The document summarizes the oil and grease analytical procedure. It involves extracting oil and grease from water samples using an organic solvent. The extraction solvent is shaken with the sample to transfer any dissolved or emulsified oil and grease into the solvent. The solvent layer is then separated, collected, and evaporated to obtain the mass of oil and grease extracted from the original water sample. The procedure aims to quantify groups of substances with similar solubility characteristics rather than individual substances. It is used to monitor levels of oil and grease in wastewater which can interfere with treatment processes if excessive.
Effect Of Addition Of Calcium Chloride On Separation Of Acetic Acid-Water Mix...IJARIIE JOURNAL
The study of influence of salt on vapour liquid equilibrium of solvent mixture is of interest, because addition of salt
to a mixed solvent will enhance the relative volatility and break azeotrope of the mixture.Salt-Effect distillation is a
method of Extractive distillation in which salt is dissolved in the mixture of liquids to be distilled. The salt acts as a
separating agent by raising the relative volatility of the mixture and by breaking any azeotropes that may otherwise
form.Vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE), is a condition where a liquid and its vapour (gas phase) are in equilibrium
with each other or more precisely a state where the rate of evaporation equals the rate of condensation on a
molecular level such that there is no overall vapor-liquid inter-conversion. The addition of calcium chloride to this
solvent mixture increases the water concentration in vapour phase at equilibrium. This indicates a preferential
association of salt with less volatile component, acetic acid in the acetic acid-water mixture, water is more volatile
component in acetic acid-water mixture. Most of the Salt effect studies were carried out at saturated level of salt.
The objective is to study the effect of addition of CaCl
on separation of Acetic acid – water mixture and to find out
the possibility of the use of concentrated solution of CaCl
2
as a solvent for separating dilute solution of acetic acid
in water by extractive distillation process.
Determination of Anions by Ion Chromatography
1 SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
This method is suitable for the determination of inorganic anions in Ammonia Solution in the range 100 ppb to 50 ppm m/v.
2 PRINCIPLE
The sample is passed through a column of anion exchange resin, on which the anions are absorbed and separated. They are then eluted with dilute sodium carbonate/sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and passed through a suppressor. This replaces the cations with hydrogen ions and thus reduces the background conductivity of the eluent. Final measurement is by conductivity
Synthesis of E, E-dibenzalacetone (E, E-DBA) Lab ReportN.docxssuserf9c51d
Synthesis of E, E-dibenzalacetone (E, E-DBA) Lab Report
Name
Institution
Course
Instructor
Date
Abstract
The main purpose behind this experiment was to synthesize E, E-dibenzalacentone by use of a based-catalyzed aldol condensation reaction. Secondly, this experiment was aimed at identifying characteristics of crude and purified samples of E, E-dibenzalacentone by use of the melting point determination method. The results from this experiments showed that the synthesis process yielded 65% crude E, E-dibenzalacentone and 56% yield for purified E, E-dibenzalacentone. When it comes to the techniques that were used, the researchers employed Hirsch funnel and solid-liquid extraction as part of the separation techniques. Lastly, recrystallization of the E, E-dibenzalacentone was also used as a purification technique.
Introduction
The synthetic goal of this experiment was to make use of a based-catalyzed aldol condensation in the entire process of synthesizing o E, E-dibenzalacentone. The other main goal of this experiment was to identify or to characterize crude and purified samples of E, E-dibenzalacentone by use of the melting point determination
Results
The results of the synthesis of E, E-dibenzalacentone are summarized below
Compound
Molar mass(g/mol)
Volume/mass moles
Yield
Mp( °c)
Benzaldehyde (density1.043g/mL)
106.2 g/mol
0.250 mL
0.26 g
0.002 mol
N/A
N/A
Acetone(density 0.788g/mL)
58.08 g/mol
0.1 mL
0.07g
0.001 mol
N/A
N/A
E,E-DBA(a yellow solid)
234.24 g/mol
N/A
Theoretical
0.234g
0.001 moles
Literature Value
110-111 °c
E,E-DBA(a yellow solid)
234.24 g/mol
N/A
Actual
Crude: 0.65 g=65%
Purified:0.15 g=56%
Actual
101-103Co
Crude
108-109Co
Discussion
The E, E-dibenzalacentone was prepared by combining 0.250 mL of Benzaldehyde, 0.1mL of reaction grade acetone, 0.5 mL of 95% ethanol and 1 mL of a catalyst solution in a 10 mL round bottom flask. The catalyst solution that was used in this experiment has been prepared earlier by dissolving 10g of sodium hydroxide in 100 mL of water and 75 mL of 95% ethanol. The main purpose of this catalyst was to speed up the reaction process. A micro scale condenser was attached to the round bottom flask and the reactants were gently mixed for about 15 minutes, until a solid started forming. Then the crude solid was isolated by pouring the mixture into a Hirsch funnel attached to the vacuum filter, thus allowing the solid crude E, E-dibenzalacentone to be trapped by the filter paper in the Hirsch funnel.
An RB flask was de-attached from the condenser after which it was rinsed with 20 mL of de-ionized water at one time, 3 times totaling 60 mL, to gain any residue thus E, E- dibenzalacentone was left in the round bottom flask. The dried solid was transferred to a pre-weighed Erlenmeyer flask where its mass was measured and the results were 0.65 g=65%. A small sample of the crude solid was taken and smeared on a microscope slide by use of the flat end of the micro spatula after which a melting p ...
refractive index, pH, specific gravity, viscosity, alcohol content, fineness of the particles, saponification value, Acid value, iodine value, Reducing sugars, quantitative inorganic analysis, loss on drying, determination of ash value.
Name; Hasnain Nawaz
Surname : Shaikh
ROLL NO: 16 CH 42
B.E: Chemical Engineering (In Progress).
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
Jamshore, ISO 9001 Certified.
Effect Of Addition Of Calcium Chloride On Separation Of Acetic Acid-Water Mix...IJARIIE JOURNAL
The study of influence of salt on vapour liquid equilibrium of solvent mixture is of interest, because addition of salt
to a mixed solvent will enhance the relative volatility and break azeotrope of the mixture.Salt-Effect distillation is a
method of Extractive distillation in which salt is dissolved in the mixture of liquids to be distilled. The salt acts as a
separating agent by raising the relative volatility of the mixture and by breaking any azeotropes that may otherwise
form.Vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE), is a condition where a liquid and its vapour (gas phase) are in equilibrium
with each other or more precisely a state where the rate of evaporation equals the rate of condensation on a
molecular level such that there is no overall vapor-liquid inter-conversion. The addition of calcium chloride to this
solvent mixture increases the water concentration in vapour phase at equilibrium. This indicates a preferential
association of salt with less volatile component, acetic acid in the acetic acid-water mixture, water is more volatile
component in acetic acid-water mixture. Most of the Salt effect studies were carried out at saturated level of salt.
The objective is to study the effect of addition of CaCl
on separation of Acetic acid – water mixture and to find out
the possibility of the use of concentrated solution of CaCl
2
as a solvent for separating dilute solution of acetic acid
in water by extractive distillation process.
Determination of Anions by Ion Chromatography
1 SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
This method is suitable for the determination of inorganic anions in Ammonia Solution in the range 100 ppb to 50 ppm m/v.
2 PRINCIPLE
The sample is passed through a column of anion exchange resin, on which the anions are absorbed and separated. They are then eluted with dilute sodium carbonate/sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and passed through a suppressor. This replaces the cations with hydrogen ions and thus reduces the background conductivity of the eluent. Final measurement is by conductivity
Synthesis of E, E-dibenzalacetone (E, E-DBA) Lab ReportN.docxssuserf9c51d
Synthesis of E, E-dibenzalacetone (E, E-DBA) Lab Report
Name
Institution
Course
Instructor
Date
Abstract
The main purpose behind this experiment was to synthesize E, E-dibenzalacentone by use of a based-catalyzed aldol condensation reaction. Secondly, this experiment was aimed at identifying characteristics of crude and purified samples of E, E-dibenzalacentone by use of the melting point determination method. The results from this experiments showed that the synthesis process yielded 65% crude E, E-dibenzalacentone and 56% yield for purified E, E-dibenzalacentone. When it comes to the techniques that were used, the researchers employed Hirsch funnel and solid-liquid extraction as part of the separation techniques. Lastly, recrystallization of the E, E-dibenzalacentone was also used as a purification technique.
Introduction
The synthetic goal of this experiment was to make use of a based-catalyzed aldol condensation in the entire process of synthesizing o E, E-dibenzalacentone. The other main goal of this experiment was to identify or to characterize crude and purified samples of E, E-dibenzalacentone by use of the melting point determination
Results
The results of the synthesis of E, E-dibenzalacentone are summarized below
Compound
Molar mass(g/mol)
Volume/mass moles
Yield
Mp( °c)
Benzaldehyde (density1.043g/mL)
106.2 g/mol
0.250 mL
0.26 g
0.002 mol
N/A
N/A
Acetone(density 0.788g/mL)
58.08 g/mol
0.1 mL
0.07g
0.001 mol
N/A
N/A
E,E-DBA(a yellow solid)
234.24 g/mol
N/A
Theoretical
0.234g
0.001 moles
Literature Value
110-111 °c
E,E-DBA(a yellow solid)
234.24 g/mol
N/A
Actual
Crude: 0.65 g=65%
Purified:0.15 g=56%
Actual
101-103Co
Crude
108-109Co
Discussion
The E, E-dibenzalacentone was prepared by combining 0.250 mL of Benzaldehyde, 0.1mL of reaction grade acetone, 0.5 mL of 95% ethanol and 1 mL of a catalyst solution in a 10 mL round bottom flask. The catalyst solution that was used in this experiment has been prepared earlier by dissolving 10g of sodium hydroxide in 100 mL of water and 75 mL of 95% ethanol. The main purpose of this catalyst was to speed up the reaction process. A micro scale condenser was attached to the round bottom flask and the reactants were gently mixed for about 15 minutes, until a solid started forming. Then the crude solid was isolated by pouring the mixture into a Hirsch funnel attached to the vacuum filter, thus allowing the solid crude E, E-dibenzalacentone to be trapped by the filter paper in the Hirsch funnel.
An RB flask was de-attached from the condenser after which it was rinsed with 20 mL of de-ionized water at one time, 3 times totaling 60 mL, to gain any residue thus E, E- dibenzalacentone was left in the round bottom flask. The dried solid was transferred to a pre-weighed Erlenmeyer flask where its mass was measured and the results were 0.65 g=65%. A small sample of the crude solid was taken and smeared on a microscope slide by use of the flat end of the micro spatula after which a melting p ...
refractive index, pH, specific gravity, viscosity, alcohol content, fineness of the particles, saponification value, Acid value, iodine value, Reducing sugars, quantitative inorganic analysis, loss on drying, determination of ash value.
Name; Hasnain Nawaz
Surname : Shaikh
ROLL NO: 16 CH 42
B.E: Chemical Engineering (In Progress).
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
Jamshore, ISO 9001 Certified.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
1. REVIEW OF Oil and
Grease ANALYTICAL
PROCEDURES
PRESENTED BY:
AGNES A. MARALIT
LAB. SUPERVISOR
ESL
2. In the determination of oil and grease, an absolute quantity of a specific
substance is not measured. Rather, groups of substances with similar
physical characteristics are determined quantitatively on the basis of their
common solubility in an organic extracting solvent.
‘‘Oil and grease’’ is defined as any material recovered as a substance
soluble in the solvent. It includes other material extracted by the solvent
from an acidified sample (such as sulfur compounds, certain organic dyes,
and chlorophyll) and not volatilized during the test.
Certain constituents measured by the oil and grease analysis may
influence wastewater treatment systems. If present in excessive amounts,
they may interfere with aerobic and anaerobic biological processes and lead
to decreased wastewater treatment efficiency. When discharged in
wastewater or treated effluents, they may cause surface films and shoreline
deposits leading to environmental degradation.
A knowledge of the quantity of oil and grease present is helpful in proper
design and operation of wastewater treatment systems and also may call
attention to certain treatment difficulties. In the absence of specially
modified industrial products, oil and grease is composed primarily of fatty
matter from animal and vegetable sources and from hydrocarbons of
petroleum origin.
5520 OIL AND GREASE
3. PRINCIPLE
Dissolved or emulsified oil and grease is extracted from water by
intimate contact with an extracting solvent.
Some extractables, especially unsaturated fats and fatty acids,
oxidize readily; hence, special precautions regarding temperature
and solvent vapor displacement are included to minimize this effect.
Organic solvents shaken with some samples may form an emulsion
that is very difficult to break.
This method includes a means for handling such emulsions.
Recovery of solvents is discussed.
Solvent recovery can reduce both vapor emissions to the
atmosphere and costs.
5520 B. Liquid-liquid, Partition Gravimetric
Method
4. INTERFERENCES
Some extractables, especially unsaturated fats and fatty acids,
oxidize readily; hence, special precautions regarding temperature
and solvent vapor displacement are included to minimize this effect
Organic solvents shaken with some samples may form an emulsion
that is very difficult to break
Solvent recovery can reduce both vapor emissions to the
atmosphere and cost
5520 B. Liquid-liquid, Partition Gravimetric
Method
5. SAMPLING AND HANDLING OF SAMPLES
1-L glass bottled samples are brought to the lab that was sealed
with foil and a cap with 5mL of 1+1 HCl to bring pH t0 2.
Samples should be @ 4◦C stored in a chiller for not more than 7
days prior to date received.
Bring samples to room temp before analysis.
5520 B. Liquid-liquid, Partition Gravimetric
Method
6. APPARATUS/ MATERIALS
Centrifuge
Centrifuge tubes, 100-mL, glass
Water bath, capable of maintaining 85°C
Distilling adapter with drip tip
Waste receptacle, for used solvent
5520 B. Liquid-liquid, Partition Gravimetric
Method
7. REAGENTS
Hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, 1:1
Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), boiling point 55°C to 56°C
Sodium sulfate, Na2SO4, anhydrous crystal
Solvent mixture, 80% n-hexane/20% MTBE, v/v.
5520 B. Liquid-liquid, Partition Gravimetric
Method
12. Sample Analysis
Mark the
glass
bottle to
determine
volume
and
transfer
the liquid
sample in
a 2 L
separatory
funnel
Rinse the
sample
bottle with
30mL of
petroleum
ether then
transfer
solvent
washing
to the
separatory
funnel
Shake
vigorously
for 2 mins
then let
the layer
separate.
Drain the
aqueous
layer to
the sample
bottle and
transfer
organic
layer to
the flask
Repeat
extraction
twice for
each
sample
then
transfer
the flask to
the stem
bath at
70◦C
If emulsion occurs, add small amount of 2-propanol then shake
until organic layer is visible
5520 B. Liquid-liquid, Partition Gravimetric
Method
13. PROCEDURE
1. Preparation of 125mL Erlenmeyer flask (constantly weighed)
2. 10.0g anhy. Na2SO4 for every sample (oven-dried @ 200◦C for
24hr)
3. 1.00xxg of Soybean oil added with 5mL 2-propanol and 5ml 1+1
HCl (QC sample)
5520 B. Liquid-liquid, Partition Gravimetric
Method
14. CALCULATION
mg oil & grease/L = Wf - Wi x 1000
Vs
Where:
Wf = total weight of flask and residue, minus the weight of flask, mg
Vs = initial sample volume, L
5520 B. Liquid-liquid, Partition Gravimetric
Method
16. REFERENCE:
American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water
Environment Federation. 2012: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater. 22nd ed.: American Public Health Association 800 I Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001-3710; p.2-64.
5520 B. Liquid-liquid, Partition Gravimetric
Method
