Road traffic injuries result in approximately 1.35 million deaths annually and cause significant economic losses, particularly in low-income countries where traffic deaths are disproportionately high. Key risk factors include speeding, alcohol and drug use, non-use of safety devices, distracted driving, and inadequate road infrastructure, with young males under 25 being the most affected demographic. Effective multi-sectoral actions, including improved road safety policies and infrastructure design, are essential for reducing fatalities and injuries from road traffic crashes.

1. ROAD TRAFFIC
INJURIES
Road Traffic
Injuries
Approximately 1.35 million
people die each year as a result
of road traffic crashes
Between 20 and 50
million more people
suffer non-fatal
injuries
Many incur
disabilities as
a result of
their injury
Road Traffic Injuries
Cause considerable economic losses to individuals, their
families, and
to nations as a whole
Losses arise from the cost of
treatment

2. Lost productivity for those killed or disabled by
their injuries, and for family members who need to
take time off work or school to care for the injured
Road traffic crashes cost most countries 3% of their gross
domestic
product.
Road Traffic Injuries
Globally, road traffic
injuries are the leading
cause of death for
children and young
adults aged 5–29 years
Are the 8th leading
cause of death overall
Surpasses HIV/AIDS,
tuberculosis and
diarrheal diseases
EVERY 24
SECONDS
SOMEONE DIES
ON THE ROAD
Road Traffic Injuries
Low-income countries use 1%

3. of the world’s vehicles
Account for 13% of all deaths
High-income countries use 40%
of the world’s vehicles
Account for only 7% of all deaths
Road Traffic Injuries
Some reductions were observed in 48 middle- and high-income
countries
Overall, the number of deaths increased in 104 countries during
this period.
Between 2013 and 2016, no reductions in the number of road
traffic deaths
were observed in any low-income country
100,000 population, 2000-2016
income category, 2016
population by WHO regions, 2013, 2016
At Risk Groups

4. More than half of global traffic deaths
are amongst pedestrians, cyclists, and
motorcyclists
Often still neglected in road traffic system design in
many countries
Road traffic injury death rates highest in the African region
People from lower socioeconomic
backgrounds more likely to be involved
in road traffic crashes
Even in high-income countries
At Risk Groups
◦ Males more likely to be involved in road traffic crashes
than females
◦ About three quarters (73%) of all road traffic deaths
occur among young males under the age of 25 years
◦ Almost 3 times as likely to be killed in a road traffic crash
versus
young females
Risk Factors -

5. Speeding
◦ Increases in average speed directly related both to the
likelihood of a crash occurring and to severity of the
consequences of the crash
◦ Every 1% increase in mean speed produces a 4%
increase in the fatal crash risk and a 3% increase in
the serious crash risk
◦ Death risk for pedestrians hit by front of car rises
rapidly (4.5 times from 31 mph to 40 mph)
◦ In car-to-car side impacts, the fatality risk for car
occupants is 85% at 40 mph
Risk Factors – Alcohol and Drugs
◦ Driving under the influence of alcohol and any psychoactive
drug increases the risk of a crash resulting in
death or serious injuries
◦ Risk of a road traffic crash starts at low levels of blood
alcohol concentration (BAC) and increases
significantly when the driver's BAC is ≥ 0.04 g/dl.

6. ◦ In regards to drugs, the risk of a road traffic crash is
increased to differing degrees depending on the
psychoactive drug used
◦ Risk of a fatal crash occurring among those under the
influence of amphetamines is about 5 times the risk of
someone
who hasn't
Risk Factors –
Nonuse of Safety
Devices
◦ Correct helmet use can lead to a 42% reduction in the
risk of fatal injuries and 69% reduction in the risk of
head injuries
◦ Wearing seat-belts reduce the risk of death among drivers
and front seat occupants by 45 - 50%, and the risk of
death and serious injuries among rear seat occupants by
25%
◦ Use of child restraints can lead to a 60% reduction in
deaths

7. Risk Factors –
Distracted
Driving
◦ Many types of distractions
◦ Distraction caused by mobile phones is a growing concern for
road
safety.
◦ Drivers using mobile phones are approximately 4 times more
likely to be involved in a crash than drivers not using a mobile
phone
◦ Using a phone while driving slows reaction times (notably
braking
reaction time, but also reaction to traffic signals), and makes it
difficult to keep in the correct lane, and to keep the correct
following distances
◦ Hands-free phones are not much safer than hand-held phone
sets,
and texting considerably increases the risk of a crash
◦ What do you think is the distance one travels while driving if
one
takes their eyes off the road and looks at a mobile phone for 4
seconds travelling at 50 mph?
◦ 100 Yards (Length of a football field)
Other Distracted
Driving Activities

8. ◦ Anything that takes your attention away from driving
can be a distraction
◦ Using a GPS
◦ Eating while driving
◦ Distractions from other passengers
◦ Handling the radio
◦ Having earbuds in
◦ Pets or children in the car
◦ Dropping an item
Risk Factors –
Unsafe Road
Infrastructure
◦ Ideally, roads should be designed keeping in mind the
safety of all road users
◦ Making sure that there are adequate facilities for all road
users (pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclist)
◦ Footpaths, cycling lanes, safe crossing points, and other
traffic calming measures critical to reducing the risk of

9. injury among these road users
Risk Factors – Bus
and Truck Occupants
◦ Buses with passengers, minibuses and trucks
frequently involved in crashes in low income
countries
◦ Presents a risk for ejecting passengers
◦ Are without crash protective features
◦ Poor stability when overloaded
Risk Factors –
Inadequate
Law
Enforcement
If traffic laws not enforced
or perceived as not being
enforced, likely not be
complied with
Very little chance
of influencing
behavior.

10. Effective enforcement
includes establishing,
regularly updating, and
enforcing laws at the
national, municipal, and local
levels
Should address
the previously
mentioned risk
factors
• Including
appropriate
penalties
What can be done?
◦ Governments need to take action to address road safety in a
holistic manner
◦ Requires involvement from multiple sectors that address the
safety of roads, vehicles, and road users
◦ Designing safer infrastructure and incorporating road safety
features into land-use and transport planning,
improving the safety features of vehicles, improving post-crash
care for victims of road crashes, setting and
enforcing laws relating to key risks, and raising public
awareness

11. WHO Response
◦ Works in a multisectoral manner to provide technical support
to countries
◦ Objective: Support Member States in road safety policy
planning, implementation, and evaluation
◦ Collaborating with Bloomberg Initiative for Global Road
Safety (BIGRS) 2015-2019 to reduce fatalities and
injuries from road traffic crashes in targeted low- and middle-
income countries and cities
◦ In 2017, released Save LIVES
◦ A road safety technical package which synthesizes evidence-
based measures
◦ Focuses on Speed management, Leadership, Infrastructure
design and improvement, Vehicle safety standards, Enforcement
of
traffic laws and post-crash Survival
WHO Response
◦ Lead Agency for road safety in UN System
◦ Serves as the secretariat for the Decade of Action for Road
Safety 2011– 2020

12. ◦ Monitoring progress through global status reports
◦ WHO's Global status report on road safety 2018 presents
information on road safety from 175 countries.
◦ Provides an overview of the road safety situation globally
◦ Are the official tool for monitoring the Decade of Action
THANK YOU
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Discussion question:
Write a two-paragraph (10 sentences total) double-spaced
statement with 2 or more takeaways obtained after reading the
week’s chapter.
Your question: Consider the ways in which the federal
government has worked to increase racial and ethnic minority
representation in the bureaucracy. To what degree have these
efforts been successful? Be sure to consider the representation
of each group, as well as the spread of these groups across job
and salary levels.
This discussion should contain
takeaways and
opinions written in the student’s own words. Quotations
should be used sparingly and when used, the text should be
included in quotes followed by the author, publication date and
page (example: “Text quoted” (Schmid 2002, p. 17)).
This has to be in APA format
Instructions for assignment
· Submissions must be double-spaced, with 1-inch margins (top,
bottom, left, and right) and in 12-point font, Times New Roman
or Calibri, and consistently adhere to the APA Formatting and
Style Guide.
· Students are advised to carefully proofread all papers before
submitting them.

14. · If additional sources are provided other than the module
resources, they should be cited and referenced in APA
Formatting and Style.
·
This paper should mostly be a collection of your
thoughts.
·
Try to not restate the facts provided in the module
throughout the paper.
·
Do not include questions in the reflection paper, the
paper is 500 words beside questions.
Read the PowerPoint attached and write the reflection on it.
Based on the module resources, please write a 500-word paper
discussing the following:
1. Does the age of a person affect their risk of being killed as a
pedestrian involved in a motor vehicle collision? Why? What is
the role of a healthcare professional in preventing these types of
collisions?
2. How does a country's infrastructure affect the a) incidence
and b) burden of motor vehicle collisions?
3. Why are there greater numbers of motor vehicle crash deaths
in low-income areas? How does the availability of healthcare
facilities influence motor vehicle collision mortality?
Testimonial
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxrGiouSGBU