formations can be drilled quickly when conditions are right, sloughing shale turns it into a stressful problem similar to kicks, losses, and other drilling hazards. Close
Carbonate lithofacies.ppt
This document discusses carbonate sedimentology and classification. It summarizes two early carbonate classification systems by Dunham (1962) and Folk (1962). It also notes that while interpretation techniques used for clastic reservoirs can be applied to carbonates, carbonates differ in their importance of biogenic processes and susceptibility to diagenesis. The document stresses that the ultimate goal is understanding carbonate lithofacies and correlating them with well log and core data.
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- 1. Rahma Kasna D621 13 303 STRESS
- 2. WHY STUDY STRESS IN ROCK MECHANICS AND ROCK ENGINEERING?
- 3. 1. There is a pre-existing stress state in the ground and we need to understand it, both directly and as the stress state applies to analysis and design. Reasons 2. Most engineering criteria are related to either the deformability or the strength of the rock or rock mass and the analysis of these subjects involves stresses. 3. Stress is not familiar: it is a tensor quantity and tensors are not encountered in everyday life.
- 4. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCALAR, VECTOR, AND TENSOR
- 5. SCALAR Scalar, Vector, and Tensor A quantity with magnitude only. Examples of scalars are temperature, time, and mass. They are described completely by one value, e.g. degrees, seconds, and kilograms. VECTOR TENSOR a quantity with magnitude and direction. Examples of vectors are force, velocity, and acceleration. They are described specify both direction and magnitude. A quantity with magnitude, direction and ’the plane under consideration’. Examples of tensors are stress, strain, permeability and moment of inertia.
- 6. TENSOR “Tensors are abstract objects which can be described by arrays of functions; each function of such an array is called a component. Components are functions of the selected coordinates. Tensor analysis offers at least the following advantages : physical concepts requiring many functions to express are formulated easily; results are translated easily to forms appropriate to any coordinate system; physical concepts can be expressed without reference to any particular coordinate system.” - from Tensors of Geophysics for Mavericks and Mongrels, Hadsel, F., SEG Press.
- 7. NORMAL STRESS COMPONENTS AND SHEAR STRESS COMPONENTS
- 9. STRESS AS A POINT PROPERTY
- 12. 𝜎𝑛 = lim ∆𝐴→0 ∆𝑁 ∆𝐴 𝜏 = lim ∆𝐴→0 ∆𝑆 ∆𝐴 The normal stress and shear stress can now be formally defined as : Normal stress Shear stress
- 13. THE STRESS COMPONENTS ON A SMALL CUBE WITHIN THE ROCK
- 15. Hence, it is convenient to collate the stress components in a matrix with the rows representing the components on any plane, and the columns representing the components acting in any given direction. This is illustrated as: 𝝈𝒙𝒙 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝝉𝒙𝒛 𝝉𝒚𝒙 𝝈𝒚𝒚 𝝉𝒚𝒛 𝝉𝒛𝒙 𝝉𝒛𝒚 𝝈𝒛𝒛 Thus, by considering moment equilibrium around the x, y and z axes, we find that : 𝝉𝒙𝒚 = 𝝉𝒚𝒙 𝝉𝒙𝒛 = 𝝉𝒛𝒙 𝝉𝒚𝒛 = 𝝉𝒛𝒚
- 16. From our final listing of the stress components in the matrix, it is clear that the state of stress at a point is defined completely by six independent components. These are the three normal stress components and three shear stress components, i.e. 𝝈𝒙𝒙 , 𝝈𝒚𝒚 , 𝝈𝒛𝒛 , 𝝉𝒙𝒚 , 𝝉𝒚𝒛 , and 𝝉𝒙𝒛. The stress state at a point, which is a tensor quantity, requires six values.
- 17. THANK YOU!
- 18. REFERENCE J. A. Hudson and J. P. Harrison. 1997. Engineering Rock Mechanics : An Introduction to the Principles. London : Elsevier Science Ltd. J. A. Hudson and J. P. Harrison. 2000. Engineering Rock Mechanics : Illustrative worked examples. London : Elsevier Science Ltd.