Rheological Properties of SCC and its Influence on Formwork Pressure

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 13 | ICNTCC-2014 | Sep-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 170
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SCC IN TERMS OF ITS
THIXOTRIOPIC BEHAVIOUR AND ITS INFLUENCE ON
FORMWORK PRESSURE
Jacek Gołaszewski1
, Grzegorz Cygan2
, Michał Drewniok3
, Adrian Kilijanek4
1
Department of Building Processes in the Faculty of Civil Engineering at the Silesian University of Technology,
Gliwice, Poland
2
Gliwice, Poland
3
Gliwice, Poland
4
Gliwice, Poland
Abstract
Thixotropic behaviour of SCC is not yet fully recognized. Understanding its nature and the factors influencing that effect, will
enable to practical use of this phenomenon, especially in the processes related with casting of SCC. Previous studies showed, that
SCC formwork pressure isn’t as high as the hydrostatic pressure. Knowing the factors influencing thixotropic behavior will allow to
optimum use of the formwork, by its proper design, particularly in terms of technology. The paper present methods of
measurements and results of rheological properties, including thixotropic stiffening of designed fresh SCC in comparison with its
formwork pressure with constant, fast casting speed. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the type of cement, w/c
ratio, chemical admixtures and time on the rheological properties of selected SCC. The aim was also to determine influence of
rheological properties on value of SCC formwork pressure. It will allow to better understand and describe the nature of the
previously observed decreasing formwork pressure using self-compacting concrete. The rheological characteristic and thixotropic
behaviour of SCC were determined by using a rheometer Viskomat XL and technical tests, air content by pressure method and
formwork pressure by the element imitating the column with dimensions of 0.20x0.20m and a height of 1.20 m with specially
designed pressure sensors.
The research was financed by the project No. 0842/B/T02/2011/40 from the National Science Centre and the project "DoktoRIS -
Scholarship program for innovative Silesia" co-financed by the European Union under the European Social Fund. Research has
been done in collaboration with HARSCO Infrastructure Poland.
Keywords: rheological properties of SCC, thixotrophic behaviour of SCC, SCC formwork pressure,
-------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete, as a mixture of cement paste and aggregate, is one
of the most commonly used materials in modern
construction. The main, but not the only factor determining
the properties of concrete, is the quality of the ingredients
used in its production.
The durability of concrete determined, inter alia, ongoing
changes in the mixture under load during mixing,
transporting, placing, casting and finishing (Fig. 1). Those
changes are rheological, and are described in detail in
[18][13][14][7][2] [5][17][15][19]. To better understand of
phenomena occurring in the concrete implementation of the
processes is not possible without a thorough understanding
of the rheological properties of concrete in conjunction with
the changes in the structure. It includes little known yet, so-
called, thixotropic effect that intensifies at the rest and
persists after re-mixing.
Fresh SCC, is usually characterized by thixotropic
behaviour - "fluid memory." In assumption it is a reversible
process.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Fig. 1: Rheological parameters of concrete depending on
time [15]
It represents the body (liquid) which structure, being at rest,
stiffens, followed by a high increase of viscosity. Applying
shear stress (supplying energy), over time, the apparent
viscosity begins to decrease. This is due to the progressive
destruction of the structure through the shear thinning. The
rate of disintegration of the bonds depends on amount which
can be destructed. After shearing, depending on the number
of bonds, structure begins to rebuild [14]. Different types of
thixotropic liquid along with their detailed characterization
provides, inter alia [11][16][18].
2. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
To know the exact moment of structural damage of the
mixture, we can specify by the nature of flow curve (Fig.
2a), with the determination of static yield stress at the rest
(Fig. 2b). Knowing that mechanism, we could better
understand and describe the nature of decreasing formwork
pressure using SCC [19]. In case of mortars and fresh
concrete, thixotropic effect could be determine by surface
area between two flow curves, with increasing and
decreasing shear rate – hysteresis loop. It is considered to be
representative of the work during the destruction of the
thixotropic effect at time and volume unit [17]. However,
this is a significant simplification.
It could be, after mixture fully shear thinning. In this case,
there will be identical or similar rheological parameters with
decreasing shear rate. In the case of concrete mixtures,
especially in case of SCC, there is often a loss of
workability. This involves a change of rheological
parameters of fresh concrete in time. Previous studies e.g.
[17][8], show that the hysteresis loop do not show actual
values of physical, rheological parameters of fresh concrete.
It is not possible, apart from empirical correlations, to
determine the effects of the fresh concrete thixotropic
properties use hysteresis loop. It could only show the nature
of that phenomenon. The experience of the authors indicate
that there can be identical or similar field between hysteresis
loops with different rheological parameters of different fresh
concretes.
Following the definition of thixotropic behaviour, it seems
more appropriate to describe of value of thixotropic nature of
fresh concrete to determinate a rheological properties of
concrete after resting, at a constant, low shear (static yield
stress) (Fig. 2b), and with increasing, relatively low shear rate
(initial yield stress and initial plastic viscosity). To know the
value of thixotropic behavior of SCC, it should be compared
these parameters in time, after resting, and also after re-
mixing.
Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the effect of
the type of cement, w/c ratio, chemical admixtures and time
on the rheological properties of selected of SCC and also its
influence on SCC formwork pressure.
The results will be used to develop a dependence for the
calculation of self compacting formwork pressure.
Fig. 2: The flow curve of concrete - determination of the
hysteresis loop, c) determination of the static yield stress [15]
3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
The scope of the research included:
 to determine the rheological properties of SCC by
rheometric (by rheometer Viskomat XL) and technical
tests;
 to determine air content in fresh SCC by pressure
method;
 to determine SCC formwork pressure at constant
casting speed of 7.5 m/h;
The composition of SCC has been chosen in a manner
consistent rheological self-compacting mortar, using the
composition of the adjustment based on the assumption of
equal values of dispersion for mortar and concrete. The
method of calculation is described in detail in [12]. This
method relies on the assumption of equality of dispersion
ratio of the concrete and cement paste give us the amount of
cement mortar which should be in a cement paste after the
"removal" of coarse aggregate from concrete. According to
the assumptions, all concrete mix contained an identical
amount of coarse aggregate and sand, while maintaining a
constant value of the sand. The density of cement affected on
the amount of cement and water in concrete. The amount of
superplasticizer in cement mortars were chosen because of

_______________________________________________________________________________________
their self-consolidating while ensuring stability. The amount
of superplastizer in fresh concrete were at the same level as
in cement mortars. Superplasticizer has been dose with the
mixing water. The mixing time was 5 min (after the addition
of mixing water with a chemical admixture).
The rheological parameters of fresh concrete were
determined by using a rheometer Viskomat XL. Studies
[2][7][13][18] show and it is commonly accepted, that
rheological behaviour of fresh concrete may be sufficiently
enough described by the Bingham model according to
equation:
  o (1)
where:  (Pa) is the shear stress at shear rate
γ (1/s) and o
(Pa) and  (Pas) are the yield stress and plastic viscosity,
respectively.
In rheometry tests, the Bingham model equation (1) is used
in its conventional form:
M = g + N h (2)
where g (Nmm) and h (Nmms) are parameters corresponding
to Bingham’s yield stress and plastic viscosity.
To determine parameters g and h, was used modified in
accordance with[13][10] and [3] described in detail in [2] and
[9] rheomertic test procedure. The rotational speed for
Viskomat XL and the time of measure are shown in Fig. 3.
The proposed procedure allow to measure the following
properties: the static yield stress after first three minute of
resting (1st
static yield stress) (Fig. 3) and 2nd
(after second
three minutes of resting (the static yield stress was measured
at a constant speed of 1rpm), the nature of the hysteresis
loop, the initial yield stress and initial plastic viscosity with
increasing shear rate in a range of speed from 1 to 25 rpm
and the dynamic yield stress and plastic viscosity decreasing
shear rate (from 25 to 1 rpm).
Fig. 3: The rheological test procedure for Viskomat XL
Parallel to the rheometric tests, performed technical tests,
according to PN-EN 12350-2, PN-EN 12350-8 for fresh
concrete using the Abrams cone (slump-flow test). It was
determined the diameter of concrete slump flow and
propagation time T500 to a diameter of 500 mm with an
accuracy of 0.1 s Spreading was carried out using a device
for vertical lifting of the cone at a constant speed (Fig. 4).
Tests were determined after mixing (0’), after 20 and 40
minutes of resting (20’, 40’) and in the 80 minute, after one
minute re-mixing (80’). Tests were carried out at constant
temperature of 20 °C.
Air content of fresh concrete were made by pressure method
in accordance with PN-EN 12350-7. Research performed
using the pressure container with a capacity of 8 liters in 1
minute from the end of mixing, after 5 min of rest (Fig. 5).
Due to the highly liquid mixtures, it were not used the
manual compaction rammer.
Fig. 4: Technical test equipment for vertical lifting of the
cone at a constant speed
Fig. 5: 8 liters container for the measurement of fresh
concrete air content
Measurement of SCC formwork pressure were determined
on the element imitating the column with dimensions of
0.20x0.20m and a height of 1.20 m. Casting speed were
constant and it was 7.5 m/h. Formwork pressure were
measured by pressure sensors with diameter of 87 mm.
Pressure was measured from start to the end of casting (every
casting took 10 minutes). The pressure sensors were at the
bottom of the column, and oppositely, at the height of 0.135
m, 0.375 m and 0.75 m (from the bottom of the formwork)
Fig. 6, Fig. 7. The sensors work with analog and digital
computer recording measurements [6].

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Fig. 6: Laboratory model to determine SCC formwork
pressure
Fig. 7: Laboratory model to determine SCC formwork
pressure
4. MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND
COMPOSITION OF MIXTURES
For investigation were used:
 Three types of cements (made from the same
portland clinker);
- ordinary portland cement CEM I 42.5 R;
- low alkaline, sulphate resistance blast furnace
cement, CEM III/A 42.5N-HSR/NA;
- low heat composite cement with granulated
blast furnace slag (the same source as in case of
CEM III) and fly ash CEM V/A (S-V) 32.5 R-
LH;
 Two kinds of superplasticizers based on
polycarboxylate ether (both as new generation
superplastizers):
- PE1 caused good workability in time, high
concrete final strenght with very low w/c ratio
(for ready mix concrete, precast concrete and
shotcrete);
- PE2 with high early and final strength, used
with very low w/c ratio and for concrete
consistency class from F1 to F6, also for SCC
(for precast and pre-stressed concrete);
 sand from Niedomice, near Tarnów and gravel with
maximum grain size of 8 mm from Sieciechowice,
near Tarnów.
Aggregate gradation for concrete is shown in Fig. 8.
The composition of concrete and initial properties of fresh
concrete are shown in Table 1.
Fig. 8: Aggregate gradation for concrete

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Table 1: The composition of concrete and initial properties
of fresh concrete
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
5.1 Rheological Properties of SCC Including
Thixotrophic Behaviour of Fresh Concrete
Technical Tests
After 40 minutes of resting, flowability of all fresh concretes
with ratio of w/c=0.3 decreased (Fig. 9). In case CEM I and
CEM III, there were influence of PE. The highest reduction
of flowability was in a presence of PE2, unlike in case of
CEM V. For that cement, there was slightly smaller
reduction of flowability, higher with PE1 lower with PE2.
After re-mixing, only CEM I with PE1 characterized by
increased workability. The higher loss of workability was in
case of CEM III with PE2. The smaller was in case of CEM
III, CEM V with PE1 and CEM I with PE2. For CEM V with
PE2 workability remained at similar level in comparison
with the measurement after mixing.
Fig. 9: Influence of the type of cement and PE on concrete
flowability (w/c ratio = 0.3)
flowability (w/c ratio = 0.4)
After 40 minutes of resting, flowability of all fresh concretes
with ratio of w/c=0.4, except CEM V with PE1, decreased
(Fig. 10). For CEM V flowability was higher in comparison
with the measurement after mixing. In case CEM I and CEM
III, there wasn’t influence of PE on concrete flowability (loss
of flowability was the same level). The highest reduction of
flowability was in case of CEM III and CEM V with PE2.
After re-mixing, none of the mixtures didn’t return to the
state after mixing. For CEM I and CEM V in a presence of
PE1, flowability was at the same level in comparison of 40
min resting. All other characterized by a loss of workability
over time, the highest for CEM III with PE2.
Technical tests show, that thixotropic stiffening of SCC may
occur in w/c = 0.3 ratio for CEM I, CEM III, CEM V in
a presence of PE1 (for CEM V character was smallest). Also
for CEM I with PE2, but with a significant loss of
workability.
Rheometric tests - 1st
static yield stress
Because the nature of the 2nd
static yield stress was similar to
the 1st
static yield stress, this paper presents only influence
of type of cement and PE on the change 1st
static yield stress.
After resting, 1st
static yield stress of fresh concrete with
ratio of w/c=0.3, increased (20’, 40’) and decreased after re-
mixing (80’) (Fig. 11). After 20 min of resting, the highest
increase was in case of CEM I with PE1 and CEM III with
PE2. After 40 min of resting the highest increase was in case
of CEM I in a presence of PE1 (highest) and PE2 (lowest)
and CEM III with PE2. For PE1 with CEM III and CEM V,
and PE2 with CEM V increase of the 1st
static yield stress
was slightly. After re-mixing only CEM I and CEM III in a
presence of PE2 didn’t return to the state after mixing (0’).
For the other value of 1st
static yield stress were similar as
after mixing, slightly lower for CEM I and CEM V with PE1
and slightly higher for CEM III with PE1 and CEM V with
PE2.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Fig. 11: Influence of type of cement and PE on the change 1st
static yield stress w/c ratio = 0.3
Fig. 12: Influence of type of cement and PE on the change 1st
static yield stress w/c ratio = 0.4
After resting, 1st
static yield stress of fresh concrete with
ratio of w/c=0.4, increased (20’, 40’) and decreased after re-
mixing (80’) (Fig. 12). After 20 min of resting, the highest
increase was in case of CEM I with PE1 and CEM III with
PE2. After 40 min of resting the highest increase was in case
of CEM I in a presence of PE1 (highest) and PE2 (lowest)
and CEM III with PE2. For PE1 with CEM III and CEM V,
and PE2 with CEM V increase of the 1st
static yield stress
was slightly. After re-mixing only CEM I and CEM III in
a presence of PE2 didn’t return to the state after mixing (0’).
For the other value of 1st
static yield stress were similar as
after mixing, slightly lower for CEM I and CEM V with PE1
and slightly higher for CEM III with PE1 and CEM V with
PE2.
Rheometric, 1st
static yield stress test shows, that thixotropic
stiffening of SCC may occur in case of:
- w/c = 0.3 ratio for CEM I and CEM III in a presence
of PE1. Also for CEM V with PE2, but with
a significant loss of workability;
- w/c = 0.4 ratio for CEM I and CEM V in a presence
of PE1. Also for CEM V with PE2, but with
a significant loss of workability;
Rheometric Tests - Initial Yield Stress and Initial
Plastic Viscosity
Fig. 13: Influence of type of cement and PE on concrete
initial yield stress, w/c ratio = 0.3
initial plastic viscosity, w/c ratio = 0.3
After resting, initial yield stress of almost all fresh concrete
with ratio of w/c=0.3, increased (20’, 40’) (Fig. 13). After
20 min of resting, the highest increase was in case of CEM I
with PE1 and CEM III with PE2. In a presence of PE2 with
CEM I and PE1 with CEM V initial yield stress slightly
decreased. For CEM V with PE2 initial yield stress remained
at a constant level. After 40 min of resting the highest value
was in case of CEM I in a presence of PE1 (highest) and
PE2 (lowest) and for CEM III with PE2 there wasn’t ability
to measure.
After re-mixing only CEM I and CEM III in a presence of
PE2 didn’t return to the state after mixing (0’). For CEM I
with PE1 value of initial yield stress was lower. For the other
value of initial yield stress were similar as after mixing
(CEM V), except CEM III with PE1, which value was three
times higher.
Initial plastic viscosity of almost all fresh concrete with ratio
of w/c=0.3, increased (20’, 40’) (Fig. 14). The highest
increase was in a presence of the PE2. For PE1, increase was
slightly.
After re-mixing initial plastic viscosity for fresh concretes
with PE1, except CEM I, was at the same level as after
mixing.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
The highest, which could not be measured, was in case of
CEM III with PE2. For that admixture initial plastic viscosity
for CEM I was high, at the same level as after 40 minutes of
resting. For CEM V value of initial plastic viscosity was
higher than after mixing, but lower than after 40 min of
resting.
After resting, initial yield stress of almost all fresh concrete
with ratio of w/c=0.4, increased (20’, 40’) (Fig. 15) After 20
min of resting, the highest increase was in case of CEM I
with PE1 and CEM III with PE2. In a presence of PE2 with
CEM I initial yield stress slightly decreased.
After 40 min of resting the values of initial yield stress
slightly increased, highest in case of CEM I with PE1.
After re-mixing only CEM I and CEM V in a presence of
PE1 return to the state after mixing (0’) – for CEM V value
of initial yield stress was lower than after mixing. For the
other fresh concretes, initial yield stress increased, even in
comparison with 40 minutes of rest.
Fig. 15: Influence of type of cement and PE on concrete
initial yield stress, w/c ratio = 0.4
initial plastic viscosity, w/c ratio = 0.4
Initial plastic viscosity after mixing in case of PE2 was
higher than for PE1 in a presence of CEM I and CEM V
(Fig. 16). For CEM I it was highest. Quite the opposite of
CEM III. After 20 and 40 minutes of resting initial plastic
viscosity increased, slightly in case of CEM V and CEM I,
fastest in case of CEM III. After re-mixing only CEM I
reduced significantly value of initial plastic viscosity. Less in
case of CEM III with PE1. For PE2 there wasn’t possibility
to measure initial plastic viscosity because of its high value.
For CEM V with PE1 initial plastic viscosity was
comparable with its value after mixing. For CEM V and PE2
initial plastic viscosity was higher than after mixing and after
40 minutes of resting.
Rheometric, initial yield stress and initial plastic viscosity
test shows, that thixotropic stiffening of SCC may occur in
case of:
- w/c = 0.3 ratio for CEM I, CEM III and CEM V in a
presence of PE1.;
- w/c = 0.4 ratio for CEM I and CEM V in a presence
of PE1;
5.2 Air Content of SCC
air content
Both in the case of w/c ratio of 0.3 and 0.4 were influence of
PE on air content in fresh concrete (Fig. 17). PE1 showed
secondary effect of admixture which causes aeration of SCC.
The exception was in case of CEM III and w/c ratio of 0.3.
PE2 caused higher aeration in case of w/c ratio of 0.4 than
0.3. For PE2 and w/c ratio of 0.4 air content was slightly
greater than on case of 0.3.
5.3 Formwork Pressure of SCC at Constant Casting
Speed
Formwork pressure of SCC in each cases was lower than
hydrostatic pressure. Pressure was lower in the range of 15 –
30 % of hydrostatic pressure. Similar conclusions are in
available literature e.g. [1][2].
In case of w/c ratio of 0.3 and 0.4, it was comparable.
There wasn’t significant influence of type of cement for w/c
ratio of 0.3. For CEM III formwork pressure was slightly
lower, higher for CEM I and slightly highest for CEM V. For
PE2, SCC formwork pressure was insignificantly higher.
For w/c ratio of 0.4 for CEM III and CEM V in a presence of
PE2, SCC formwork pressure was insignificantly higher,
unlike in case of CEM I.

_______________________________________________________________________________________
Fig. 18: Influence of the type of cement and PE on SCC
formwork pressure with casting speed of 7.5 m/h – the
lowest sensor
6. CONCLUSIONS
The study indicates that the thixotropic stiffening of SCC is
very complex phenomenon that requires in-depth knowledge.
Therefore, research in this direction is necessary and should
be dealt with using the multi-measurement system. The
measurement method of thixotropic stiffening appears to
changes of the static yield stress at rest with a change of
rheological parameters (initial plastic viscosity and yield
stress) determined in the first phase of increasing shear rate,
before shear thinning of the mixture.
Based on the performed tests it can be concluded that:
- workability of concrete in time with lower w/c ratio
was better for superplastizer PE1. For CEM V
workability with PE1 and PE2 was similar. For
higher w/c ratio workability was better also for PE1
but only for CEM I and CEM V. For CEM V was the
best;
- the thixotropic stiffening of the SCC characterize
fresh concrete with a high content of cement with a
low coefficient of w/c thereby also relatively high
dose of superplasticizer and its type (w/c ratio of 0.3
for CEM I, CEM III and CEM V in a presence of
PE1, in varying intensity);
- superplastizer PE1 caused aeration of SCC;
- there wasn’t significant influence of rheological
parameters on formwork pressure (with casting speed
of 7.5 m/h i.e. in 10 minutes of casting laboratory
model).
Rheological parameters, like static yield stress or initial yield
stress with initial plastic viscosity are important during
slower casting or breaks between casting. This is closely
associated with the speed and intensity of formwork pressure
reduction, before the beginning of the setting time of cement,
for which effect is responsible inter alia thixotropic stiffening
of self-compacting concrete.
Open issue is the adoption of a method to estimate which of
the effects: thixotropic behaviour or stiffness caused by loss
of workability, plays a leading role in the reduction of
pressure on formwork. As well as whether the initial yield
stress or initial plastic viscosity with different w/c ratio
determines the intensity of thixotropy stiffening and
reduction of SCC formwork pressure. Verification of the
above rheological parameters of SCC, including a thixotropic
stiffening and loss of workability, will be during ongoing
research of its influence on formwork pressure with slower
casting speed and casting after rest.
The research was financed by the project No.
0842/B/T02/2011/40 from the National Science Centre and
the project "DoktoRIS - Scholarship program for innovative
Silesia" co-financed by the European Union under the
European Social Fund. Research has been done in
collaboration with HARSCO Infrastructure Poland.
REFERENCES
[1] Billberg P. (eds): "Casting of Self Sompacting
Concrete Report 35," RILEM, Final report of
RILEM Technical Commitee 188-CSC 2006
[2] Billberg P.: Form Pressure Generated by Self-
Compacting Concrete - Influence of Thixotrophy
and Structural Behaviour at Rest. Stockholm,
Sweden: Doctoral Thesis, Royal Institute of
Technology, 2006
[3] Cheng D.C.-H.: "Thixotrophy," International
Jurnal of Cosmetic Science, no. Vol 9.4, pp. 151-
191, 1987
[4] Drewniok M., Gołaszewski J. Cygan G.:
"Consistency of SCC and ist relationship with
formwork pressure," in 22. Conference "Rheology
of Building Materials", Regensburg, Germany,
March, 6th – 7th 2013
[5] Gołaszewski J.: "Technologia betonu
samozagęszczalnego a betonu zagęszczanego w
sposób tradycyjny," Przegląd Budowlany, pp. 28-
36, 6/2009
[6] Cygan G., Drewniok M., Gołaszewski J.:
"Właściwości mieszanki betonu
samozagęszczalnego z cementem
wieloskładnikowym," in Konferencja Energia i
Środowisko, Szczyrk, 21.-23.05.2014, p. publication
in print
[7] Gołaszewski J.: Wpływ superplastyfikatorów na
właściwości reologiczne mieszanek na spoiwach
cementowych w układzie zmiennych czynników
technologicznych. Gliwice: Zeszyty Naukowe
Politechniki Śląskiej, 2006.
[8] Gołaszewski J., Drewniok M., and Cygan G.:
Właściwości reologiczne mieszanek na spoiwach
cementowych w aspekcie efektu tiksotropii.
Monografia Politechniki Warszawskiej "Procesy
Budowlane". Warszawa: Politechnika Warszawska,
2012, vol. II
[9] Gołaszewski J., Drewniok M., and Cygan G.:
"Właściwości reologiczne mieszanki betonowej w
aspekcie efektu tiksotropii – procedury badawcze,"
Technika Transportu Szynowego, no. 9, pp. 1953-
1962, 2012
[10] Helnan-Moussa B., Petit J.Y., Vanhove Y., and
Wirquin E.: "Evaluation of the cement paste

_______________________________________________________________________________________
thixotrophy," in Second International Symposium
on Design, Performance and Use of Self-
Consolidating Concrete, SCC’2009, China, Beijing,
China, June 5-7 2009, pp. 526-533
[11] Izak P.: Reologia zawiesin ceramicznych. Kraków:
Wyd. AGH, 2012.
[12] Gołaszewski J., Cygan G., and Drewniok M.:
"Designing the composition of concrete mixtures
based on properties of mortar," in Konferencja
„Inżynieria Przedsięwzięć Budowlanych” Kraków,
26-28 VI 2014 - publication in print
[13] Koehler E.P.: "Use Rheology to specify, Design and
manage self-consolidating concrete," in 9th ACI
International Conference on Superplasticizers &
10th International Conference on Recent, Seville,
Spain, Octobet 2009, pp. 609-623
[14] Kurdowski W.: Chemia Cementu i Betonu. Kraków,
Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Polski Cement,
Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2010
[15] Lowke D.: "Superplasticizers and Thixotropy of
Fresh Concrete," in 9th ACI International
Conference on Superplasticizers & 10th
International Conference on Recent, Seville, Spain,
October 2009, pp. 11-37
[16] Migas A.: Reologia ceramicznych zawisin
tiksotroowych. Rozprawa dokrotska. Kraków:
Katedra Technologii Ceramiki i Materiałów
Ogniotrwałych, 2008
[17] Roussel N.: "A thixotrophy model of fresh fluid
concretes: theory, validation and applications,"
Cement and Concrete Research, pp. 1797-1806, 36
(10) 2006
[18] Szwabowski J.: Reologia mieszanek na spowach
cementowych. Gliwice: Wydawnictwo Politechniki
Śląskiej, 1999
[19] Wallevik E.J.: Rheological properties of cement
paste: Thixotropic behavior and structural
breakdown., 39 2009
BIOGRAPHIES:
Jacek Gołaszewski, PhD, is the associated professor at the
Department of Building Processes in the Faculty of Civil
Engineering at the Silesian University of Technology,
Gliwice, Poland. His main research field includes the
rheology of cement based materials, the use of admixtures in
concrete and the technology of high - performance concrete.
Grzegorz Cygan, MSc., Eng., is a member of PhD studies at
the Department of Building Processes in the Faculty of Civil
rheology of cement based materials and the influence of
temperature on workability of self-compacting concrete.
Michał Drewniok, MSc., Eng., is a researcher at the
Department of Building Processes in the Faculty of Civil
rheology of cement based materials, the use of admixtures in
concrete and the technology of self-compacting concrete,
especially influence of rheological properties of SCC on
formwork pressure.
Adrian Kilijanek, BSc., Eng., is a member of MSc. studies
at the Department of Building Processes in the Faculty of
Civil Engineering at the Silesian University of Technology,
rheology of cement based materials, properties of hardened
concrete and concrete properties at high temperatures (after
fires) – SCC, FRC, SCFRC.

Rheological Properties of SCC and its Influence on Formwork Pressure

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (18)

Similar to Rheological Properties of SCC and its Influence on Formwork Pressure

Similar to Rheological Properties of SCC and its Influence on Formwork Pressure (20)

More from eSAT Publishing House

More from eSAT Publishing House (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Rheological Properties of SCC and its Influence on Formwork Pressure