This document discusses RNC pooling, which addresses trends of smaller RNCs and lack of redundancy. RNC pooling allows multiple RNCs to be pooled as a single logical RNC. It describes RNC pooling solutions from W14B to W16, providing increased capacity, Iub link redundancy, and load balancing across pooled RNCs. A typical use case involves adding an EvoC to an existing pooled RNC 3820 without creating a new RNS, rehoming RBSs to the pooled RNC and reducing the overall number of RNCs.
Engineer EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES PRESENTA UNA NUEVA VERSION
THERE ONE NEW ONE PRESENTATION FOR 2G AND 3G ENGINEERING FOR LTE AND PSCORE ENGINEER
ITS VERY SUITABLE FOR YOUR RESEARCH AT ALL LEVELS OF RF ENGINEERING AND PS CS
Engineer EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES PRESENTA UNA NUEVA VERSION
THERE ONE NEW ONE PRESENTATION FOR 2G AND 3G ENGINEERING FOR LTE AND PSCORE ENGINEER
ITS VERY SUITABLE FOR YOUR RESEARCH AT ALL LEVELS OF RF ENGINEERING AND PS CS
For RF Optimisation and neighbour verification both Scanner and UE measurements are required simultaneously
Post-Processing tool is required for data analysis
Individual call failures or drops can be analysed with Drive test tools (e.g. Nemo Outdoor) but to get bigger picture, a proper analysis tool is required
Actix or Nemo Analyser can be used for
Data analysis
Create Maps
Create KPI reports
To meet customers' requirements for high-quality networks, LTE trial networks must be optimized during and after project implementation. Radio frequency (RF) optimization is necessary in the entire optimization process. This document provides guidelines on network optimization for network planning and optimization personnel.
LTE specifications support the use of multiple antennas at both transmitter (tx) and receiver (rx). MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple
Output) uses this antenna configuration.
LTE specifications support up to 4 antennas at the tx side and up to 4 antennas at the rx side (here referred to as 4x4 MIMO
configuration).
In the first release of LTE it is likely that the UE only has 1 tx antenna, even if it uses 2 rx antennas. This leads to that so called
Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) will be supported only in DL (and maximum 2x2 configuration).
The Master Information Block (MIB), which includes a limited number of the most frequently transmitted parameters which are essential for a UE’s initial access to the network.
System Information Block Type 1 (SIB1), which contains parameters needed to determine if a cell is suitable for cell selection, as well as information about the time domain scheduling of the other SIBs.
System Information Block Type 2 (SIB2), which includes common and shared channel information
Main purpose of this document is to discuss LTE basic call flows.
It also introduces LTE network architecture, Nodes, their functionality as well as interfaces that
connect these network nodes.
A brief description of UE states is also given.
A study on the effect of handover parameters on the network performance will be done in a trial cluster (part of Cerritos)
The parameter change to be implemented as an iterative process with each drive and the results to be compared to analyze the effect of the parameters
This document presents an overview of the functionality included in MoShell, command line syntax,
revision history and other important information.
It is important that all engineers working with MoShell read this document before using the tool as it
contains important operational information
Handover between WCDMA and GSM allows the GSM network to be used
to give fallback coverage for WCDMA technology. This means that subscribers
can experience seamless services—even with a phased build-out
of WCDMA—which is of importance to the commercial launches in 2003.
As the leading total system provider, Ericsson has developed technologies
that overcome the challenges of interworking between WCDMA and
GSM. For example, Ericsson was first to demonstrate handover from
WCDMA to GSM in a live network.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
Here is a blog on the role of electrical and electronics engineers in IOT. Let's dig in!!!!
For more such content visit: https://nttftrg.com/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
4. ReduceComplexity
› RNC in Pool addresses both size of RNS as well as
redundancy
RNC
3820
EvoC
EvoC
EvoC
EvoC
RNC
3820
RNC
3820
RNC
3820
RNC
3820
EvoC
EvoC
5. ONE RNS ONE RNS
RNC 3820 EvoC
RNCin Pool W14B
Larger RNS,Iu/Iur Redundancy
6. Iu/Iur redundancy
RNC 1
FE
BE
FE
BE BE
RNC 2
BE BE BE
INC
RNC 3820 EvoC /RNC
Iu/Iur
Iub Iub
FE FE FE FE
RNC
Node
Cluster
One RNC ID
Requirement on RNC 3820:
› Only GPB75 can be used (RNC 3820 R1.1 or R2)
› FAJ 121 1670 Dynamic Iu/Iur signaling implemented
7. One Linkset
• Round-robin algorithm on these
associations towards RNC.
• If any link is down the others will
take the traffic.
RNC in Pool
8. RNC Node 2
RNC Node 1
RBSrehoming
Today
Iub
MC 1.x
Current
Allocation
cell
Iub Link
Iub Link
cell
MC 2.z
New
Allocation
cell
Iub Link
Iub Link
cell
Re-home RBS affects all cell relations (HO) in WCDMA/LTE/GSM networks
– The change of Cell identity affects all neighboring cells
– The change of Cell identity make it difficult to track traffic evolution
Old Cell Id New Cell Id
9. RNC Node 2
RNC Node 1
RBSrehoming
First stepin Cluster
Iub
MC 1.x
Current
Allocation
cell
Iub Link
Iub Link
cell
MC 2.z
New
Allocation
cell
Iub Link
Iub Link
cell
RNC
Node
Cluster
Re-home RBS within cluster is almost a “re-module RBS”
– Easy to move RBS between cluster members due to no change of Cell id
– No impact on other traffic nodes (Iu/Iur, cell IDs, cell relations etc.)
Step 1: Manual
lock/unlock of Iub links
for load balancing or
maintenance
Old Cell Id Old Cell Id
10. Connectivity
GSM/WCDMA/LTE
Mobile
backhaul
Mobile Core
Switch Switch
BSC
RNC
RNC MGW
SGSN
/MME
MSC
GGSN/
P/S-GW AGW
RNC pool
RNC
Switch
Site
router router router router
router router
› Propagation delay: 4 ms
› Delay variation: 5 ms
› Packet Loss: 10-3
› NodeB Mix of ATM and IP
› All other interfaces on IP
› 10G interface for Iux
11. Handover between 2 cells
SP
Node Cluster
CM1
CM2
ctxt
LmCell LmCell
User Plane
Control Plane
IP-ET IP-ET
Iux
On Iux:
› The control signaling needed to
add a cell and getting the cell
information from the other
Cluster Member.
› When the CM1 gets the RBS IP
address an IP host is chosen
and an IP path is set to the RBS
controlled by CM2. All User
Plane traffic will use this path.
› User plan does not pass the
other RNC.
On Iur:
› Both control plane and User
plane goes over Iur to the other
RNC.
12. ONE RNS ONE RNS
EvoC EvoC RNC 3820 EvoC
RNCin Pool W15-W16
Iub LinkRedundancy, 2EVO Controllers
13. RNC Node 2
RNC Node 1
Iub LinkRedundancyW15B
Iub/IP
Redistribution of
IubLink/cell to
secondary allocation
MC 1.x
Primary
Allocation
cell
Iub Link
Iub Link
cell
MC 1.y
Secondary
Allocation
cell
Iub Link
Iub Link
cell
MC 2.z
Secondary
Node
Allocation
cell
Iub Link
Iub Link
cell
MC 2.w
Primary
Allocation
cell
Iub Link
Iub Link
cell
Iub/ATM
RNC
Node
Cluster
Same Cell Id
16. › RNC in Pool W14B support easy capacity increase by adding new
EvoC to existing RNC 3820
– Without adding new RNS
– Iub redundancy can be achieved by using scripts
› RNC in Pool W15A support easy capacity increase by adding new
EvoC to existing EvoC
› RNC in Pool W15B to add automated redundancy for Iub links
› RNC in Pool W16 to automate load balancing over the pool
› RNC in pool will simplify network – less RNS
Summary
17. TypicalUse CaseW14B
› A large number of RNC 38x0
RNC
3820
RNC
3810
RNC
3820
RNC
3820
RNC
3820
RNC
3810
RNC
3820
18. › Add an EvoC in pool with existing RNC 3820
– No new RNS – no impact on Core network
RNC
3820
RNC
3810
RNC
3820
RNC
3820
EvoC
RNC
3820
RNC
3810
RNC
3820
TypicalUse CaseW14B
19. › Add an EvoC in pool with existing RNC 3820
– No new RNS – no impact on Core network
› Re-home RBS to pooled RNS
RNC
3820
RNC
3810
RNC
3820
RNC
3820
EvoC
RNC
3820
RNC
3810
RNC
3820
TypicalUse CaseW14B
20. › Add an EvoC in pool with existing RNC 3820
– No new RNS – no impact on Core network
› Rehome RBS to pooled RNS
› Reduce no of RNC
RNC
3820
RNC
3820
RNC
3820
EvoC
RNC
3820
TypicalUse CaseW14B
Editor's Notes
1
2
The pool members work as peers and both nodes take and execute Iu/Iur traffic.
Iu/Iur redundancy is achieved by that all RNC in the Pool get the same RNC id. With the feature Dynamic Iu and Iur Signaling (FAJ 121 1670) in both nodes the Signaling Front Ends will act as one signaling destination point code.
The prerequisite on the RNC 3820 is that all GPB’s are GPB75 and that the Feature FAJ 121 1670 Dynamic Iu and Iur signaling is implemented. This feature is default in EvO Controller 8200.
Since they have the same RNC id the connection toward the Core is the same as for a single RNC today. The difference is that its a bigger node with more physical links. MSC and other nodes sees the pool as one node / RNS.
OSS see the 2 RNC’s as 2 nodes but they have the same RNC id and share the neighboring cells. The existing grouping mechanism in OSS common Explorer will be used to visualize the node cluster. It will be possible to add RNC nodes to an OSS group a.k.a. cluster.
By defining the same RNC id and Signaling destination point code in both nodes the links will act as one linkset where a round robin mechanism will send 1/3 of the traffic to the RNC 3820 and 2/3 to the Evo Controller 8200.
If any of the links are down the other lin.ks in the linkset will even share the traffic
Re -homing of a RBS today means that all cells will change Cell identity. That will affect all neighboring cells as well as the data up in the Core Network.
Re-homing between the Pool members means that the cell will keep its identity even if the Iub link is moved to the other RNC. That means no impact on other nodes outside the pool and no impact on the cell relations. This simplifies if Iub links needs to be moved to better balance load between the pool members.
Iub link redundancy can be achieved by defining same Iub link, cell and cell relation data in both RNC's and then use scripts to fast unlock/lock the Iub links.
The Iux interface is replacing the Iur interface between the pool members. Iux is an internal interface and set up by using normal VLAN functionality and connected via site routers.
The requirement on the Iux interface is the same as for the Iur interface regarding delay and delay variation. That means that the RNC’s in the pool can be geographic separated as long as a god QoS can be provided.
Iux is used for control signaling between the pool members.
The user plan is not moved when a handover is made to a cell in the other pool member. So no user data is sent over Iux which means that traffic over Iux is reduced compared to over Iur.
The automated Iub redundancy means that Iub link, cell and cell relation data automatic will be synced between the pool members. If one RNC fails that triggers the other RNC to unlock the Iub links that belonged to the failing RNC.
This feature do not require any changes or have any impact on the RBS. Since already from the beginning both RNC are sean as one with one RNC id from the RBS side. A RNC failure will be seen as a short drop of contact on the RBS side.
The cell load balancing mechanism automatic distribute IP/Iub links over the pool to get optimal performance and simplify management.
Constant monitoring is made on the RNC's cell load and a warning will be issued when a threshold is reached and rebalancing is needed The re-balancing based on latest monitored data will be made on a regular basis or when a threshold is reached. It is made by lock/unlock RBS (Iub links) between boards or between nodes. This means that the nodes will adept to changes in the traffic over time.
The ATM based Iub links is part of each nodes load balancing calculations and can be reallocated within each node but not between. That means that in case of a complete node failure they will not have redundancy.
RNC in Pool W14B support easy capacity increase by adding new EvoC to existing RNC 3820
- Without adding new RNS
- Iub redundancy can be achieved by using scripts
RNC in Pool W15A support easy capacity increase by adding new EvoC to existing EvoC
RNC in Pool W15B to add automated redundancy for Iub links
RNC in Pool W16 to automate load balancing over the pool
RNC in pool will simplify network – less RNS