Since the past decade, oral administration has received substantially more attention for the treatment or management of disorders. Mouth dissolving tablets MDTs , a novel idea in oral delivery, are now widely used. Mouth dissolving tablets are solid dosage forms that dissolve and release the active ingredient when placed in the mouth for a short period of time without the use of water. Geriatric, paediatric, and bedridden patients are particularly affected by it since they have swallowing issues, like those with dysphasia. This article discusses the various excipients evaluation tests, marketed formulations, and drugs used in his research area, along with the many formulation aspects and technologies developed for MDTs. The advancement in this field allows the development of an affordable and improved method of disease management with avoidance of numerous issues associated to the other delivery systems. Kamlesh R. Deshmane | Dr. V. U. Barge | Pratiksha B. Avhad "Review on Formulation Approaches and Evaluation Parameters of Mouth Dissolving Tablet" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55178.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/55178/review-on-formulation-approaches-and-evaluation-parameters-of-mouth-dissolving-tablet/kamlesh-r-deshmane
For treatment or the board of infections, oral conveyance is giving significantly more consideration from the old decade. Another idea in oral conveyance is mouth dissolving tablets MDTs are generally acknowledged these days. Mouth dissolving tablets are strong measurement structures which, when set in the mouth, crumble, break down and discharge dynamic specialist inside a couple of moments without the requirement for water. It has more importance to geriatric, Pediatric, incapacitated patients since they have an issue in gulping and the patient with dysphasia. It is more valuable for the voyager and occupied patients who don t have simple admittance to water. Mouth dissolving tablets are set up by different innovations with the guide of superdisintegrants. Mouth dissolving tablets are more dependable than traditional dose structures like tablets, cases in view of better patient consistence. The progression in this field permits the improvement of a monetary and better method of infection the executives with shirking of a few issues identified with the other conveyance frameworks. Vinod Pund | Smita Aher | Rushikesh Bachhav "Mouth Dissolving Tablets: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52357.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/52357/mouth-dissolving-tablets-a-review/vinod-pund
This document provides a review of oral dispersible tablets. It begins with an introduction that defines oral dispersible tablets as solid dosages that disintegrate rapidly, usually within seconds, when placed on the tongue. It describes the advantages of these tablets for patients who have difficulty swallowing conventional tablets. The document then reviews various technologies used to manufacture oral dispersible tablets, including lyophilization, molding, cotton candy process, and spray drying. It also discusses commonly used excipients and superdisintegrants and their mechanisms of action in rapidly disintegrating tablets.
Recently, fast dissolving oral films have started gaining fame and acceptance as new drug delivery systems, which aim to enhance safety and efficacy of a drug molecule to achieve better patient compliance. It is a robust form a drug delivery system where the film is placed on the top or the floor of the tongue. When put on the tongue, this film dissolves instantaneously, releasing the drug which dissolves in the saliva. Buccal drug delivery has lately become an important route of drug administration. But many of the patients paediatrics and geriatrics are unwilling to take solid preparations due to fear of choking. This has made the pharmaceutical industry look for alternatives routes of drug delivery like film drug delivery. Fast dissolving oral drug delivery system have started gaining popularity and acceptance as new drug delivery system, because they are easy to administer, better patient compliance, rapid drug absorption, and sudden onset of drug action with instant bioavailability is possible. This review reflects information regarding formulation ingredient, technologies and evaluation test employed in the preparation of fast dissolving oral films. Mr. Vijay P. Ingle | Prof. Sharad D. Tayade | Dr. Shirish P. Jain "A Review on: Fast Dissolving Oral Film" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43836.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/43836/a-review-on-fast-dissolving-oral-film/mr-vijay-p-ingle
Review on “Mouth Dissolving Tablet as Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery System”ijtsrd
Numerous formulations with enhanced performance and acceptability have been developed in response to the need for greater palatability in oral given medications. Over the past several decades, demand for mouth dissolving tablets MDTs has grown steadily, and the pharmaceutical sector has seen a tremendous expansion in this field. One of the special qualities of mouth dissolving tablets is that they dissolve quickly and release the medication as soon as they come into contact with saliva. This eliminates the need for water when administering the medication. The applications and techniques of taste masking in the past are reviewed in this article, which also focuses on the most current advancements in bitterness reduction for drugs taken orally. In addition to the conventional methods of manufacturing, this review offers a thorough understanding of a few distinct patents these technologies created and commercialised formulations of mouth dissolving tablets MDTs . Adesh Karale | Aditya Karale | Sanket Kachare | Vijay Tarade "Review on “Mouth Dissolving Tablet as Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery System”" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61260.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/61260/review-on-“mouth-dissolving-tablet-as-fast-dissolving-drug-delivery-system”/adesh-karale
This document provides an overview of mouth dissolving tablets (MDTs). It discusses the need for MDTs due to difficulties swallowing traditional tablets for some patients. MDTs are designed to dissolve or disintegrate rapidly in the mouth without water. The document outlines the ideal properties of MDTs, challenges in their formulation, and various manufacturing techniques including lyophilization and molding. It also discusses commonly used excipients in MDTs like bulking agents, superdisintegrants, and flavors/sweeteners. In summary, this document reviews the technology and formulation considerations for MDTs, which are an important dosage form for patients who have trouble swallowing conventional tablets.
Mouth dissolving tablets- A unique dosage form curtailed for special purpose:...IOSR Journals
The concept of mouth dissolving tablets known as MDTs has emerged with an objective to improve patient’s compliance. Methods to improve patient’s compliance have always attracted scientists towards the development of fancy oral drug delivery systems. Among them, mouth dissolving drug delivery systems (MDDDS) have obtained an important position in the market by overcoming previously encountered administration problems and contributing to extension of patent life. These dosage forms rapidly disintegrate in contact with saliva even within <60 seconds, an attribute that makes them highly attractive for paediatric, geriatric, bedridden patients and for active patients who are busy and in travelling may not have access to water. This special dosage form has some prerequisite criteria for formulation and this also involves the use of special techniques for large scale industrial production. The aim of this article is to review the advantages and disadvantages of MDTs, common excipients used in the formulation especially highlighting the use of superdisintegrating agents and taste masking agents in formulation and finally the popular methods used to produce large scale tablets for commercial purpose.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document provides an overview of oral disintegrating tablets (ODTs), including their development, technologies used in their production, and evaluation methods. ODTs are solid dosage forms that disintegrate rapidly in the mouth, typically within 3 minutes, without water. They offer advantages over conventional tablets for patients who have difficulty swallowing. The document reviews various ODT production technologies such as freeze drying, spray drying, mass extrusion, and direct compression. It also discusses ideal properties, advantages, and limitations of ODTs.
For treatment or the board of infections, oral conveyance is giving significantly more consideration from the old decade. Another idea in oral conveyance is mouth dissolving tablets MDTs are generally acknowledged these days. Mouth dissolving tablets are strong measurement structures which, when set in the mouth, crumble, break down and discharge dynamic specialist inside a couple of moments without the requirement for water. It has more importance to geriatric, Pediatric, incapacitated patients since they have an issue in gulping and the patient with dysphasia. It is more valuable for the voyager and occupied patients who don t have simple admittance to water. Mouth dissolving tablets are set up by different innovations with the guide of superdisintegrants. Mouth dissolving tablets are more dependable than traditional dose structures like tablets, cases in view of better patient consistence. The progression in this field permits the improvement of a monetary and better method of infection the executives with shirking of a few issues identified with the other conveyance frameworks. Vinod Pund | Smita Aher | Rushikesh Bachhav "Mouth Dissolving Tablets: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52357.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/52357/mouth-dissolving-tablets-a-review/vinod-pund
This document provides a review of oral dispersible tablets. It begins with an introduction that defines oral dispersible tablets as solid dosages that disintegrate rapidly, usually within seconds, when placed on the tongue. It describes the advantages of these tablets for patients who have difficulty swallowing conventional tablets. The document then reviews various technologies used to manufacture oral dispersible tablets, including lyophilization, molding, cotton candy process, and spray drying. It also discusses commonly used excipients and superdisintegrants and their mechanisms of action in rapidly disintegrating tablets.
Recently, fast dissolving oral films have started gaining fame and acceptance as new drug delivery systems, which aim to enhance safety and efficacy of a drug molecule to achieve better patient compliance. It is a robust form a drug delivery system where the film is placed on the top or the floor of the tongue. When put on the tongue, this film dissolves instantaneously, releasing the drug which dissolves in the saliva. Buccal drug delivery has lately become an important route of drug administration. But many of the patients paediatrics and geriatrics are unwilling to take solid preparations due to fear of choking. This has made the pharmaceutical industry look for alternatives routes of drug delivery like film drug delivery. Fast dissolving oral drug delivery system have started gaining popularity and acceptance as new drug delivery system, because they are easy to administer, better patient compliance, rapid drug absorption, and sudden onset of drug action with instant bioavailability is possible. This review reflects information regarding formulation ingredient, technologies and evaluation test employed in the preparation of fast dissolving oral films. Mr. Vijay P. Ingle | Prof. Sharad D. Tayade | Dr. Shirish P. Jain "A Review on: Fast Dissolving Oral Film" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43836.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/43836/a-review-on-fast-dissolving-oral-film/mr-vijay-p-ingle
Review on “Mouth Dissolving Tablet as Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery System”ijtsrd
Numerous formulations with enhanced performance and acceptability have been developed in response to the need for greater palatability in oral given medications. Over the past several decades, demand for mouth dissolving tablets MDTs has grown steadily, and the pharmaceutical sector has seen a tremendous expansion in this field. One of the special qualities of mouth dissolving tablets is that they dissolve quickly and release the medication as soon as they come into contact with saliva. This eliminates the need for water when administering the medication. The applications and techniques of taste masking in the past are reviewed in this article, which also focuses on the most current advancements in bitterness reduction for drugs taken orally. In addition to the conventional methods of manufacturing, this review offers a thorough understanding of a few distinct patents these technologies created and commercialised formulations of mouth dissolving tablets MDTs . Adesh Karale | Aditya Karale | Sanket Kachare | Vijay Tarade "Review on “Mouth Dissolving Tablet as Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery System”" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61260.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/61260/review-on-“mouth-dissolving-tablet-as-fast-dissolving-drug-delivery-system”/adesh-karale
This document provides an overview of mouth dissolving tablets (MDTs). It discusses the need for MDTs due to difficulties swallowing traditional tablets for some patients. MDTs are designed to dissolve or disintegrate rapidly in the mouth without water. The document outlines the ideal properties of MDTs, challenges in their formulation, and various manufacturing techniques including lyophilization and molding. It also discusses commonly used excipients in MDTs like bulking agents, superdisintegrants, and flavors/sweeteners. In summary, this document reviews the technology and formulation considerations for MDTs, which are an important dosage form for patients who have trouble swallowing conventional tablets.
Mouth dissolving tablets- A unique dosage form curtailed for special purpose:...IOSR Journals
The concept of mouth dissolving tablets known as MDTs has emerged with an objective to improve patient’s compliance. Methods to improve patient’s compliance have always attracted scientists towards the development of fancy oral drug delivery systems. Among them, mouth dissolving drug delivery systems (MDDDS) have obtained an important position in the market by overcoming previously encountered administration problems and contributing to extension of patent life. These dosage forms rapidly disintegrate in contact with saliva even within <60 seconds, an attribute that makes them highly attractive for paediatric, geriatric, bedridden patients and for active patients who are busy and in travelling may not have access to water. This special dosage form has some prerequisite criteria for formulation and this also involves the use of special techniques for large scale industrial production. The aim of this article is to review the advantages and disadvantages of MDTs, common excipients used in the formulation especially highlighting the use of superdisintegrating agents and taste masking agents in formulation and finally the popular methods used to produce large scale tablets for commercial purpose.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document provides an overview of oral disintegrating tablets (ODTs), including their development, technologies used in their production, and evaluation methods. ODTs are solid dosage forms that disintegrate rapidly in the mouth, typically within 3 minutes, without water. They offer advantages over conventional tablets for patients who have difficulty swallowing. The document reviews various ODT production technologies such as freeze drying, spray drying, mass extrusion, and direct compression. It also discusses ideal properties, advantages, and limitations of ODTs.
The Indo-American Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences is an online international journal that publishes articles quarterly.It's important to note that the specific policies, guidelines, and the editorial board of IAJPB may change over time, so it's advisable to visit the journal's official website or contact the journal of the journal publication.
A Review on Dispersible Tablets A Novel Drug Delivery System for Pedietrics a...ijtsrd
Novel Drug Delivery system offer great chance to invent new drug delivery system for the betterment of the life. Oral dispersible tablets are modern day technology and extensively used for those formulations which are required for pediatrics and geriatrics. Dispersible tablet disintegrates rapidly into the mouth in presence of saliva, as they don't require water for disintegration. Such rapid disintegration is helpful for the person having problem of dysphasia. Dispersible tablet requires a key ingredient called supradisintegrants for such rapid and effective disintegration. There are various methodologies used for preparing such effective dispersible tablets like – Compaction method, Freeze Drying, Molding Method, Sublimation, all such methods are effective to make dispersible tablets. There is need of evaluation of each and every tablet after manufacturing which requires evaluation parameters such as weight variation, Disintegration test, Dissolution Test, Hardness, and Thickness. This article discuss about dispersible tablets, methods of preparation for dispersible tablets, evaluation parameters and advantages and disadvantages. Nutan Prakash Sharma | Shivam Pandey | Hariom Sharma | Jaya Singh ""A Review on Dispersible Tablets: A Novel Drug Delivery System for Pedietrics and Geriatrics"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25098.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/25098/a-review-on-dispersible-tablets-a-novel-drug-delivery-system-for-pedietrics-and-geriatrics/nutan-prakash-sharma
Oral Dispersible Film is a Novel Drug Delivery System intended to bypass the hepatic first pass metabolism and also many other benefits over the conventional oral dosage forms. It provides the user to administer the drug without the use of water and without ant expertise in administration.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present research work was to enhance the solubility of
Carvedilol by solid dispersion method and to formulate a mouth
dissolving tablet. Drugs are more frequently taken by oral
administration. The solubility of Carvedilol enhanced with different
ratios of PVP by the solvent evaporation method .In-vitro release
profile of solid dispersion obtained in SGF without enzymes and Ph
6.8 phosphate buffer indicate that 100% drug release found within 20
min. These solid dispersion were directly compressed into tablets using
Crospovidone, sodium starch glycol ate, croscarmellose sodium and
polyacrylic potassium in different concentrations as a super
disintegrants. The prepared tablets containing the solid dispersion of
Carvedilol having sufficient strength of 2.5-4 kg/cm2. The
disintegrated in the oral cavity with in 21 sec. contain Crospovidone
(5%) as super disintegrant.
KEYWORDS: Carvedilol, PVP, Super Disintegrants, Mouth Dissolving Tablet.
This document discusses the development of fast dissolving tablets of lornoxicam using different techniques. It begins with introducing the need for fast dissolving drug delivery systems for patients who have difficulty swallowing traditional tablets. It then reviews various technologies that are used to produce fast dissolving tablets, including conventional methods like freeze drying as well as patented technologies. The document proposes to develop lornoxicam fast dissolving tablets using methods like direct compression, sublimation, solid dispersion, and an effervescent approach. It will evaluate the tablets for various properties and release studies and compare the results to determine the best formulation for lornoxicam fast dissolving tablets.
Preparation and Evaluation of Immediate Release Tabletsijtsrd
Background Tablet is that the preferred among all dosage forms existing today thanks to its convenience of self administration, compactness and simple manufacturing however in many cases immediate onset of action is required than conventional therapy. There are novel kinds of dosage form.The scenario of pharmaceutical drug delivery are expeditiously challenging, but conventional pharmaceutical dosage forms are still dominating. Immediate release dosage forms are those wherein =85 of labeled amount dissolves within 30 min. Superd is integrants are accustomed improve the efficacy of solid dosage forms. orms that act very quickly after administration To overcome these drawbacks, immediate release pharmaceutical dosage form has emerged as alternative oral dosage forms. There are novel forms of dosage forms that act very quickly after administration. the fundamental approach utilized in development tablets is that the use of superdisintegrants like Cross linked carboxymelhylcellulose Croscarmeliose , Sodium starch glycolate Primogel, Explotab , Polyvinylpyrrolidone Polyplasdone etc. which give instantaneous disintegration of tablet after administration. Immediate release liquid dosage forms and parenteral dosage form have also been introduced for treating patients. Dosage form can be suspensions with typical dispersion agents like hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, dioctylsulfosuccinate etc. a replacement dosage form allows a manufacturer to increasemarket exclusivity, while offering its patient population a more convenient dosage form or dosing regimen.These superdisintegrants provide instantaneous disintegration of the tablet after administration within the stomach. This article provide an exhaustive account illustrating the significances of superdisintegrant within the immediate release of tablets and therefore the mechanism of disintegration together with various conventional techniques and novel granulation technology wont to prepare immediate release tablets. ach. Thus, decreasing the disintegration time which successively enhances drug dissolution rate. Results From this review, we can ready to develop and evaluate immediate release tablets.also we must always understand role of immediate release tablets.Conclusion Most of the patients need quick therapeutic action of the drug, leading to poor compliance with conventional drug therapy which results in reduced overall therapy effectiveness. For this we will conclude that immediate release tablets are simpler. because immediate release tablet shows quick effect. Sakshi Ghuge | Prof. Smita More "Preparation and Evaluation of Immediate Release Tablets" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35867.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/35867/preparation-and-evaluation-of-immediate-release-tablets/sakshi-ghuge
This document describes the formulation and in vitro evaluation of oral disintegrating tablets containing the drug mirtazapine using the sublimation method. Sodium starch glycolate and croscarmellose sodium were used as disintegrants. The results showed no chemical interaction between mirtazapine and the excipients used. Formulation F9, containing camphor at 30 mg, showed the fastest drug release of 99.13% within 20 minutes and was selected as the optimized formulation. The drug release from F9 followed first-order kinetics. Overall, an oral disintegrating tablet of mirtazapine was successfully developed using the sublimation method that showed rapid disintegration and drug release.
This document defines and discusses fast dissolving tablets (FDTs). FDTs disintegrate rapidly in the mouth without water. Their history dates back to the 1970s when scientists developed Zydis, an early FDT formulation. FDTs provide advantages like accurate dosing, easy administration for patients who can't swallow, and a faster onset of action compared to normal tablets. They are made through freeze drying or spray drying which creates a highly porous structure for rapid dissolution. While FDTs offer benefits, their use is limited by formulation challenges like bitter tasting drugs and large doses. The future of FDTs depends on overcoming these difficulties.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on mouth dissolving films as an effective oral disintegrating drug delivery system. Key points include: Mouth dissolving films were developed as an alternative to tablets and capsules for patients who have difficulty swallowing. The films are thin, elegant, and rapidly disintegrate in the oral cavity upon contact with saliva. Common methods for preparing mouth dissolving films include solvent casting, semi-solid casting, hot extrusion, and solid dispersion extrusion. Films are evaluated based on parameters like thickness, disintegration time, and drug dissolution. Applications include use for pediatric/geriatric patients, topical drug delivery, and as diagnostic devices or for gastroretentive drug delivery.
This document summarizes the formulation and in vitro evaluation of oral disintegrating tablets containing the drug mirtazapine using the sublimation method. Key points:
1) Orally disintegrating tablets were formulated using sodium starch glycolate as a disintegrant via the sublimation method to produce a tablet that disintegrates rapidly in the mouth.
2) Drug-excipient compatibility studies showed no chemical interactions between mirtazapine and the excipients used.
3) Tablets were evaluated for properties like hardness, friability, drug content and in vitro drug release. The optimized formulation showed 99% drug release within 20 minutes and followed first-order release kinetics.
This document discusses multiparticulate drug delivery systems, specifically focusing on pellets. It defines pellets as small spherical free-flowing units used for drug delivery. Various pelletization techniques are described, including powder layering, solution/suspension layering, and extrusion-spheronization. The advantages of pellets include precise dosing, flexibility in formulation, and minimizing local irritation. Pellets provide opportunities for controlled and delayed drug release formulations.
Background: The main objective of present research work is to formulate the Carbamazepine Fast Dissoving tablets. Carbamazepine, an
antiepileptic, belongs to BCS Class-II and used to control some types of seizures in the treatment of epilepsy and Neuropathic Pain by
blocking use-dependent sodium channels. Methods: The Fast Dissoving tablets of Carbamazepine were prepared employing different
concentrations of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium in different combinations as a Sperdisintegrants by Direct Compression technique
using 32
factorial design. The concentration of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium was selected as independent variables, X1
and X2 respectively whereas, wetting time, Disintegration time, t
50% ,t90%were selected as dependent variables. Results and Discussion:
Totally nine formulations were designed and are evaluated for hardness, friability, thickness, Assay, Wetting time, Disintegration time, Invitro
drug release. From the Results concluded that all the formulation were found to be with in the Pharmacopoeial limits and the In-vitro
dissolution profiles of all formulations were fitted in to different Kinetic models, the statistical parameters like intercept (a), slope (b) &
regression coefficient (r) were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for Wetting time, Disintegration time, t50%, t90%. Validity of
developed polynomial equations were verified by designing 2 check point formulations (C1
, C2
). According to SUPAC guidelines the
formulation (F5
) containing combination of 9.375% Crospovidone and 9.375% Croscarmellose, is the most similar formulation (similarity factor
f
2
=82.675, dissimilarity factor f1
= 2.049 & No significant difference, t= 0.041) to marketed product (TEGRETOL-100). Conclusion: The
selected formulation (F5
) follows First order, Higuchi’s kinetics, mechanism of drug release was found to be Non-Fickian Diffusion (n= 0.665).
KEYWORDS: Carbamazepine, 3
2Factorial Design, Crospovidone , croscarmellose Sodium, Wetting Time, Disintegration Time.
This document provides an overview of tablets as a pharmaceutical dosage form. It discusses different types of tablets including compressed, sugar coated, film coated, and others. It describes common tablet ingredients such as diluents, binders, disintegrants, and lubricants. The document also covers tablet manufacturing processes including granulation and compression. It evaluates tablet properties and discusses coating techniques and coating machines.
Vol. 4, Issue 8, August 2016, PharmaTutor, Paper-2KH. Hussan Reza
This document provides an overview of recent developments in oral thin film technology. It discusses how oral thin films offer advantages over traditional oral solid dosages for patients who have difficulty swallowing, by dissolving rapidly in the mouth. The document outlines the key components of oral thin films, including water-soluble polymers, plasticizers, surfactants, and other excipients. It describes common manufacturing methods like solvent casting and hot melt extrusion. Finally, it provides an overview of the growing market for oral thin films, both prescription and over-the-counter, as well as current research and patent activity related to this drug delivery technology.
This document discusses fast dissolution disintegrating dosage forms (FDDFs). It begins with an introduction to FDDFs, noting they dissolve or disintegrate quickly without water. The needs and advantages of FDDFs are then outlined, including ease of administration for those who have trouble swallowing. Various formulation methods, ingredients, and patented technologies are described. Several example formulations are provided. Clinical studies on bioavailability and pregastric absorption are mentioned. Popular commercial FDDF products are listed before concluding FDDFs can improve compliance by dissolving rapidly in the mouth.
The oral fast-dissolving film is an advanced, patient compliant and novel delivery system. The acceptance of this ingenious dosage form is increasing day by day due to its several comparative advantages of being cost-benefit, rapid dissolving without water aid, as well as greatly compliant to both geriatric and pediatric patients in emergency conditions and specific diseases. Moreover, it is a worthwhile dosage form for the drug experiencing pre-systemic metabolism and lesser bioavailability. This review article covers history, advantages, disadvantages, limitations, ideal properties, classification, formulation consideration, method of manufacturing, quality parameters both in-vitro and in-vivo, advancement in technology, commercial trends and literature review of the previous work for oral fast dissolving films. It can be concluded that it one of the fastest-growing dosage forms holding a lot of potentials especially for commercial use due to its unique characteristics, novel attributes, competitive standing, and cost-adequacy
Tablets are solid dosage forms made by compressing or molding mixtures of active and inactive ingredients. They are the most popular dosage form due to their accurate dosing, low cost, stability and ease of production. Tablets can be formulated for immediate or controlled release and come in various shapes, sizes and coatings. The manufacturing process involves mixing and granulating powders, then compressing them into tablets using either wet or dry granulation methods. Wet granulation is more common and involves using a liquid binder to form granules which are then dried, sized, lubricated and compressed. Tablets must balance physical attributes like strength with chemical properties like drug release.
This document discusses orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs). It defines ODTs as solid dosage forms that disintegrate rapidly in the mouth within seconds. The document outlines the significance of ODTs for patients who have difficulty swallowing tablets or need a more convenient dosage form. It also discusses the formulation methodologies, superdisintegrants used in ODTs, and preformulation studies required for developing ODTs.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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The Indo-American Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences is an online international journal that publishes articles quarterly.It's important to note that the specific policies, guidelines, and the editorial board of IAJPB may change over time, so it's advisable to visit the journal's official website or contact the journal of the journal publication.
A Review on Dispersible Tablets A Novel Drug Delivery System for Pedietrics a...ijtsrd
Novel Drug Delivery system offer great chance to invent new drug delivery system for the betterment of the life. Oral dispersible tablets are modern day technology and extensively used for those formulations which are required for pediatrics and geriatrics. Dispersible tablet disintegrates rapidly into the mouth in presence of saliva, as they don't require water for disintegration. Such rapid disintegration is helpful for the person having problem of dysphasia. Dispersible tablet requires a key ingredient called supradisintegrants for such rapid and effective disintegration. There are various methodologies used for preparing such effective dispersible tablets like – Compaction method, Freeze Drying, Molding Method, Sublimation, all such methods are effective to make dispersible tablets. There is need of evaluation of each and every tablet after manufacturing which requires evaluation parameters such as weight variation, Disintegration test, Dissolution Test, Hardness, and Thickness. This article discuss about dispersible tablets, methods of preparation for dispersible tablets, evaluation parameters and advantages and disadvantages. Nutan Prakash Sharma | Shivam Pandey | Hariom Sharma | Jaya Singh ""A Review on Dispersible Tablets: A Novel Drug Delivery System for Pedietrics and Geriatrics"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25098.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/25098/a-review-on-dispersible-tablets-a-novel-drug-delivery-system-for-pedietrics-and-geriatrics/nutan-prakash-sharma
Oral Dispersible Film is a Novel Drug Delivery System intended to bypass the hepatic first pass metabolism and also many other benefits over the conventional oral dosage forms. It provides the user to administer the drug without the use of water and without ant expertise in administration.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present research work was to enhance the solubility of
Carvedilol by solid dispersion method and to formulate a mouth
dissolving tablet. Drugs are more frequently taken by oral
administration. The solubility of Carvedilol enhanced with different
ratios of PVP by the solvent evaporation method .In-vitro release
profile of solid dispersion obtained in SGF without enzymes and Ph
6.8 phosphate buffer indicate that 100% drug release found within 20
min. These solid dispersion were directly compressed into tablets using
Crospovidone, sodium starch glycol ate, croscarmellose sodium and
polyacrylic potassium in different concentrations as a super
disintegrants. The prepared tablets containing the solid dispersion of
Carvedilol having sufficient strength of 2.5-4 kg/cm2. The
disintegrated in the oral cavity with in 21 sec. contain Crospovidone
(5%) as super disintegrant.
KEYWORDS: Carvedilol, PVP, Super Disintegrants, Mouth Dissolving Tablet.
This document discusses the development of fast dissolving tablets of lornoxicam using different techniques. It begins with introducing the need for fast dissolving drug delivery systems for patients who have difficulty swallowing traditional tablets. It then reviews various technologies that are used to produce fast dissolving tablets, including conventional methods like freeze drying as well as patented technologies. The document proposes to develop lornoxicam fast dissolving tablets using methods like direct compression, sublimation, solid dispersion, and an effervescent approach. It will evaluate the tablets for various properties and release studies and compare the results to determine the best formulation for lornoxicam fast dissolving tablets.
Preparation and Evaluation of Immediate Release Tabletsijtsrd
Background Tablet is that the preferred among all dosage forms existing today thanks to its convenience of self administration, compactness and simple manufacturing however in many cases immediate onset of action is required than conventional therapy. There are novel kinds of dosage form.The scenario of pharmaceutical drug delivery are expeditiously challenging, but conventional pharmaceutical dosage forms are still dominating. Immediate release dosage forms are those wherein =85 of labeled amount dissolves within 30 min. Superd is integrants are accustomed improve the efficacy of solid dosage forms. orms that act very quickly after administration To overcome these drawbacks, immediate release pharmaceutical dosage form has emerged as alternative oral dosage forms. There are novel forms of dosage forms that act very quickly after administration. the fundamental approach utilized in development tablets is that the use of superdisintegrants like Cross linked carboxymelhylcellulose Croscarmeliose , Sodium starch glycolate Primogel, Explotab , Polyvinylpyrrolidone Polyplasdone etc. which give instantaneous disintegration of tablet after administration. Immediate release liquid dosage forms and parenteral dosage form have also been introduced for treating patients. Dosage form can be suspensions with typical dispersion agents like hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, dioctylsulfosuccinate etc. a replacement dosage form allows a manufacturer to increasemarket exclusivity, while offering its patient population a more convenient dosage form or dosing regimen.These superdisintegrants provide instantaneous disintegration of the tablet after administration within the stomach. This article provide an exhaustive account illustrating the significances of superdisintegrant within the immediate release of tablets and therefore the mechanism of disintegration together with various conventional techniques and novel granulation technology wont to prepare immediate release tablets. ach. Thus, decreasing the disintegration time which successively enhances drug dissolution rate. Results From this review, we can ready to develop and evaluate immediate release tablets.also we must always understand role of immediate release tablets.Conclusion Most of the patients need quick therapeutic action of the drug, leading to poor compliance with conventional drug therapy which results in reduced overall therapy effectiveness. For this we will conclude that immediate release tablets are simpler. because immediate release tablet shows quick effect. Sakshi Ghuge | Prof. Smita More "Preparation and Evaluation of Immediate Release Tablets" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35867.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/35867/preparation-and-evaluation-of-immediate-release-tablets/sakshi-ghuge
This document describes the formulation and in vitro evaluation of oral disintegrating tablets containing the drug mirtazapine using the sublimation method. Sodium starch glycolate and croscarmellose sodium were used as disintegrants. The results showed no chemical interaction between mirtazapine and the excipients used. Formulation F9, containing camphor at 30 mg, showed the fastest drug release of 99.13% within 20 minutes and was selected as the optimized formulation. The drug release from F9 followed first-order kinetics. Overall, an oral disintegrating tablet of mirtazapine was successfully developed using the sublimation method that showed rapid disintegration and drug release.
This document defines and discusses fast dissolving tablets (FDTs). FDTs disintegrate rapidly in the mouth without water. Their history dates back to the 1970s when scientists developed Zydis, an early FDT formulation. FDTs provide advantages like accurate dosing, easy administration for patients who can't swallow, and a faster onset of action compared to normal tablets. They are made through freeze drying or spray drying which creates a highly porous structure for rapid dissolution. While FDTs offer benefits, their use is limited by formulation challenges like bitter tasting drugs and large doses. The future of FDTs depends on overcoming these difficulties.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on mouth dissolving films as an effective oral disintegrating drug delivery system. Key points include: Mouth dissolving films were developed as an alternative to tablets and capsules for patients who have difficulty swallowing. The films are thin, elegant, and rapidly disintegrate in the oral cavity upon contact with saliva. Common methods for preparing mouth dissolving films include solvent casting, semi-solid casting, hot extrusion, and solid dispersion extrusion. Films are evaluated based on parameters like thickness, disintegration time, and drug dissolution. Applications include use for pediatric/geriatric patients, topical drug delivery, and as diagnostic devices or for gastroretentive drug delivery.
This document summarizes the formulation and in vitro evaluation of oral disintegrating tablets containing the drug mirtazapine using the sublimation method. Key points:
1) Orally disintegrating tablets were formulated using sodium starch glycolate as a disintegrant via the sublimation method to produce a tablet that disintegrates rapidly in the mouth.
2) Drug-excipient compatibility studies showed no chemical interactions between mirtazapine and the excipients used.
3) Tablets were evaluated for properties like hardness, friability, drug content and in vitro drug release. The optimized formulation showed 99% drug release within 20 minutes and followed first-order release kinetics.
This document discusses multiparticulate drug delivery systems, specifically focusing on pellets. It defines pellets as small spherical free-flowing units used for drug delivery. Various pelletization techniques are described, including powder layering, solution/suspension layering, and extrusion-spheronization. The advantages of pellets include precise dosing, flexibility in formulation, and minimizing local irritation. Pellets provide opportunities for controlled and delayed drug release formulations.
Background: The main objective of present research work is to formulate the Carbamazepine Fast Dissoving tablets. Carbamazepine, an
antiepileptic, belongs to BCS Class-II and used to control some types of seizures in the treatment of epilepsy and Neuropathic Pain by
blocking use-dependent sodium channels. Methods: The Fast Dissoving tablets of Carbamazepine were prepared employing different
concentrations of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium in different combinations as a Sperdisintegrants by Direct Compression technique
using 32
factorial design. The concentration of Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium was selected as independent variables, X1
and X2 respectively whereas, wetting time, Disintegration time, t
50% ,t90%were selected as dependent variables. Results and Discussion:
Totally nine formulations were designed and are evaluated for hardness, friability, thickness, Assay, Wetting time, Disintegration time, Invitro
drug release. From the Results concluded that all the formulation were found to be with in the Pharmacopoeial limits and the In-vitro
dissolution profiles of all formulations were fitted in to different Kinetic models, the statistical parameters like intercept (a), slope (b) &
regression coefficient (r) were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for Wetting time, Disintegration time, t50%, t90%. Validity of
developed polynomial equations were verified by designing 2 check point formulations (C1
, C2
). According to SUPAC guidelines the
formulation (F5
) containing combination of 9.375% Crospovidone and 9.375% Croscarmellose, is the most similar formulation (similarity factor
f
2
=82.675, dissimilarity factor f1
= 2.049 & No significant difference, t= 0.041) to marketed product (TEGRETOL-100). Conclusion: The
selected formulation (F5
) follows First order, Higuchi’s kinetics, mechanism of drug release was found to be Non-Fickian Diffusion (n= 0.665).
KEYWORDS: Carbamazepine, 3
2Factorial Design, Crospovidone , croscarmellose Sodium, Wetting Time, Disintegration Time.
This document provides an overview of tablets as a pharmaceutical dosage form. It discusses different types of tablets including compressed, sugar coated, film coated, and others. It describes common tablet ingredients such as diluents, binders, disintegrants, and lubricants. The document also covers tablet manufacturing processes including granulation and compression. It evaluates tablet properties and discusses coating techniques and coating machines.
Vol. 4, Issue 8, August 2016, PharmaTutor, Paper-2KH. Hussan Reza
This document provides an overview of recent developments in oral thin film technology. It discusses how oral thin films offer advantages over traditional oral solid dosages for patients who have difficulty swallowing, by dissolving rapidly in the mouth. The document outlines the key components of oral thin films, including water-soluble polymers, plasticizers, surfactants, and other excipients. It describes common manufacturing methods like solvent casting and hot melt extrusion. Finally, it provides an overview of the growing market for oral thin films, both prescription and over-the-counter, as well as current research and patent activity related to this drug delivery technology.
This document discusses fast dissolution disintegrating dosage forms (FDDFs). It begins with an introduction to FDDFs, noting they dissolve or disintegrate quickly without water. The needs and advantages of FDDFs are then outlined, including ease of administration for those who have trouble swallowing. Various formulation methods, ingredients, and patented technologies are described. Several example formulations are provided. Clinical studies on bioavailability and pregastric absorption are mentioned. Popular commercial FDDF products are listed before concluding FDDFs can improve compliance by dissolving rapidly in the mouth.
The oral fast-dissolving film is an advanced, patient compliant and novel delivery system. The acceptance of this ingenious dosage form is increasing day by day due to its several comparative advantages of being cost-benefit, rapid dissolving without water aid, as well as greatly compliant to both geriatric and pediatric patients in emergency conditions and specific diseases. Moreover, it is a worthwhile dosage form for the drug experiencing pre-systemic metabolism and lesser bioavailability. This review article covers history, advantages, disadvantages, limitations, ideal properties, classification, formulation consideration, method of manufacturing, quality parameters both in-vitro and in-vivo, advancement in technology, commercial trends and literature review of the previous work for oral fast dissolving films. It can be concluded that it one of the fastest-growing dosage forms holding a lot of potentials especially for commercial use due to its unique characteristics, novel attributes, competitive standing, and cost-adequacy
Tablets are solid dosage forms made by compressing or molding mixtures of active and inactive ingredients. They are the most popular dosage form due to their accurate dosing, low cost, stability and ease of production. Tablets can be formulated for immediate or controlled release and come in various shapes, sizes and coatings. The manufacturing process involves mixing and granulating powders, then compressing them into tablets using either wet or dry granulation methods. Wet granulation is more common and involves using a liquid binder to form granules which are then dried, sized, lubricated and compressed. Tablets must balance physical attributes like strength with chemical properties like drug release.
This document discusses orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs). It defines ODTs as solid dosage forms that disintegrate rapidly in the mouth within seconds. The document outlines the significance of ODTs for patients who have difficulty swallowing tablets or need a more convenient dosage form. It also discusses the formulation methodologies, superdisintegrants used in ODTs, and preformulation studies required for developing ODTs.
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Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
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This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
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several techniques such as Freeze drying or
Lyophilization, Spray Drying, Direct Compression,
Sublimation, Cotton Candy Process, Mass Extrusion,
Molding, Nanonization, Fast Dissolving Films, Phase
transition process, Melt granulation.
Mouth dissolving tablets are also known as orally
disintegrating tablets, Fast dissolving tablets, Fast
melting tablets, etc.
Advantages of Mouth Dissolving Tablet:
Improved bioavailability and rapid onset of
action.
Requires no water for oral administration, yet
dissolve or disintegrate in the mouth in a of
seconds.
Useful for patients who have trouble swallowing
dosage forms.
Compared to oral liquids, an accurate dose can be
administered. furthermore, permits high drug
loading.
The tablet's pleasant mouth feel assists paediatric
patients in particular to shift their perception of
medicine as a bitter pill.
Solid formulation that can deliver the benefits of a
liquid.
Comparing the drug's stability to oral dosage
forms like suspension, it is more stable.
As unit solid dosage forms, MDT offered
excellent stability, precise dosing, ease of
manufacture, modest packaging size, and easy to
handle by patients.
Disadvantages of Mouth Dissolving Tablet:
MDT's mechanical strength is its main drawback.
MDTs are extremely soft and porous moulded
matrices that are compressed into tablets with
very little force, making the tablets fragile and
often needing specialised peeling of blister
packing.
These tablet formulations may not be suitable for
patients taking anticholinergic drugs concurrently,
those with Sjogren's disease, or those who
experience dry mouth as a result of decreased
salivation.
To maintain maximum stability and product
security, mouthwash pills require special
packaging [5]
.
Hygroscopic in nature, MDTs must be stored in a
dry atmosphere.
Choice of drug candidate: [6,7]
No bitter taste.
Good stability in water and saliva.
Dose should be low as possible.
Unsuitable drug candidate for orally
disintegrating tablet should include: -
a. Short half-life and frequent dosing.
b. Required controlled or sustained release.
c. Drug having very bitter taste.
Mechanism of mouth dissolving:
Super-disintegrants are given far more consideration when mouth-dissolving tablet formulations are concerned.
By inducing swelling and water absorption in the pill, they offer quick disintegration. The super-disintegrants'
swelling process wets the carrier's surface, which enhances tablet dissolving and causes higher dissolution rates
to occur.
FIG 2: Mechanism of Mouth Dissolving Tablet.
The swelling capacity in the dissolution media and the density of the formed matrix both affect how well super-
disintegrants operate. A greater degree of disintegration results from the matrix's higher swelling capacity and
density.
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Various Technologies Used in Mouth Dissolving Tablet Formulation:
Freeze drying technology:
There is also the word "lyophilization" for it. It can be used to make tablets with an extremely porous open
matrix network, allowing saliva to easily pass through it and dissolve the lyophilized mass once it is put in the
mouth. To make a unit that dissolves fast in the mouth, the medication is mixed with a freeze-dried, water-
soluble matrix. For freeze-drying formulations, low dosage, chemical stability, tiny particle size, and
tastelessness are the ideal pharmacological properties. The production procedure is time- and money-consuming.
FIG 3: Freeze Dryer Technique
Tablet molding technology:
Molded tablets are made with water-soluble ingredients to enhance rapid medication absorption through the
mucosal lining of the mouth. The porous nature of this technology offers the advantage of improving solubility
and bioavailability while decreasing first pass metabolism of some medications. To enhance the mouth, feel and
tablet breakdown, soluble additives like saccharides are frequently employed in the moulding process. However,
handling erosion and breakage are brought on by the moulded tablets' low mechanical strength.
Compression molding:
After being pre-soaked in a solvent like ethanol/water, the powder mixture is pressed onto mould plates to
produce a wetted mass.
Heat molding:
A molten matrix that includes a drug that has been dissolved or distributed can be used to create an instantaneous
tablet that dissolves in the mouth.
Direct compression method:
The simplest and most economical method of producing tablets is direct compression. It is the method by which
tablets are made straight from powder without altering the physical properties of the raw components. It is the
simplest technique for compressing tablets. Directly compressible tablets must be cost-effective, have a small
number of manufacturing stages, employ ordinary equipment and readily available excipients, and have good
flow properties.
FIG 4: Direct Compression Technique
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Spray-drying technology:
The pharmaceutical industry uses a process to create very porous powders technology for spray drying. Quick
evaporation of the processing solvent occurs as spray drying, which results in a highly porous product that can
be employed to create delectable tablets. Tablets have been seen to have made of spray-dried powder dissolve in
water for 20 seconds
FIG 5: Spray-Drying Technique
Sublimation technology:
The quick breakdown of mouth-dissolved tablets depends on the porosity design of the tablet matrix. Tablets are
traditionally compressed, after which the softened substance is forced through an extruder or syringe and cut into
uniform pieces by a hot blade. To mask the taste of pharmaceutical grains, a bitter flavour may be added to the
dried cylinder [8]
.
FIG 6: Sublimation Technique
Melt granulation technology:
This technique effectively combines pharmaceutical granules with a meltable binder. This method is better than
traditional granulation because it doesn't need organic solvents or water. The technique is speedier and uses less
energy than wet granulation because there is no drying stage. It is helpful to speed up the pace at which
medications, such as griseofulvin, dissolve in bodily fluids. This method uses a hydrophilic waxy binder, such as
superpolystate or PEG-6-stearate, to create MDT with adequate mechanical integrity [9]
.
Cotton candy process:
It is often referred to as the "sugar floss" strategy. The matrix of the mouth-dissolving pill might either be candy
floss- or shear-shaped. Saccharides or polysaccharides that have undergone simultaneous flash melting and
centrifugal force processing to produce amorphous floss are used to make the matrix. A material with good flow
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and compressibility properties is produced after either partial or total recrystallization of the matrix. The candy
floss may then be crushed into MDT after being ground, combined, and blended with the active components and
other excipients. Due of the high processing temperature, this method can only be employed with heat stable
materials [10]
.
Nanonization:
Using a novel wet milling method, a recently developed nanomelt technology reduces drug particle size to nano
size. Surface adsorption on certain stabilisers, which are then added to MDTs, prevents the drug's nanocrystals
from congealing. This method is especially beneficial for medications that are only slightly soluble in water.
Two additional advantages of this method are fast nanoparticle dissolution, which boosts absorption, boosts
bioavailability, and reduces dose requirements [11]
.
Patented Techniques for Fast Dissolving Tablets Formulation:
Zydis Technology:
Zydis formulation is a unique technology of preparing fast dissolving tablet. It is freeze dried tablet technology
in which drug materials are physically entrapped or dissolved within the matrix of fast dissolving carrier
materials. Water is not required for swallowing because when “zydis unit” is put in mouth then the freeze-dried
structure disintegrates rapidly. Zydis material is composed of so many substances to achieve a number of
objectives [12]
. To provide strength during handling polymers such as dextran, alginate and gelatin are
incorporated. Saccharides such as sorbitol or mannitol are incorporated to obtain good elegance, hardness and
crystallinity. To prevent the shrinkage of “zydis unit” during freeze drying process or long-term storage glycine
is generally used as collapse protectants.
Quicksolve:
Similar to Zydis tablets, the solid dosage formulation created using Quicksolve technology is characterised by a
porous network. With water, Quicksolve tablets can dissolve within 10 seconds. The excipients employed are
xanthan gum, gelatin, pectin, and mannitol (at least 0.5%), as well as matrix-forming agents at concentrations
ranging from 0.1% to around 3% w/w. Amino acids, particularly glycine, are used at a concentration at least
equivalent to 0.5% w/w. The procedure is distributing gas bubbles into a suspension or solution to create foam.
Air, oxygen, nitrogen, and argon are acceptable gases, depending on how well they get along with the system's
parts. The resulting foam melts back during the freeze-drying process and is not susceptible to cracking. The
primary benefit is quicker, more effective production, which is suitable for drug that are sensitive to heat.
Lyoc:
A water soluble or water dispersible excipient is employed in the manufacture of quickly disintegrating solid
oral dosage forms of poorly soluble medicines (solubility between 1 and 30 mg/ml) at a concentration range
from 15% to roughly 40% w/w. A nanoparticulate suspension of the drug in the form of crystalline, semi-
crystalline, or amorphous particles, or a combination of these, is created in the oral cavity as the oral dose form
rapidly disintegrates (within 10 seconds). Chemical precipitation, mechanical grinding, or other appropriate
processes can be used to create the drug nanoparticles.
Orasolve technology:
This technique was created by the CIMA lab and is utilised to create oral disintegrating dosage forms. This
technique masks the taste of the active medication. Effervescent disintegrating agent is also present. To reduce
the amount of time needed for oral dissolving, tablets are manufactured using the direct compression technique
at a low compression force. The tablets are produced using standard blenders and tablet presses. The produced
tablets are pliable and soft.
Dura solve technology:
CIMA labs have a patented technology called DuraSolv. This technology produces tablets that are made up of
the drug, fillers, and a lubricant. The traditional tableting equipment is used to create tablets, which are well-
rigid. These are available in standard packaging systems like blisters. For products that onlyneed a small amount
of active ingredients, DuraSolv is the right technology.
Wow tab technology:
Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. has a patent on the wow tab technology. WOW stands for waterless. To create
a quickly melting, robust tablet, a combination of low mouldability and high mouldabilitysaccharides is used in
this procedure. The active substance is combined with a saccharide with low moldability, granulated with a
saccharide with high moldability, and compacted into a tablet.
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Ora vescent:
The foundation of Ora Vescent technology is disintegration brought on by an effervescent reaction. It is the goal
of the Ora Vescent drug delivery system to improve transmucosal absorption. Compared to other fast-dissolving
tablets, the disintegration time is greater (10-3 minutes), allowing for absorption on the buccal gingival or
sublingual mucosae rather than simple swallowing. Since the reaction produces carbon dioxide, hydrophobic
medicines are more likely to be transported over the epithelial membrane.
Flash dose technology:
This technology creates a sugar-based matrix called floss from a combination of excipients, either bythemselves
or in combination with medications. A new version of Ibuprofen called Nurofen Meltelt is based on the same
technology.
Flashtab technology:
This technology, which uses tablets with active ingredients in the form of microcrystals, was invented by
Prographarm. The remaining steps are completed using conventional technology.
Sheaform technology:
This technology creates a Sheaform matrix made of prepared floss. A feed shock containing sugar is processed
using flash heat to create floss.
Ceform technology:
This technology creates microspheres that contain the active ingredient. Basic requirement of this technology is
placing dry powder containing either pure drug or special blend of drug and excipients. The microspheres then
mixed and compressed into previously selected oral dosage form.
Nanocrystal Technology:
By reducing particle size and increasing surface area, the method increases dissolving rate. Drug particles (less
than 1000 nm in diameter), formed by weight milling the drug ingredient, are known as nano-crystal particles.
Wide range of doses per unit (up to 200 mg of API per unit) are provided by nanocrystal fast dissolving
technology. Based on proprietary and patent-protected technology elements, products can be well categorised.
improved oral medication pharmacokinetics. Utilizing moisture-resistant active ingredients is economical and
cost-effective. Wafers of the lyophilized product are created by mixing water-soluble GRAS (Generally
Regarded as Safe) components with medication Nano crystal colloidal dispersions. When working with highly
potent or hazardous materials reduction procedures, such granulation, blending, and tableting, they are extremely
resilient yet quickly dissolve in very little amounts of water. Due to the low manufacturing loss, this method also
makes it possible to create fast-dissolving tablets from modest quantities of drugs [13]
.
Evaluation Test of Mouth Dissolving Tablet:
General appearance:
General appearance of a tablet depends on its overall aesthetic, visual recognition, and overall "elegance." These
include the size, shape, colour, flavour, surface roughness, and physical faults of the tablet.
Tablet Thickness:
Thickness of tablet can be measured using a simple procedure. 10 tablets were taken and their thickness was
measured using Vernier callipers.
Weight variation:
Taking 20 tablets at random and weighing each one separately is how the weight variation test is conducted. The
average weight of a pill is obtained by dividing the composite weight by twenty. Only two of the individual
weights may differ from the average weight by the permitted percentage variation, and no individual weight
should deviate by more than twice that amount. The table below contains the details.
Table 1: Weight Variation Specification as Per IP
Sr. No. Average Weight of Tablet (mg) % Deviation
1 80 mg or less ±10
2 More than 80 mg but less than 250 mg ±7.5
3 250 mg and above ±5
Hardness:
A tablet's hardness determines how well it can endure mechanical shocks during handling, production,
packaging, and shipment. The hardness of the tablets was measured using a Monsanto hardness tester. The
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tester's two jaws were placed around the tablet's oblong axis. The measurement at this moment should be 0
kg/cm2. The knob was then rotated while applying constant force until the tablet broke. The hardness of the
tablets was indicated as the value at this stage.
Friability:
The Roche Friabilator can be used to determine friability. In a plastic container that rotates at a pace of 25
revolutions per minute and lowers a tablet from a height of 6 inches with each rotation, this gadget treats the
tablet to the combined impacts of abrasion and stress. A sample of tablets that have been pre-weighed 100 times
is rotated in the friabilator [14]
. The friability (F) is calculated using the formula below:
%Friability = (Initial weight- Final weight /Initial weight) × 100
Wetting time:
Wetting time and contact angle of the dosage form are correlated. It must be evaluated to shed insight on the
characteristics of tablet disintegration; a shorter wetting time indicates a tablet will dissolve more quickly. To do
this, a tablet is placed in a tiny Petri dish with an internal diameter of 6.5 cm, 6 ml of water, and the time it takes
for the tablet to get completely wet is recorded [15]
.
FIG 7: Wetting Time of Mouth Dissolving Tablet.
Disintegration test:
Since fast-dissolving pills must disintegrate without water for the test to be correct, their disintegration times
must be altered. For this, a 10 cm diameter Petri dish is filled with 10 ml of water. The duration until the tablet
completely crumbles into tiny bits can be seen by placing it gently in the centre of a Petri dish [16]
.
In vitro dispersion time:
By placing a tablet into a beaker that is filled with 50 ml of liquid, the in vitro dispersion time can be
determined. We conduct an in vitro dispersion test by selecting three tablets at random from each formulation.
The time it takes for a pill to dissolve entirely can be calculated [17].
In vitro dissolution studies:
The process used to develop dissolution methods for MDTs is comparable to and essentially equivalent to that
used for conventional tablets. When scouting runs for a bioequivalent FDT, the dissolution conditions for
medications listed in pharmacopoeia monographs are a useful place to start. Other media, such as buffer (pH 4.5
and 6.8) and 0.1 M HCl, should be assessed for MDT in a manner similar to that of their standard tablet
counterparts. It has been said that USP 2 paddle apparatus, with a typical paddle speed of 50 rpm, is the most
suitable and popular option for orally disintegrating tablets.
Water absorption ratio:
In a little Petri dish filled with 6 mL of water, a piece of tissue paper that had been folded twice was put. The
time needed for the tablet to completely wet was measured after a known-weight tablet was placed on the paper.
The weighted water absorption ratio R was then calculated for the wet tablet using the following equation.
R = {(Wa-Wb) × 100}/Wb
Where, wa = weight of tablet before water absorption;
wb = weight of tablet after water absorption.
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FIG 8: Water Absorption Ratio.
CONCLUSION:
On comparison to more traditional dosage forms like
tablets and capsules, mouth-dissolving tablets are
highly preferred in the market today. In a drug
delivery system, patient compliance and satisfaction
are crucial. In addition to being advantageous to
dysphasic individuals, mouth-dispersing tablets are
cost-effective because they dissolve in the mouth
within a few minutes and release active ingredients.
The latest manufacturing techniques result in tablets
that act quickly, have a higher bioavailability, have
less side effects, and are safer.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The authors would like to acknowledge PDEA`s
Shankarrao Ursal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India for
offering all vital help to accomplish this work
efficaciously.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
All authors declared no conflict of interest for the
work.
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