River Transportation and the Hjulstrom Curve
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River load consists of bedload, suspended load, and dissolved load. A river obtains about 90% of its load from weathering and mass movement down slopes, and 10% from erosion of its bed and banks. A river's ability to transport load depends on the location and supply of material, amount of material available, material character, water volume, and energy available. A river's capacity and competence, which is its ability to transport the largest particles, increases downstream and during times of flood. Transportation processes include traction, saltation, suspension, and solution. The Hjulstrom curve shows the relationship between river velocity and the sizes of particles that can be transported or deposited.
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Hjulstrom Curve Notes
The Hjulstrom curve is a graph used by hydrologists to determine if a river will erode, transport, or deposit sediment based on particle size and water velocity. It shows the relationship between stream velocity and its ability to transport materials of varying sizes, from clay and silt to boulders. There are lines for critical erosion velocity and settling velocity - particles are eroded above the critical line and deposited below it. The curve indicates that particles around 1mm require the least energy to erode as they are easily moved sands, while larger particles like pebbles and boulders need higher velocities to erode.
River Transportation & Hjulstrom Curve
River transportation involves three categories of load: bedload, suspended load, and dissolved load. A river obtains about 90% of its load from weathering and mass movement down river valley slopes, and 10% from erosion of its bed and banks. A river's ability to transport load depends on factors like the location and supply of material, volume of water, and amount of energy available.
River Transportation Hjulstrom Curve
River load consists of bedload, suspended load, and dissolved load. A river obtains about 90% of its load from weathering and mass movement down slopes, and 10% from erosion of its bed and banks. A river's ability to transport load depends on the location and supply of material, amount of material, character of material, volume of water, and energy available. A river's capacity and competence, which is its ability to transport larger particles, increases downstream and during times of flood. Transportation processes include traction, saltation, suspension, and solution. The Hjulström curve shows the relationship between river velocity and particle sizes that can be transported through erosion or deposited through settling.
Sediment transport
There are four main types of sediment transport:
1. Saltation occurs when loose material is lifted from the bed surface by wind or water and travels in ballistic trajectories before settling back onto the surface.
2. Traction involves the rolling or sliding of sand grains and larger clasts along the bed as they interact with the substrate.
3. Suspension is the transport of fine sediment particles that are small enough to remain continuously suspended in the flowing fluid.
4. Solution involves minerals dissolving in water and being carried along in solution.
River erosion and transport
Rivers have energy that allows them to erode, transport, and deposit material. The main types of erosion are corrosion/abrasion by the river's load, corrasion/solution from dissolving chemicals, hydraulic action from water force, and attrition from particles wearing against each other. Transportation occurs through saltation of particles bouncing along the bed, solution of dissolved materials, suspension of materials within the water, and traction of materials rolling along the bed. Deposition happens when the river loses energy and drops materials it was carrying, which is influenced by conditions in the environment.
Delta’s
Deltas form where rivers enter standing bodies of water and experience a drop in velocity, causing sediment deposition. Sediment is deposited in three layers - topset beds of larger particles, foreset beds of medium particles, and bottomset beds of finest particles. Delta shapes include arcuate, birds foot, and cuspate. The Nile Delta is an example of an arcuate delta with its curving shoreline. The Mississippi Delta resembles a birds foot with distributary fingers. The Ebro River Delta in Spain has a cuspate, tooth-like shape from opposing currents.
Sediment transport9
Dr. Shahid Ali discusses sediment transport in rivers. There are 3 main types of sediment transport:
1) Suspended sediment moves through turbulence in the water column. 2) Bedload moves along the river bed through rolling and sliding. 3) Washload is fine sediment that remains suspended through Brownian motion. The size of sediment generally decreases downstream as larger particles are abraded. Sediment transport formulas have been developed but have limitations due to complex field conditions.
Anastomosing Fluvial Systems
Anastomosing fluvial systems have multiple shallow channels that branch and rejoin with a sinuosity over 2.0. They are dominated by mud deposits and characteristic of large perennial rivers with very low gradients. Channel deposits show thin beds of cross-bedded sandstone within thick overbank successions of laminated mud and peat. Unlike meandering rivers, anastomosing rivers have channels that become vertically stacked due to high subsidence rates rather than migrating laterally.
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Hjulstrom Curve Notes
The Hjulstrom curve is a graph used by hydrologists to determine if a river will erode, transport, or deposit sediment based on particle size and water velocity. It shows the relationship between stream velocity and its ability to transport materials of varying sizes, from clay and silt to boulders. There are lines for critical erosion velocity and settling velocity - particles are eroded above the critical line and deposited below it. The curve indicates that particles around 1mm require the least energy to erode as they are easily moved sands, while larger particles like pebbles and boulders need higher velocities to erode.
River Transportation & Hjulstrom Curve
River transportation involves three categories of load: bedload, suspended load, and dissolved load. A river obtains about 90% of its load from weathering and mass movement down river valley slopes, and 10% from erosion of its bed and banks. A river's ability to transport load depends on factors like the location and supply of material, volume of water, and amount of energy available.
River Transportation Hjulstrom Curve
River load consists of bedload, suspended load, and dissolved load. A river obtains about 90% of its load from weathering and mass movement down slopes, and 10% from erosion of its bed and banks. A river's ability to transport load depends on the location and supply of material, amount of material, character of material, volume of water, and energy available. A river's capacity and competence, which is its ability to transport larger particles, increases downstream and during times of flood. Transportation processes include traction, saltation, suspension, and solution. The Hjulström curve shows the relationship between river velocity and particle sizes that can be transported through erosion or deposited through settling.
Sediment transport
There are four main types of sediment transport:
1. Saltation occurs when loose material is lifted from the bed surface by wind or water and travels in ballistic trajectories before settling back onto the surface.
2. Traction involves the rolling or sliding of sand grains and larger clasts along the bed as they interact with the substrate.
3. Suspension is the transport of fine sediment particles that are small enough to remain continuously suspended in the flowing fluid.
4. Solution involves minerals dissolving in water and being carried along in solution.
River erosion and transport
Rivers have energy that allows them to erode, transport, and deposit material. The main types of erosion are corrosion/abrasion by the river's load, corrasion/solution from dissolving chemicals, hydraulic action from water force, and attrition from particles wearing against each other. Transportation occurs through saltation of particles bouncing along the bed, solution of dissolved materials, suspension of materials within the water, and traction of materials rolling along the bed. Deposition happens when the river loses energy and drops materials it was carrying, which is influenced by conditions in the environment.
Delta’s
Deltas form where rivers enter standing bodies of water and experience a drop in velocity, causing sediment deposition. Sediment is deposited in three layers - topset beds of larger particles, foreset beds of medium particles, and bottomset beds of finest particles. Delta shapes include arcuate, birds foot, and cuspate. The Nile Delta is an example of an arcuate delta with its curving shoreline. The Mississippi Delta resembles a birds foot with distributary fingers. The Ebro River Delta in Spain has a cuspate, tooth-like shape from opposing currents.
Sediment transport9
Dr. Shahid Ali discusses sediment transport in rivers. There are 3 main types of sediment transport:
1) Suspended sediment moves through turbulence in the water column. 2) Bedload moves along the river bed through rolling and sliding. 3) Washload is fine sediment that remains suspended through Brownian motion. The size of sediment generally decreases downstream as larger particles are abraded. Sediment transport formulas have been developed but have limitations due to complex field conditions.
Anastomosing Fluvial Systems
Anastomosing fluvial systems have multiple shallow channels that branch and rejoin with a sinuosity over 2.0. They are dominated by mud deposits and characteristic of large perennial rivers with very low gradients. Channel deposits show thin beds of cross-bedded sandstone within thick overbank successions of laminated mud and peat. Unlike meandering rivers, anastomosing rivers have channels that become vertically stacked due to high subsidence rates rather than migrating laterally.
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The document discusses river channel processes and landforms, including:
1. River processes like erosion, transportation, and deposition shape landforms through sediment movement.
2. Velocity and discharge impact a river's ability to erode, transport, or deposit materials based on the Hjulström curve.
3. Meanders, floodplains, and deltas are examples of landforms formed by fluvial erosion and deposition that impact human settlements.
Delta
A delta is a landform formed at the mouth of a river where it empties into a standing body of water, such as an ocean or sea. Deposition occurs as the river's velocity decreases and it can no longer carry its sediment load, causing the sediment to settle out and form the delta. Deltas take on various shapes like arcuate, birds foot, or cuspate depending on factors like tidal patterns or river flow. Common examples include the arcuate Nile Delta in Egypt and the birds foot Mississippi Delta in the United States.
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- Rivers erode, transport, and deposit sediment through various processes including saltation, traction, suspension, and solution that create landforms such as potholes, rapids, waterfalls, deltas, and floodplains.
- The Hjulstrom curve shows the relationship between sediment size, erosion thresholds, and transportation/deposition based on water velocity.
- Meandering rivers create oxbow lakes through lateral erosion and cut-offs of meander loops over time.
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Stage 1 of river formation involves vertical erosion as potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. Large sediments like boulders are deposited due to low energy levels.
Stage 2 sees increased velocity and lateral erosion as the river gains kinetic energy. Smaller sediments result from attrition in the water allowing more material to be carried downstream.
Stage 3 has high kinetic energy but lower turbulence, so only small particles like silt and sand are deposited on the floodplain during flooding.
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River processes involve the transportation and erosion of sediment from mountains to the sea. Transportation occurs through saltation, solution, suspension, and traction. Erosion wears away sediment through corrasion, attrition, corrosion, and hydraulic action. Deposition is the opposite of erosion and occurs when the river's energy decreases, causing it to drop the sediment it was carrying, such as pebbles, stones, mud, sand, silt, and debris.
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River transportation involves four processes by which a river carries eroded materials as its load: traction, where large particles bounce along the river bed; saltation, where larger particles roll and slide along the bed; suspension, where smaller particles are carried along without bed contact and form the greatest part of the total load; and solution, where dissolved minerals are carried in the water.
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The document discusses the Bangladesh Delta and the processes involved in delta formation. It defines key terms like source, mouth, estuary, and delta. It explains that rivers erode, transport, and deposit material. The Ganges Delta is used as a case study. The delta was formed as the Ganges and its tributaries transported sediment from the Himalayas and deposited it in the Bay of Bengal, building up land above sea level over time due to factors like decreasing gradient and flow speed.
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- During the last ice age, much of Ireland was depressed under thick ice sheets, weighing the land surface down. As the ice melted about 10,000 years ago, the land began to rise again in a process known as isostatic rebound.
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3. Deltas are classified based on dominant hydrodynamic processes, including river-dominated, tide-dominated, and wave-dominated deltas which have characteristic morphologies and sedimentary structures.
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The work of rivers
Rivers shape the landscape through three main functions: erosion, transportation, and deposition. Erosion occurs via abrasion, attrition, hydraulic action, and solution as a river carries rock and sediment in its flow. Transportation involves traction, saltation, suspension, and solution of materials. Deposition happens when a river's volume or speed decreases as it enters areas like lakes, seas, or plains with gentler slopes. A river's erosional and depositional work depends on its energy, which relates to its volume, flow speed, and gradient of the land.
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1. Rivers carry out three main processes - erosion, transportation, and deposition. Erosion occurs as rivers wear away land, transportation is the movement of eroded sediments downstream, and deposition happens when sediments settle out of the river.
2. The speed of a river's flow is determined by factors like discharge, channel shape, roughness, slope, and gradient. Faster flows lead to turbulent patterns that can transport larger sediments, while slower flows result in deposition of sediments.
3. Rivers erode their channels through hydraulic action, corrasion, attrition, and solution. Sediments are transported in different ways depending on their size - through traction, saltation, or suspension. When flow speeds decrease,
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The document discusses river channel processes and landforms, including:
1. River processes like erosion, transportation, and deposition shape landforms through sediment movement.
2. Velocity and discharge impact a river's ability to erode, transport, or deposit materials based on the Hjulström curve.
3. Meanders, floodplains, and deltas are examples of landforms formed by fluvial erosion and deposition that impact human settlements.
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A delta is a landform formed at the mouth of a river where it empties into a standing body of water, such as an ocean or sea. Deposition occurs as the river's velocity decreases and it can no longer carry its sediment load, causing the sediment to settle out and form the delta. Deltas take on various shapes like arcuate, birds foot, or cuspate depending on factors like tidal patterns or river flow. Common examples include the arcuate Nile Delta in Egypt and the birds foot Mississippi Delta in the United States.
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Deltas are landforms formed at river mouths where sediment is deposited as the river enters a sea or lake. They are fan-shaped areas that can span hundreds of kilometers. The Indus River Delta in Pakistan covers 40,000 square kilometers and has a complex network of distributaries. Deltas form as rivers slow down at their mouths, causing sediment to flocculate and settle, building up over time. Different types of deltas include bird's foot, arcuate, and cuspate shapes, depending on factors like tidal influence. Deltas provide fertile land and resources but are also at high risk of flooding and channel migration due to their unstable sediments.
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This document discusses sediment transport and deposition processes. It describes four main media that transport sediment: water, air, ice, and gravity. Different flow regimes like laminar, turbulent and transitional are discussed. Specific bedforms like ripples, dunes and planar beds are described that form under different flow velocities and sediment grain sizes. Factors like Reynolds number, Froude number and Stokes' law that influence sediment transport and bedform development are also summarized.
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The document discusses river processes and landforms created by erosion, transportation, and deposition of sediment. Key points include:
- Rivers erode, transport, and deposit sediment through various processes including saltation, traction, suspension, and solution that create landforms such as potholes, rapids, waterfalls, deltas, and floodplains.
- The Hjulstrom curve shows the relationship between sediment size, erosion thresholds, and transportation/deposition based on water velocity.
- Meandering rivers create oxbow lakes through lateral erosion and cut-offs of meander loops over time.
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Stage 1 of river formation involves vertical erosion as potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. Large sediments like boulders are deposited due to low energy levels.
Stage 2 sees increased velocity and lateral erosion as the river gains kinetic energy. Smaller sediments result from attrition in the water allowing more material to be carried downstream.
Stage 3 has high kinetic energy but lower turbulence, so only small particles like silt and sand are deposited on the floodplain during flooding.
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River processes involve the transportation and erosion of sediment from mountains to the sea. Transportation occurs through saltation, solution, suspension, and traction. Erosion wears away sediment through corrasion, attrition, corrosion, and hydraulic action. Deposition is the opposite of erosion and occurs when the river's energy decreases, causing it to drop the sediment it was carrying, such as pebbles, stones, mud, sand, silt, and debris.
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Streams transport sediment in three ways: dissolved in water, suspended in water, or along the stream bed. As streams flow, they erode their channels and deposit sediment in other areas, forming features like deltas where streams enter larger bodies of water. Floodplains are areas along streams subject to periodic flooding, which occurs when a stream's discharge exceeds the capacity of its channel and overflows its banks.
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Braided rivers have multiple intertwining channels that diverge and converge around sediment islands. They form in areas with high sediment loads where the river flow speed varies greatly. Braiding occurs when high velocity rivers carry large amounts of sediment, which deposits and causes the main channel to split into several smaller channels that braid around islands as the river seeks new paths to the mouth. Examples include the Rakaia River in New Zealand and the Son-Kul River in Kyrgyzstan.
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Streams shape the land through erosion and deposition via fluvial processes. A stream system typically has three courses - upper, middle, and lower. The upper course has steep valleys and gorges due to erosion. The middle course features meandering streams and floodplains. The lower course is dominated by depositional landforms like deltas. A stream erodes until it reaches its base level, which can be an ocean, lake, or resistant rock layer.
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This document discusses different types of erosional and depositional landforms created by river processes. It describes landforms such as V-shaped valleys and waterfalls that are created by erosion, and floodplains and deltas that are formed by deposition. It also explains the factors that influence fluvial erosion and the formation of various erosional features like interlocking spurs, rapids, and potholes.
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River transportation involves four processes by which a river carries eroded materials as its load: traction, where large particles bounce along the river bed; saltation, where larger particles roll and slide along the bed; suspension, where smaller particles are carried along without bed contact and form the greatest part of the total load; and solution, where dissolved minerals are carried in the water.
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The document discusses the Bangladesh Delta and the processes involved in delta formation. It defines key terms like source, mouth, estuary, and delta. It explains that rivers erode, transport, and deposit material. The Ganges Delta is used as a case study. The delta was formed as the Ganges and its tributaries transported sediment from the Himalayas and deposited it in the Bay of Bengal, building up land above sea level over time due to factors like decreasing gradient and flow speed.
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Here are the key points about how isostatic changes have impacted the Irish landscape:
- Isostatic changes refer to vertical movements of the Earth's crust due to adjustments in land masses following the melting of ice sheets during glacial periods.
- During the last ice age, much of Ireland was depressed under thick ice sheets, weighing the land surface down. As the ice melted about 10,000 years ago, the land began to rise again in a process known as isostatic rebound.
- This caused rivers to be elevated above their original base levels. Many rivers underwent rejuvenation as they cut downwards, forming features like waterfalls, incised meanders and terraces along their courses as they
Delta
1. Deltas form where rivers enter bodies of standing water, depositing large amounts of sediment. They are common features where large rivers meet the ocean.
2. Deltas consist of a delta plain, delta front, and prodelta. The delta plain is the subaerial region with distributary channels, the delta front is the shallow underwater region where mouth bars form, and the prodelta is the deepest region where fine sediments settle out.
3. Deltas are classified based on dominant hydrodynamic processes, including river-dominated, tide-dominated, and wave-dominated deltas which have characteristic morphologies and sedimentary structures.
Turbidity
Turbidites are deposits formed by turbidity currents, which are dense underwater avalanches of sediment. Turbidity currents are initiated by events like earthquakes, flooding rivers, or sediment failures and can transport vast amounts of sediment over long distances on the seafloor. Turbidite deposits are characterized by alternating sandstone and shale layers with sharp, flat bases and grading from coarser to finer sediment upwards. They provide clues about the tectonic setting where they were deposited and can act as hosts for resources like gold or reservoirs for petroleum.
The work of rivers
Rivers shape the landscape through three main functions: erosion, transportation, and deposition. Erosion occurs via abrasion, attrition, hydraulic action, and solution as a river carries rock and sediment in its flow. Transportation involves traction, saltation, suspension, and solution of materials. Deposition happens when a river's volume or speed decreases as it enters areas like lakes, seas, or plains with gentler slopes. A river's erosional and depositional work depends on its energy, which relates to its volume, flow speed, and gradient of the land.
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Rivers shape the surrounding land through the processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition as they flow from their source to their mouth. Erosion involves the wearing away of river beds and banks by hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and solution. Rivers pick up and carry materials through processes like suspension, saltation, and traction. The energy levels of rivers determine what materials can be transported, with higher energy near sources allowing larger objects and lower energy at mouths resulting in deposition. Deposition occurs when rivers enter shallow water or experience decreased volume, such as after floods or in drought, commonly forming deltas at river mouths.
River profile
The document summarizes the key processes and features of a river system from its source to mouth. It describes how a river can be divided into an upper, middle and lower course, each with distinctive characteristics. The main river processes of erosion, transportation and deposition help shape the channel and valley over time. Erosion occurs through attrition, abrasion, solution and hydraulic action. Transportation methods depend on sediment size and energy levels, ranging from traction and saltation to suspension. Deposition forms features when energy levels drop, with the largest sediments deposited first.
Sec 3 Rivers
The document discusses various topics related to river drainage basins and processes:
1. It defines a drainage basin as an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries, with watersheds separating adjacent basins.
2. River patterns like dendritic, trellis, and radial are described as related to the underlying rock types.
3. Factors like river velocity, volume, and energy are discussed in relation to gradient, channel roughness, shape, basin size, vegetation, and climate.
Processes of River
The document summarizes various river, wind, and glacier processes. It discusses the three main types of processes that occur in rivers - erosion, transportation, and deposition. Erosion involves wearing away material from the river bed and banks. Transportation moves eroded material downstream, gradually reducing its size. Deposition occurs when energy levels drop and material is dropped from the river. Similar processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition occur for wind and glaciers.
L1 River Processes
The document discusses several key river processes including erosion, transportation, deposition, and the hydrological cycle. It describes the main forces that shape rivers as they flow downstream such as erosion processes like hydraulic action and abrasion. It also explains how rivers transport sediment loads through traction, saltation, and suspension. Finally, it discusses how and why rivers deposit material based on changes in gradient, volume, and speed.
River and landforms by rivers
This document discusses river landforms and processes. It begins by defining a river and explaining fluvial processes. It then discusses key aspects of river systems such as tributaries, floodplains, and meanders. Different drainage patterns like dendritic, parallel and trellis are described. The document also covers stream discharge, perennial and non-perennial streams, erosion types, sediment load and transportation methods. Finally, it summarizes the landforms created by upper, middle and lower course rivers such as V-shaped valleys, waterfalls, meanders, ox-bow lakes and deltas.
1.3 river channel processes
1. The document defines key terms related to river channel processes including abrasion, attrition, capacity, competence, deltas, discharge, gorges, helicoidal flow, hydraulic action, laminar flow, levees, load, point bars, pools, riffles, river cliffs, solution, turbulent flow, waterfalls, and rapids.
2. It discusses factors that affect rates of erosion in river channels including load, velocity, gradient, geology, pH, and human impact.
3. The main types of river channel flow are laminar, turbulent, and helicoidal flow while channel types include straight, meandering, and braided channels. Meanders have asymmetric cross-sections
Running water-Geomorhology Chapter
Running water is the primary agent of erosion on Earth's surface, though its role is limited in some glaciated and desert areas. Streams erode through processes like abrasion, attrition, solution, and hydraulic action. As they flow downhill, their kinetic energy is used to transport sediment in suspension, saltation, traction, or solution. When the stream's energy decreases, such as when entering flatter terrain, sediment is deposited in features like point bars, floodplains, levees, meanders, and deltas. Meanders may be cut off over time, forming oxbow lakes.
Rivers presentation
Rivers and streams begin as small tributaries that merge to form larger rivers as they flow downhill towards areas of lower elevation. They perform erosion by processes such as attrition, corrasion, hydraulic action, and chemical solution, and transport sediment through dissolution, suspension, and along the stream bed. A stream's competence and capacity determine the size of materials it can carry. Channel morphology depends on factors like gradient and sediment load, resulting in narrow channels in steep upper reaches and wider braided or meandering patterns downstream. Within channels, features like bars, point bars, and floodplains form through sediment deposition during times of changing flow.
Uses of Rivers
The document discusses rivers and the hydrological cycle. It begins by explaining how rivers are an important resource for drinking water, transport, electricity and more. It then describes the three main processes by which rivers shape the land - erosion, transportation, and deposition. Erosion involves wearing away river banks and breaking down rock particles. As rivers transport sediment downstream, larger rocks can be moved in higher energy areas near the source, while finer particles are deposited where energy is lowest at the mouth. The document outlines the typical features of the upper, middle and lower courses of a river as its energy decreases downstream.
Engineering Geology
This document discusses various geological processes and landforms resulting from physical geology. It covers the geological work of rivers including erosion, transportation, deposition and various fluvial landforms. It also discusses the geological work of other agents like wind, groundwater and oceans. Rivers can erode, transport and deposit sediment, forming features like drainage patterns, valleys, waterfalls and terraces over long periods of time. Wind erosion can form dunes and loess deposits, while groundwater can dissolve rock to form sinkholes, caves and valleys. Oceans also erode, transport and deposit material along coastlines.
The work of rivers
The document discusses the three main functions of rivers: erosion, transportation, and deposition. It describes the four primary ways that rivers erode the landscape: abrasion, attrition, hydraulic action, and solution. It also outlines the four methods that rivers transport sediment: traction, saltation, suspension, and solution. Finally, it explains that rivers deposit their sediment loads when their volume or speed decreases, such as when entering a lake or plain with a gentler slope.
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River Transportation and the Hjulstrom Curve
- 2. Load The word load is used to describe the rock particles that are carried by a river. There are three categories: Bedload – large particles carried only at times when the river has much energy. Suspended load – small particles that can be carried by the water, making it look muddy. Dissolved load – minerals carried by solution that are not visible.
- 3. A river obtains its load from two main sources: About 90% comes from the movement of material down the slopes of the river valley by weathering and mass movement. 10% comes from the erosion of the bed and banks of the river channel.
- 5. River capacity – the total amount of load that a river can carry at any one time. Capacity increases as discharge increases. River competence – the maximum size or weight of material a river can transport. In times of flood, a river’s competence will increase – it will be able to carry bigger particles. Capacity and competence increase downstream, as discharge increases, and during times of flood.
- 6. Processes of River Transportation Traction – large boulders are rolled along the river bed. Saltation – pebbles, sand and gravel bounce along the river bed. Suspension – fine particles are carried by the water, making the river look muddy. Solution – minerals that are dissolved in the water, and therefore not visible.
- 8. The Hjulstrom curve is a graph that shows the relationship between the velocity of a river and the particle sizes that may be transported. It shows the velocity needed to pick up material of a certain size (velocity needed for erosion to take place), and the settling velocity when deposition will occur.
- 9. Particles eroded Particles deposited Particles transported