The document provides an overview of robotics, including the key topics of: building blocks of robots such as actuators, sensors, processors and controllers; classifications of robots into manipulators, mobile robots, and humanoids; functions involved in robotic movement; software architectures; applications of AI in robotics; application domains; and pros and cons of robots. It introduces robotics and defines a robot, then discusses each topic in 1-2 paragraphs with examples.

1. GOOD MORNING ALL

2.  Introduction to Robotics
 Building Blocks of Robots
 Classifications of Robots
 Functions Involved in Robotic Movements
 Software Architecture
 AI in Robotics
 Application Domain
 Pros and Cons
 Conclusion

3. Introduction to Robotics
Robotics is a branch of engineering and science that includes electronics
engineering, mechanical engineering and computer science and so on. This
branch deals with the design, construction, use to control robots, sensory
feedback and information processing
Definition :- The modern definition of a robot can be an electro-
mechanical device which follows a set of instructions to carry out certain
jobs.

4. Building Blocks of Robots (Actuators, Sensors, Processors and Controllers)
Actuators: Actuators move the different Parts of the robots by the
specified amount and the specified point of time, angle or the linear
translation, as per the commands received from the controllers. Along
with the motion actuators also provide the requisite force to the members.
Examples: permanent magnet D.C. motors, stepper motors, Electric
Actuators, Hydraulic Actuators, pneumatic Actuators.

6. Sensors : As the name suggest can sense the surroundings and the different
objects with which it is interacting. Sensors provide feedback to the controlling
system about the motion of actuators and other members, how much they have
moved, what is the speed, acceleration and also sensors can provide information
about pressures and forces which are acting upon. Some advanced sensors such
as optical sensor, thermal sensors and vision sensors which can create more vivid
image of the surroundings and provide more detailed information to the
controlling system.
Examples :- Ultrasound, Thermal, Optical, Vision..etc.

8. Processors and Controllers
To give the starting command to the actuators, receive and process the
feedback information from the sensors and then provide the corrected signal to
the actuators, Processing and Controlling system is required. Controllers are
programmed as per the function to the robot, certain software and
programmers are used for this purpose. The feed back information received
from the sensors is passed through the signal convertors where is made usable
and passed on to the processors which in turn disseminate the modified signals.

9. Classifications of Robots
Generally robots fall into one of three primary categories.
1. Manipulators
2. Mobile robot
3. Humanoid robots

10. Manipulators
A robot manipulator is a Robotic arm -like mechanism that is designed to
manipulate or move materials, tools, and parts without direct human contact.
Most robotic manipulators are lightweight devices that enable humans to interact
with objects in an environment in total safety. Sometimes, a material may be
hazardous or radioactive, or it may just be located in an inaccessible place. Robot
manipulators resemble robotic arms and consist of a number of segments.

12. Mobile Robot
A mobile robot is a machine controlled by software that use sensors and other
technology to identify its surroundings and move around its environment.
Mobile robots function using a combination of artificial intelligence and
physical robotic elements, such as wheels, tracks and legs. They are used to
assist with work processes and even accomplish tasks that are impossible or
dangerous for human workers.
Examples:- Polar robots, Aerial robots, Land or home robots, Underwater
robots, Delivery and transportation mobile robots.

14. Humanoid Robots
A Humanoid may be defined as something that resembles or looks like a
human and having characteristics like opposable thumb, ability to walk in
upright position, etc. Androids are humanoid robots built to resemble a male
human, and Ganoids are humanoid robots built to resemble a human female.
Features of Humanoid Robots
The characteristics features of Humanoid Robots include:
. self-maintenance
. autonomous learning
. avoiding harmful situations to people, property, and itself
. safe interacting with human beings and the environment

16. Functions Involved in Robotic Movements
• Degree Of Freedom (DOF):- We count one degree of freedom for each
independent direction in which a robot, or one of its effectors, can move.
• Kinematic State And Dynamic State
• Revolute Joints:- generate rotational motion
• Prismatic Joint:- Sliding Motion
• Differential Drive :-two independently actuated wheels, as on a military tank

17. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURES Of ROBOTIC
A methodology for structuring algorithms is called a software architecture. An
architecture includes languages and tools for writing programs, as well as an
overall philosophy for how programs can be brought together.
The Architecture of a robotic software vary from different purpose for which the
robot is used most commonly used is a hybrid architecture which comprises of
subsumption archicture, finite automata theory, Three-layer archicture,.etc.

19. AI in Robotics
AI gives robots a computer vision to navigate, sense and calculate their reaction
accordingly. Robots learn to perform their tasks from humans through machine
learning which again is a part of computer programming and AI.
• Weak Artificial Intelligence
• Strong Artificial Intelligence
• Specialized Artificial Intelligence

20. 1. Weak Artificial Intelligence
This type of AI is used to create a simulation of human thought and interaction.
The robots have predefined commands and responses. However, the robots do
not understand the commands they do only the work of retrieving the appropriate
response when the suitable command is given. The most suitable example of this
is Cortana, Siri and Alexa. The AI in these devices only executes the tasks as
demanded by the owner.

21. 2. Strong Artificial Intelligence
This type of AI is used in those robots who perform their tasks on their own. They
do not need any kind of supervision once they are programmed to do the task
correctly. This type of AI is widely used nowadays as many of the things are
becoming automated and one of the most interesting examples is self-driving
cars and internet cars. This type of AI is also used in humanoid robots which
can sense their environment quite well and interact with their surroundings.
Also, robotic surgeons are becoming popular day by day as there is no human
intervention required at all.

22. 3. Specialized Artificial Intelligence
This type of AI is used when the robot needs to perform only specified
special tasks. It is restricted only to limited tasks. This includes
mainly industrial robots which perform specified and repetitive tasks like
painting, tightening, etc.

23. Application Domain
Industries − Robots are used for handling material, cutting, welding, color coating,
drilling, polishing, etc.
Military − Autonomous robots can reach inaccessible and hazardous zones during war. A
robot named Daksh, developed by Defense Research and Development Organization
(DRDO), is in function to destroy life-threatening objects safely.
Medicine − The robots are capable of carrying out hundreds of clinical tests
simultaneously, rehabilitating permanently disabled people, and performing complex
surgeries such as brain tumors.
Exploration − The robot rock climbers used for space exploration, underwater drones
used for ocean exploration are to name a few.
Entertainment − Disney’s engineers have created hundreds of robots for movie making.

24. Pros and Cons
• They are fast, accurate and save time
• They can access inaccessible places
• They can be used repetitively
• They can operate in harsh conditions effectively
• They can do what people are unwilling to do
• Robots need power to work
• Robots create unemployment
• Robots are expensive to maintain
• Robots cannot solve a crisis
• Robots can be dangerous

25. Conclusion
Artificial intelligence is a never ending process, we cannot keep
a end to our thoughts they keep on coming , training a machine
to think like a human being, is too long from now .