Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a highly sensitive in vitro assay that measures antigens by using a radiolabeled antigen that competes with the antigen in a sample for binding to an antibody. The amount of radiolabeled antigen bound to the antibody is then measured via radioemission and used to determine the amount of antigen in the sample, allowing for detection of very small quantities. RIA was first described in 1960 and combines the principles of an immune reaction between antigen and antibody with competitive binding and measurement of radioactivity for high sensitivity.
Radioimmunoassay is an in vitro assay technique introduced in 1960 by Berson and Yalow to measure hormone levels in blood plasma. It uses the principles of a competitive binding reaction and measurement of radioactivity. In the assay, a radiolabeled antigen competes with unlabeled antigen from a test sample to bind to antibodies. The amount of radiolabeled antigen bound is inversely proportional to the concentration of unlabeled antigen in the sample. This sensitive and specific technique can detect antigen or antibody levels and has applications in endocrinology, oncology, toxicology and other areas of medical testing.
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is an in vitro assay that uses radioisotopes conjugated to antigens or antibodies to detect antigen-antibody complexes with high sensitivity. RIA involves an antigen-antibody immune reaction, competitive binding between labeled and unlabeled antigens for antibodies, and measurement of radio emissions. The amount of unlabeled antigen in a sample can be determined based on the amount of labeled antigen displaced from antibodies. RIA allows for quantification of very small quantities of antigens and antibodies and is used to analyze concentrations of hormones, drugs, and viral antigens in biological fluids.
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a sensitive technique for detecting antigens and antibodies developed in 1960 involving competitive binding of radiolabeled and unlabeled antigens to an antibody. The unlabeled antigen in a test sample competes with the radiolabeled antigen for antibody binding sites, and measuring the decrease in bound radiolabeled antigen allows determining the concentration of unlabeled antigen. RIA is widely used in clinical applications like hormone assays and drug testing due to its high sensitivity, but requires radioactive materials that pose handling hazards and expenses.
Radioimmunoassay is an in vitro technique that uses the principle of competitive binding between labeled and unlabeled antigens or ligands to detect very small quantities of substances. It involves an immune reaction between antigen and antibody, competitive binding between labeled and unlabeled analyte, and measurement of radioactivity to determine the amount of analyte present. The bound and unbound fractions are then separated, typically by precipitation of the bound fraction, and the radioactivity of each fraction is measured to quantify the amount of analyte in the sample. RIA can detect substances like hormones, drugs, proteins, and infectious agents at the nanogram to picogram level with high sensitivity and specificity.
Immunoassay is a biochemical test that estimate or asses the presence or concentration of a macromolecule (antigen) in a solution (eg-blood) through the use of an antibody or immunoglobulin(Ig). The macromolecule called "analyte". Analytes in biological liquids such as blooed serum, biological fuid and urine are frequently measured using immunoassays ( for medical and research purposes).
Immunoassays such as ELISA and RIA are biochemical techniques that use the specificity of antigen-antibody binding to detect or quantify substances like proteins, hormones, and drugs. ELISA is a popular plate-based immunoassay that can be quantitative or qualitative. There are different types of ELISA including direct, indirect, sandwich, and competitive formats. RIA uses radioactive labeling for higher sensitivity to detect substances at the picogram level. Both techniques have applications in clinical diagnostics, pharmaceutical analysis, and research.
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a sensitive technique developed in 1959 for measuring hormone concentrations using labeled antigens and antibodies. RIA involves competitive binding between a radioactive antigen and unlabeled antigen in a sample for a limited number of antibody binding sites. The amount of radioactive antigen bound to antibodies is measured, allowing quantification of the unlabeled antigen concentration through a standard curve. RIA requires radiolabeled antigens, purified antibodies, and instrumentation for separating bound from free antigens and measuring radioactivity. It is used to detect small quantities of hormones, vitamins, drugs and biomarkers due to its high specificity and sensitivity.
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a highly sensitive in vitro assay that measures antigens by using a radiolabeled antigen that competes with the antigen in a sample for binding to an antibody. The amount of radiolabeled antigen bound to the antibody is then measured via radioemission and used to determine the amount of antigen in the sample, allowing for detection of very small quantities. RIA was first described in 1960 and combines the principles of an immune reaction between antigen and antibody with competitive binding and measurement of radioactivity for high sensitivity.
Radioimmunoassay is an in vitro assay technique introduced in 1960 by Berson and Yalow to measure hormone levels in blood plasma. It uses the principles of a competitive binding reaction and measurement of radioactivity. In the assay, a radiolabeled antigen competes with unlabeled antigen from a test sample to bind to antibodies. The amount of radiolabeled antigen bound is inversely proportional to the concentration of unlabeled antigen in the sample. This sensitive and specific technique can detect antigen or antibody levels and has applications in endocrinology, oncology, toxicology and other areas of medical testing.
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is an in vitro assay that uses radioisotopes conjugated to antigens or antibodies to detect antigen-antibody complexes with high sensitivity. RIA involves an antigen-antibody immune reaction, competitive binding between labeled and unlabeled antigens for antibodies, and measurement of radio emissions. The amount of unlabeled antigen in a sample can be determined based on the amount of labeled antigen displaced from antibodies. RIA allows for quantification of very small quantities of antigens and antibodies and is used to analyze concentrations of hormones, drugs, and viral antigens in biological fluids.
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a sensitive technique for detecting antigens and antibodies developed in 1960 involving competitive binding of radiolabeled and unlabeled antigens to an antibody. The unlabeled antigen in a test sample competes with the radiolabeled antigen for antibody binding sites, and measuring the decrease in bound radiolabeled antigen allows determining the concentration of unlabeled antigen. RIA is widely used in clinical applications like hormone assays and drug testing due to its high sensitivity, but requires radioactive materials that pose handling hazards and expenses.
Radioimmunoassay is an in vitro technique that uses the principle of competitive binding between labeled and unlabeled antigens or ligands to detect very small quantities of substances. It involves an immune reaction between antigen and antibody, competitive binding between labeled and unlabeled analyte, and measurement of radioactivity to determine the amount of analyte present. The bound and unbound fractions are then separated, typically by precipitation of the bound fraction, and the radioactivity of each fraction is measured to quantify the amount of analyte in the sample. RIA can detect substances like hormones, drugs, proteins, and infectious agents at the nanogram to picogram level with high sensitivity and specificity.
Immunoassay is a biochemical test that estimate or asses the presence or concentration of a macromolecule (antigen) in a solution (eg-blood) through the use of an antibody or immunoglobulin(Ig). The macromolecule called "analyte". Analytes in biological liquids such as blooed serum, biological fuid and urine are frequently measured using immunoassays ( for medical and research purposes).
Immunoassays such as ELISA and RIA are biochemical techniques that use the specificity of antigen-antibody binding to detect or quantify substances like proteins, hormones, and drugs. ELISA is a popular plate-based immunoassay that can be quantitative or qualitative. There are different types of ELISA including direct, indirect, sandwich, and competitive formats. RIA uses radioactive labeling for higher sensitivity to detect substances at the picogram level. Both techniques have applications in clinical diagnostics, pharmaceutical analysis, and research.
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a sensitive technique developed in 1959 for measuring hormone concentrations using labeled antigens and antibodies. RIA involves competitive binding between a radioactive antigen and unlabeled antigen in a sample for a limited number of antibody binding sites. The amount of radioactive antigen bound to antibodies is measured, allowing quantification of the unlabeled antigen concentration through a standard curve. RIA requires radiolabeled antigens, purified antibodies, and instrumentation for separating bound from free antigens and measuring radioactivity. It is used to detect small quantities of hormones, vitamins, drugs and biomarkers due to its high specificity and sensitivity.
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is an in vitro technique used to measure concentrations of antigens like hormones in blood using antibodies. RIA uses a known quantity of radioactively labeled antigen that competes with unlabeled antigen in a patient's sample for binding to antibodies. By measuring the amount of bound versus unbound labeled antigen, the concentration of the unlabeled antigen can be derived. RIA is a very sensitive assay that has revolutionized research and clinical practice in areas like endocrinology, blood banking, and allergy diagnosis.
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) uses antibody-antigen binding and radioactivity to separate and quantify proteins. It revolutionized research and clinical practice in areas like blood banking and endocrinology. RIA was introduced in 1960 as an assay for insulin levels in plasma. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is similar but uses an enzyme reaction instead of radioactivity, avoiding radiation hazards. ELISA can detect antigens or antibodies and is used to analyze hormones, vitamins, drugs, and diagnose infections. Both RIA and ELISA are highly sensitive and specific immunoassays used widely in research and clinical settings.
This document discusses the history and development of radioimmunoassay (RIA) by Rosalyn Yalow, who won the Nobel Prize for her work. RIA involves labeling an antigen with a radioactive isotope, then using the specificity of the antibody-antigen reaction to separate bound labeled antigen from unbound antigen. This allows for quantification of antigens even at very low concentrations. The document outlines the principles, procedures, applications, advantages and disadvantages of RIA.
A technique for determining antibody levels by introducing an antigen labelled with a radioisotope and measuring the subsequent radioactivity of the antibody component.
The following presentation contains helpful information regarding Radioimmunoassay (RIA) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), including their history, introduction, advantages, procedures and applications.
1. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is an immunoassay technique used to detect and quantify substances such as hormones, drugs, and proteins in body fluids using radioactive isotopes. It combines the specificity of antigen-antibody reactions with the sensitivity of radioactive measurements.
2. In RIA, a labeled antigen competes with an unlabeled antigen of interest in a sample for binding to an antibody. The amount of labeled antigen bound is inversely proportional to the amount of unlabeled antigen present.
3. Detection of the bound radioactive labels allows for highly sensitive quantification of the unlabeled antigen in the sample down to picogram levels. RIA is widely used in clinical diagnostics and research.
Radioimmunoassay is the technique in which radioisotopes is used as a tag or label radioisotopes is covalently linked with Ag & Ab for the detection of ( Ag & Abs) complex
A RIA is a very sensitive in vitro assay technique used to measure concentrations of substances, usually measuring antigen concentrations (for example, hormone levels in blood) by use of antibodies.
This document provides an overview of two immunoassay techniques: ELISA and RIA. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) detects the presence of an antigen or antibody using an enzyme-linked secondary antibody that produces a colored product when reacted with a substrate. RIA (radioimmunoassay) uses a radiolabeled antigen or antibody to compete with unlabeled antigens in a sample, and measures radioactivity to determine antigen concentration. Both techniques rely on the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction and can be used to detect various targets like hormones, drugs, and infectious diseases.
This document provides an overview of two immunoassay techniques: ELISA and RIA. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) detects the presence of an antigen or antibody using an enzyme-linked secondary antibody that produces a colored product when reacted with a substrate. RIA (radioimmunoassay) uses a radiolabeled antigen or antibody to compete with unlabeled antigens in a sample, and measures radioactivity to determine antigen concentration. Both techniques rely on the specificity of antigen-antibody binding and can be used to detect various targets like hormones, drugs, and infectious diseases.
This document discusses immunoassays and two common types - radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RIA involves labeling an antigen or antibody with a radioactive material to measure it in a mixture. It is very sensitive but involves radiation hazards. ELISA uses an enzyme-linked antibody or antigen to detect the presence of a substance. It is a plate-based assay that is sensitive, reproducible, and does not use radiation. Both methods are used for applications like disease detection, drug monitoring, and analyzing hormones and metabolites.
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is an analytical biochemistry technique used to detect the presence of an antibody or antigen in a sample using antibodies specific to the target antigen or antibody. There are four main types of ELISA: direct, indirect, sandwich, and competitive. ELISA uses an enzyme-linked antibody or antigen to detect the target molecule and a chromogenic substrate to produce a detectable color change that corresponds to the amount of target molecule present. ELISA has many applications in clinical diagnostics, pharmaceutical analysis, and food safety due to its high sensitivity and specificity.
The document discusses two types of immunological assays: radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RIA uses radioactively labeled antigens or antibodies to detect and quantify antigens or antibodies. It relies on competitive binding and can detect very low concentrations. ELISA uses enzymes to detect antigen-antibody binding and comes in indirect, sandwich, and competitive formats. Both techniques are sensitive and specific methods to detect proteins, hormones, drugs and other molecules through antibody-antigen reactions.
1. Radioimmunoassay is an immunoassay technique that uses radiolabeled antigens or antibodies to detect and quantify antigens, antibodies, or other substances in a sample.
2. It works by competitive binding - radiolabeled and unlabeled antigens compete for binding sites on antibodies. The amount of radiolabeled antigen bound is then measured to determine the concentration of unlabeled antigen.
3. RIA is very sensitive and can detect substances at the picogram level. It has applications in detecting hormones, vitamins, drugs, and other molecules.
Radioimmunoassay is an assay technique that uses the binding of antigens and antibodies to measure concentrations of substances. It uses a radioactive tracer that competes with the antigen in a sample for binding to a limited number of antibodies. This allows quantification by measuring the bound versus unbound radioactive tracer. RIA has high sensitivity and specificity, and has revolutionized research and clinical practice in areas like endocrinology, pharmacology, and cancer detection.
The presentation describes the basic principle and methodology to perform the technique of Radioimmunoassay (RIA) in detection of various drugs and their derivatives from various forensic specimens.
The document discusses radioimmunoassay (RIA), a laboratory technique that uses the principle of competitive binding between labeled and unlabeled antigens or ligands to measure concentrations. RIA uses antibodies to bind antigens or ligands, one of which is radiolabeled. The amount of radiolabeled antigen/ligand bound is inversely proportional to the concentration of unlabeled antigen/ligand in the sample. The document covers principles, methodology, types of immunoassays and their components, and applications of RIA.
principle instrumentation and application of capillary electrophoresisAnimikh Ray
Immunochemical assays are based on antibody-antigen interactions in vitro. An immunoglobulin molecule contains two heavy chains and two light chains, each composed of variable and constant domains. Antigen is any foreign molecule that provokes an antibody response. Radioimmunoassay uses radioactive isotopes to detect antigens or antibodies with high sensitivity down to picogram levels. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay uses an enzyme label for detection and can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis.
A radioimmunoassay (RIA) is an immunoassay that uses radiolabeled molecules in a stepwise formation of immune complexes. A RIA is a very sensitive in vitro assay technique used to measure concentrations of substances, usually measuring antigen concentrations (for example, hormone levels in blood) by use of antibodies.
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is an in vitro technique used to measure concentrations of antigens like hormones in blood using antibodies. RIA uses a known quantity of radioactively labeled antigen that competes with unlabeled antigen in a patient's sample for binding to antibodies. By measuring the amount of bound versus unbound labeled antigen, the concentration of the unlabeled antigen can be derived. RIA is a very sensitive assay that has revolutionized research and clinical practice in areas like endocrinology, blood banking, and allergy diagnosis.
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) uses antibody-antigen binding and radioactivity to separate and quantify proteins. It revolutionized research and clinical practice in areas like blood banking and endocrinology. RIA was introduced in 1960 as an assay for insulin levels in plasma. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is similar but uses an enzyme reaction instead of radioactivity, avoiding radiation hazards. ELISA can detect antigens or antibodies and is used to analyze hormones, vitamins, drugs, and diagnose infections. Both RIA and ELISA are highly sensitive and specific immunoassays used widely in research and clinical settings.
This document discusses the history and development of radioimmunoassay (RIA) by Rosalyn Yalow, who won the Nobel Prize for her work. RIA involves labeling an antigen with a radioactive isotope, then using the specificity of the antibody-antigen reaction to separate bound labeled antigen from unbound antigen. This allows for quantification of antigens even at very low concentrations. The document outlines the principles, procedures, applications, advantages and disadvantages of RIA.
A technique for determining antibody levels by introducing an antigen labelled with a radioisotope and measuring the subsequent radioactivity of the antibody component.
The following presentation contains helpful information regarding Radioimmunoassay (RIA) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), including their history, introduction, advantages, procedures and applications.
1. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is an immunoassay technique used to detect and quantify substances such as hormones, drugs, and proteins in body fluids using radioactive isotopes. It combines the specificity of antigen-antibody reactions with the sensitivity of radioactive measurements.
2. In RIA, a labeled antigen competes with an unlabeled antigen of interest in a sample for binding to an antibody. The amount of labeled antigen bound is inversely proportional to the amount of unlabeled antigen present.
3. Detection of the bound radioactive labels allows for highly sensitive quantification of the unlabeled antigen in the sample down to picogram levels. RIA is widely used in clinical diagnostics and research.
Radioimmunoassay is the technique in which radioisotopes is used as a tag or label radioisotopes is covalently linked with Ag & Ab for the detection of ( Ag & Abs) complex
A RIA is a very sensitive in vitro assay technique used to measure concentrations of substances, usually measuring antigen concentrations (for example, hormone levels in blood) by use of antibodies.
This document provides an overview of two immunoassay techniques: ELISA and RIA. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) detects the presence of an antigen or antibody using an enzyme-linked secondary antibody that produces a colored product when reacted with a substrate. RIA (radioimmunoassay) uses a radiolabeled antigen or antibody to compete with unlabeled antigens in a sample, and measures radioactivity to determine antigen concentration. Both techniques rely on the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction and can be used to detect various targets like hormones, drugs, and infectious diseases.
This document provides an overview of two immunoassay techniques: ELISA and RIA. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) detects the presence of an antigen or antibody using an enzyme-linked secondary antibody that produces a colored product when reacted with a substrate. RIA (radioimmunoassay) uses a radiolabeled antigen or antibody to compete with unlabeled antigens in a sample, and measures radioactivity to determine antigen concentration. Both techniques rely on the specificity of antigen-antibody binding and can be used to detect various targets like hormones, drugs, and infectious diseases.
This document discusses immunoassays and two common types - radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RIA involves labeling an antigen or antibody with a radioactive material to measure it in a mixture. It is very sensitive but involves radiation hazards. ELISA uses an enzyme-linked antibody or antigen to detect the presence of a substance. It is a plate-based assay that is sensitive, reproducible, and does not use radiation. Both methods are used for applications like disease detection, drug monitoring, and analyzing hormones and metabolites.
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is an analytical biochemistry technique used to detect the presence of an antibody or antigen in a sample using antibodies specific to the target antigen or antibody. There are four main types of ELISA: direct, indirect, sandwich, and competitive. ELISA uses an enzyme-linked antibody or antigen to detect the target molecule and a chromogenic substrate to produce a detectable color change that corresponds to the amount of target molecule present. ELISA has many applications in clinical diagnostics, pharmaceutical analysis, and food safety due to its high sensitivity and specificity.
The document discusses two types of immunological assays: radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RIA uses radioactively labeled antigens or antibodies to detect and quantify antigens or antibodies. It relies on competitive binding and can detect very low concentrations. ELISA uses enzymes to detect antigen-antibody binding and comes in indirect, sandwich, and competitive formats. Both techniques are sensitive and specific methods to detect proteins, hormones, drugs and other molecules through antibody-antigen reactions.
1. Radioimmunoassay is an immunoassay technique that uses radiolabeled antigens or antibodies to detect and quantify antigens, antibodies, or other substances in a sample.
2. It works by competitive binding - radiolabeled and unlabeled antigens compete for binding sites on antibodies. The amount of radiolabeled antigen bound is then measured to determine the concentration of unlabeled antigen.
3. RIA is very sensitive and can detect substances at the picogram level. It has applications in detecting hormones, vitamins, drugs, and other molecules.
Radioimmunoassay is an assay technique that uses the binding of antigens and antibodies to measure concentrations of substances. It uses a radioactive tracer that competes with the antigen in a sample for binding to a limited number of antibodies. This allows quantification by measuring the bound versus unbound radioactive tracer. RIA has high sensitivity and specificity, and has revolutionized research and clinical practice in areas like endocrinology, pharmacology, and cancer detection.
The presentation describes the basic principle and methodology to perform the technique of Radioimmunoassay (RIA) in detection of various drugs and their derivatives from various forensic specimens.
The document discusses radioimmunoassay (RIA), a laboratory technique that uses the principle of competitive binding between labeled and unlabeled antigens or ligands to measure concentrations. RIA uses antibodies to bind antigens or ligands, one of which is radiolabeled. The amount of radiolabeled antigen/ligand bound is inversely proportional to the concentration of unlabeled antigen/ligand in the sample. The document covers principles, methodology, types of immunoassays and their components, and applications of RIA.
principle instrumentation and application of capillary electrophoresisAnimikh Ray
Immunochemical assays are based on antibody-antigen interactions in vitro. An immunoglobulin molecule contains two heavy chains and two light chains, each composed of variable and constant domains. Antigen is any foreign molecule that provokes an antibody response. Radioimmunoassay uses radioactive isotopes to detect antigens or antibodies with high sensitivity down to picogram levels. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay uses an enzyme label for detection and can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis.
A radioimmunoassay (RIA) is an immunoassay that uses radiolabeled molecules in a stepwise formation of immune complexes. A RIA is a very sensitive in vitro assay technique used to measure concentrations of substances, usually measuring antigen concentrations (for example, hormone levels in blood) by use of antibodies.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
7. RIA principle
• Antigens and antibodies bind specifically to form the Ag-Ab complex. The antigen
can be labeled or conjugated with radioisotopes. The unlabeled antigens from the
sample compete with radiolabeled antigens to bind on paratopes of specific
antibodies. The unlabeled antigens replace labeled antigens that are already linked
with the antibodies. The unlabeled antigens when bind with antibodies, increases
the amount of free radiolabeled antigens in the solution. Hence the concentration
of free labeled antigens is directly proportional to the bound unlabeled antigens.
• It involves a combination of three principles.
1.An immune reaction i.e. antigen, antibody binding.
2.A competitive binding or competitive displacement reaction. (It gives specificity)
3.Measurement of radio emission. (It gives sensitivity)
8. Immune Reaction
• When a foreign biological substance enters the
body’s bloodstream through a non-oral route, the body
recognizes the specific chemistry on the surface of the
foreign substance as antigen and produces specific antibodies
against the antigen so as nullify the effects and keep the body
safe. The antibodies are produced by the body’s immune
system so, it is an immune reaction. Here the antibodies or
antigens bind and move due to chemical influence. This is
different from the principle of electrophoresis where proteins
are separated due to charge.
9. Competitive binding or competitive displacement reaction
• This is a phenomenon wherein when there are two antigens that can
bind to the same antibody, the antigen with more concentration binds
extensively with the limited antibody displacing others. So here in the
experiment, a radiolabelled antigen is allowed to bind to a high-
affinity antibody. Then when the patient serum is added to unlabeled
antigens it starts binding to the antibody displacing the labeled
antigen.
10. Measurement of radio emission
• Once the incubation is over, then washings are done to remove any unbound
antigens. Then radio emission of the antigen-antibody complex is taken, and the
gamma rays from the radiolabeled antigen are measured.
• The target antigen is labeled radioactively and bound to its specific antibodies (a
limited and known amount of the specific antibody has to be added). A sample, for
e.g. blood serum, is added in order to initiate a competitive reaction of the labeled
antigens from the preparation, and the unlabeled antigens from the serum sample,
with the specific antibodies. The competition for the antibodies will release a
certain amount of labeled antigen. This amount is proportional to the ratio of
labeled to an unlabeled antigen. A binding curve can then be generated which
allows the amount of antigen in the patient’s serum to be derived. That means as
the concentration of unlabeled antigen is increased, more of it binds to the
antibody, displacing the labeled variant. The bound antigens are then separated
from the unbound ones, and the radioactivity of the free antigens remaining in the
supernatant is measured.
11. • Antigen-antibody complexes are precipitated either by crosslinking with a
second antibody or by means of the addition of reagents that promote the
precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes. Counting radioactivity in the
precipitates allows the determination of the amount of radiolabeled antigen
precipitated with the antibody. A standard curve is constructed by plotting
the percentage of antibody-bound radiolabeled antigen against known
concentrations of a standardized unlabeled antigen, and the concentrations
of antigen in patient samples are extrapolated from that curve.
• The extremely high sensitivity of RIA is its major advantage.
•
12. RIA procedure
• Specific antibodies of known concentrations are fixed in the microtiter
well.
• A known amount of hot antigen (radiolabelled) is added to the well.
• Washed carefully to remove any unbound antigens.
• At this time, the radioactivity of the well will be maximum.
• Cold antigens (unlabelled antigens) are then added to the well which
will displace the bound hot antigens and will bind to the antibodies.
• Washed carefully to remove the free labelled antigens.
• Radioactivity of the wells is measured by gamma counter.
13.
14. Result interpretation
• At first, the labeled antigens will bind to the antibodies hence radioactivity will
be maximum.
• If the sample contains specific antigens of interest, it will bind to the antibodies
releasing labeled antigens and hence the radioactivity of the solution will
decrease.
• So by observation of decreasing radioactivity, it can be confirmed that the
antigen of interest is present in the sample. And if the radioactivity remains the
same, it can be called a negative test.
• With the increasing concentration of unlabeled antigens, the radioactivity
decreases. By plotting a graph of radioactivity(in percentage) vs concentration
of unlabeled antigens, a standard curve is obtained.
• The sample to be assayed is run parallel following a similar procedure and the
radioactivity measured is calibrated with the standard curve to determine the
concentration of the antigen.
15. RIA applications
•It was first used for the detection of peptide hormones.
•Detection of different viral antigens
•Detection of many hormones and drugs
•Detection of Hepatitis B surface antigens
•Detection of mycotoxins
•Detection of the early stage of cancer
16. Advantages of RIA
•High specificity
•High sensitivity
•Can detect a very small amount (nanograms) of
antigen or antibodies.
17. Limitations of RIA
•Working with radioactive substances makes it a
bit risky.
•Disposal of radioactive substances can be
problematic.
•Equipment and reagents are expensive.
•Radiolabeled substances used have a short
shelf-life.