Breastfeeding and time of gluten introduction did not prevent celiac disease, as all subjects eventually developed the disease. Vaginal delivery is supported as helping develop gut microbiome which could provide defense against celiac disease. Probiotic supplementation, specifically Bifidobacterium strains, provides some defense against celiac disease by reducing inflammatory cytokines, but more research is needed to determine effective probiotic strains and role of gut microbiota in celiac disease pathogenesis.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Fecal Microbiota Transplant. A new hope fo...Find Good Health
IBDs including irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) or ulcerative colitis (uc) are a set of diseases developing into an epidemic. The unusual and recent rise in these kind of diseases most notably on developed countries point to a recent and area specific etiology, not a better healthcare and diagnosis.
Recent researchs are pointing to a healthier immune system and intestinal flora in undeveloped countries' population and an imbalance in our gut flora caused by excessive use of antibiotics.
For more information about health and wellbeing visit our site at:
http://findgoodhealth.org/
Recent top papers in pediatric infectious diseases: pediatric infections - Sl...WAidid
Slideset on:
- Zika virus and fetal/neonatal microcephaly
- Microbiota, infections and immune response to vaccines
- Antibiotic use and weight gain in childhood
New Vaccines in the immediate pipeline - Slideset by Professor Susanna EspositoWAidid
Slideset by Professor Esposito on: Vaccines for adolescents/young adults/children; Maternal vaccines; Vaccines for the tropics.
It shows how several new vaccines will be available in the future with different targets and underlines the importance of better information and communication, that are keys to relevant use of vaccines.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Fecal Microbiota Transplant. A new hope fo...Find Good Health
IBDs including irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) or ulcerative colitis (uc) are a set of diseases developing into an epidemic. The unusual and recent rise in these kind of diseases most notably on developed countries point to a recent and area specific etiology, not a better healthcare and diagnosis.
Recent researchs are pointing to a healthier immune system and intestinal flora in undeveloped countries' population and an imbalance in our gut flora caused by excessive use of antibiotics.
For more information about health and wellbeing visit our site at:
http://findgoodhealth.org/
Recent top papers in pediatric infectious diseases: pediatric infections - Sl...WAidid
Slideset on:
- Zika virus and fetal/neonatal microcephaly
- Microbiota, infections and immune response to vaccines
- Antibiotic use and weight gain in childhood
New Vaccines in the immediate pipeline - Slideset by Professor Susanna EspositoWAidid
Slideset by Professor Esposito on: Vaccines for adolescents/young adults/children; Maternal vaccines; Vaccines for the tropics.
It shows how several new vaccines will be available in the future with different targets and underlines the importance of better information and communication, that are keys to relevant use of vaccines.
Η Παθολόγος-Λοιμωξιολόγος κ. Ειρήνη Κουρμπέτη αναλύει την επίδραση των αντιβιοτικών στο μικροβίωμα του παχέος εντέρου. Η διάλεξη δόθηκε στα πλαίσια του 22ου Ελληνικού Συνεδρίου για το Ελικοβακτηρίδιο του πυλωρού και λοιπών λοιμώξεων του πεπτικού, Αθήνα 2017.
Ειρήνη Κουρμπέτη
Παθολογικό Ιατρείο
Χαραλάμπους 10
Χαλκίδα
Τηλέφωνα επικοινωνίας: 2221181058, 6983672427, 6932482338
http://peptiko.gr
Ο Ιπποκράτης ήδη από την αρχαιότητα είχε τονίσει ότι η κακή πέψη είναι η ρίζα όλων των δεινών, ενώ ιστορικά η συσχέτιση μεταξύ των μικροβίων του εντέρου και της υγείας προτάθηκε το 1907 από τον Metchnikoff, ο οποίος υπέθεσε ότι η αντικατάσταση των «σηπτικών» βακτηρίων του εντέρου από βακτήρια που παράγουν γαλακτικό οξύ θα μπορούσε να συμβάλει στη φυσιολογική λειτουργία του εντέρου, καθώς και στην παράταση του χρόνου της ζωής.
Τα μικρόβια των μικροχλωρίδων αποικίζουν σχεδόν κάθε επιφάνεια του ανθρώπινου σώματος η οποία εκτίθεται στο εξωτερικό περιβάλλον, όπως το δέρμα, η ουρογεννητική οδός, οι αναπνευστικοί ιστοί και η γαστρεντερική οδός.
Οι μικροβιακοί πληθυσμοί που αποικίζουν τον άνθρωπο έχουν ονομαστεί συλλογικά «ανθρώπινο μικροβίωμα» ή «ανθρώπινη μικροχλωρίδα». Το ανθρώπινο μικροβίωμα είναι ένα πολύπλοκο οικοσύστημα, το οποίο εκτιμάται ότι αποτελείται από περίπου 10^14 βακτηριακά κύτταρα, που είναι 10 φορές περισσότερα από το συνολικό αριθμό των κυττάρων στο ανθρώπινο σώμα.
Έχουν αποδοθεί πολλαπλές λειτουργίες στις μικροχλωρίδες, σημαντικότερες από τις οποίες είναι η σύνθεση βιταμινών (π.χ. βιταμίνη Κ και Β12, φυλλικό οξύ), ο μεταβολισμός χολικών αλάτων, ο καταβολισμός φυτικών ινών, βλέννης και λιπαρών οξέων, η ρύθμιση φλεγμονωδών αντιδράσεων και η ομοιόσταση του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος. Έτσι, το ανθρώπινο μικροβίωμα αποκαλείται «υπερ-οργανισμός» ή «ξεχασμένο όργανο» ή «το εκτεταμένο γονιδίωμά μας».
Probiotics goes beyond digestive and immune health. At the recent Microbiome R&D and Business Collaboration Congress: Asia, DuPont Nutrition & Health shared on how probiotics can influence vaginal microbiota and provide positive health benefits such as weight management for the user.
Human nutrition, gut microbiome and immune system S'eclairer
Dr Zahida Chaudnary talks with the students about nutrition, gut microbiomes, and nutrition as we look at diseases and how your body reacts to what you eat.
Check out the slideshow by itself here.
Want an audio version? Subscribe to our Podcast on iTunes!
Want to join us for the live discussion? Check out our Social Media in the noon hour every Monday as we sit down on Google Hangout OnAir! Follow us on Twitter, Facebook, or Google+ to get updated with the link when we start!
5th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2014 Integrative Risk Management - The role of science, technology & practice 24-28 August 2014 in Davos, Switzerland
Final research paper written for Introduction to Child Development in fall 2019. This paper discusses the benefits of breastfeeding for the child and the mother.
Η Παθολόγος-Λοιμωξιολόγος κ. Ειρήνη Κουρμπέτη αναλύει την επίδραση των αντιβιοτικών στο μικροβίωμα του παχέος εντέρου. Η διάλεξη δόθηκε στα πλαίσια του 22ου Ελληνικού Συνεδρίου για το Ελικοβακτηρίδιο του πυλωρού και λοιπών λοιμώξεων του πεπτικού, Αθήνα 2017.
Ειρήνη Κουρμπέτη
Παθολογικό Ιατρείο
Χαραλάμπους 10
Χαλκίδα
Τηλέφωνα επικοινωνίας: 2221181058, 6983672427, 6932482338
http://peptiko.gr
Ο Ιπποκράτης ήδη από την αρχαιότητα είχε τονίσει ότι η κακή πέψη είναι η ρίζα όλων των δεινών, ενώ ιστορικά η συσχέτιση μεταξύ των μικροβίων του εντέρου και της υγείας προτάθηκε το 1907 από τον Metchnikoff, ο οποίος υπέθεσε ότι η αντικατάσταση των «σηπτικών» βακτηρίων του εντέρου από βακτήρια που παράγουν γαλακτικό οξύ θα μπορούσε να συμβάλει στη φυσιολογική λειτουργία του εντέρου, καθώς και στην παράταση του χρόνου της ζωής.
Τα μικρόβια των μικροχλωρίδων αποικίζουν σχεδόν κάθε επιφάνεια του ανθρώπινου σώματος η οποία εκτίθεται στο εξωτερικό περιβάλλον, όπως το δέρμα, η ουρογεννητική οδός, οι αναπνευστικοί ιστοί και η γαστρεντερική οδός.
Οι μικροβιακοί πληθυσμοί που αποικίζουν τον άνθρωπο έχουν ονομαστεί συλλογικά «ανθρώπινο μικροβίωμα» ή «ανθρώπινη μικροχλωρίδα». Το ανθρώπινο μικροβίωμα είναι ένα πολύπλοκο οικοσύστημα, το οποίο εκτιμάται ότι αποτελείται από περίπου 10^14 βακτηριακά κύτταρα, που είναι 10 φορές περισσότερα από το συνολικό αριθμό των κυττάρων στο ανθρώπινο σώμα.
Έχουν αποδοθεί πολλαπλές λειτουργίες στις μικροχλωρίδες, σημαντικότερες από τις οποίες είναι η σύνθεση βιταμινών (π.χ. βιταμίνη Κ και Β12, φυλλικό οξύ), ο μεταβολισμός χολικών αλάτων, ο καταβολισμός φυτικών ινών, βλέννης και λιπαρών οξέων, η ρύθμιση φλεγμονωδών αντιδράσεων και η ομοιόσταση του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος. Έτσι, το ανθρώπινο μικροβίωμα αποκαλείται «υπερ-οργανισμός» ή «ξεχασμένο όργανο» ή «το εκτεταμένο γονιδίωμά μας».
Probiotics goes beyond digestive and immune health. At the recent Microbiome R&D and Business Collaboration Congress: Asia, DuPont Nutrition & Health shared on how probiotics can influence vaginal microbiota and provide positive health benefits such as weight management for the user.
Human nutrition, gut microbiome and immune system S'eclairer
Dr Zahida Chaudnary talks with the students about nutrition, gut microbiomes, and nutrition as we look at diseases and how your body reacts to what you eat.
Check out the slideshow by itself here.
Want an audio version? Subscribe to our Podcast on iTunes!
Want to join us for the live discussion? Check out our Social Media in the noon hour every Monday as we sit down on Google Hangout OnAir! Follow us on Twitter, Facebook, or Google+ to get updated with the link when we start!
5th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2014 Integrative Risk Management - The role of science, technology & practice 24-28 August 2014 in Davos, Switzerland
Final research paper written for Introduction to Child Development in fall 2019. This paper discusses the benefits of breastfeeding for the child and the mother.
The Journal of NutritionSymposium Nutritional Experiences.docxarnoldmeredith47041
The Journal of Nutrition
Symposium: Nutritional Experiences in Early Life as Determinants of the
Adult Metabolic Phenotype
Mechanisms Linking Suboptimal
Early Nutrition and Increased Risk of
Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity1–3
Malgorzata S. Martin-Gronert and Susan E. Ozanne*
Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital,
Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have revealed a relationship between poor early growth and development of type 2 diabetes and
other features of metabolic syndrome. The mechanistic basis of this relationship is not known. However, compelling
evidence suggests that early environmental factors, including nutrition, play an important role. Studies of individuals in
utero during a period of famine showed a direct relationship between maternal nutrition and glucose tolerance. Further
evidence has come from studies of monozygotic twins who were discordant for type 2 diabetes. Nutrition during the early
postnatal period has also been shown to have long-term consequences on metabolic health. Excess nutrition and
accelerated growth during the neonatal period has been suggested to be particularly detrimental. Animal models, including
maternal protein restriction, have been developed to elucidate mechanisms linking the early environment and future
disease susceptibility. Maternal protein restriction in rats leads to a low birth weight and development of type 2 diabetes in
the offspring. This is associated with b cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. The latter is associated with changes in
expression of key components of the insulin-signaling cascade in muscle and adipocytes similar to that observed in tissue
from young men with a low birth weight. These differences occur prior to development of disease and thus may represent
molecular markers of early growth restriction and disease risk. The fundamental mechanisms by which these
programmed changes occur remain to be fully defined but are thought to involve epigenetic mechanisms. J. Nutr. 140:
662–666, 2010.
Introduction
It is well established that poor growth in utero is associated with
increased risk of developing diseases such as type 2 diabetes in
later life (1). There is strong evidence from both human and
animal studies that the early environment and in particular early
nutrition play an important role. However, the molecular
mechanisms by which a phenomenon that occurs in early life
has a phenotypic consequence many years later are only just
starting to emerge.
Epidemiological data
The first study to link birth weight to increased risk of type 2
diabetes was conducted in a group of men born in Hertfordshire,
UK, who were 64 y old at the time of the study. Those men who
had the lowest birth weight were 6 times more likely to currently
have either impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes than
those men who were heaviest at birth (2). These findings have
been reproduce.
I provided background information and research on child nutrition, and I related it to child development theories and application to research, teaching, and working with children. This research paper encompasses human growth and development by sharing how a child's ecological system impacts their wellbeing, such as food programs, school, or family.
1. The Prevention of Celiac Disease in Predisposed Infants
Ashley Kindervater
Dept. of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA
HNFE 4004, Spring, 2016
2. Abstract:
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that damages the lining of the small
intestine when gluten is in ingested. People with first-degree relatives who suffer from
celiac disease have a 1 in 22 chance of also developing celiac disease, making
prevention research a high priority (University of Chicago, 2015). Looking at various
prevention methods, I sought to find out if celiac disease can be prevented in
predisposed infants. Research regarding breastfeeding and time of gluten introduction
proved to not be a supported prevention method. By introducing gluten earlier, the
development of the disease was delayed but in the end made no difference. Another
method of prevention was mode of delivery at birth. It was found that vaginal delivery is
much more supported in helping with the gut microbiome of infants which could result in
some type of defense against the immune response of those with CD. Finally, it was
found that supplementation of probiotics does provide as a defense mechanism but
further research must be conducted as to which strains should be supplemented.
Probiotic supplementation does not cure celiac disease but rather helps treat it as long
as supplements are being taken regularly. Overall, probiotic supplementation and
vaginal delivery are the strongest known prevention methods to date and with further
research more may be known on how parents can prevent the inheritance of this
disease to their children.
3. Introduction:
The question I was posing was “Can celiac disease be prevented in predisposed
infants?” About 1 in 133 healthy people suffer from celiac disease in the United States
(University of Chicago, 2005). Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that affects the
villi of the small intestine when gluten is ingested. In a healthy person the villi of the
small intestine stand up like small fingerlike projections and aid in the absorption of
nutrients. In a person with celiac disease, the villi are flattened and cannot properly
absorb nutrients. As of now there is no cure for this disease besides sticking to a strictly
gluten-free diet for life. If untreated, celiac disease can lead to iron deficiency anemia,
osteoporosis, infertility, lactose intolerance, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, central
and peripheral nervous system disorders, pancreatic insufficiency, intestinal lymphomas
and other gastrointestinal cancers, etc. With all of the risks that celiac disease
predisposes people to, it is very important to research prevention methods for
predisposed infants.
Literature Review:
There are several common practices that attempt to prevent celiac disease in
infants. The three methods for prevention of celiac disease that I looked at were breast
feeding and time of gluten introduction, mode of delivery and supplementation of
probiotics.
4. Breastfeeding is often considered a preventative measure in the development of
CD due to its abundance of passive immunity factors like lysozyme, lactoferrin, and IgA
antibodies. Also, breast feeding has been proven to prevent several GI infections,
decrease gut permeability, and contain small amounts of allergens, like gluten, which
can aid in the development of tolerances (Chmielewska et al., 2015). While all of these
things may be true of breast feeding, I sought to research how effective these things
were in actually preventing celiac disease. In one study, two trials were conducted
where times of gluten introduction during breastfeeding were compared. The presence
of celiac disease at 5 years of age was observed. One trial compared the development
of CD in patients introduced to gluten between 4-6 months of age while being breastfed
versus a control group and another trial compared the presence of CD in children
introduced to gluten at 6 months compared to 12 months. It was found that all subjects
eventually developed celiac disease, but some sooner than others. Results showed that
infants who were introduced to gluten at 6 months of age while being breastfed versus
12 months of age while being breastfed, did not develop celiac disease by the age of 2,
however by 5 years of age, all subjects had the disease (Chmielewska et al., 2015).
These same results were also concluded in a study done by the North American Society
for the Study of Celiac Disease, where they found that breastfeeding did not aid in
prevention of celiac disease (Lebwohl et al., 2015). Another study, by Radlovic et al.
(2010), retrospectively looked at the medical records of 89 infants who were diagnosed
with CD and divided them into two groups: one that consisted of infants who were
exclusively breasted at the time of gluten introduction and another group that had not
been breastfed. It was found that breastfeeding did put off the development of CD a little
5. bit longer than those who had not been breastfed. The severity of the disease was not
affected by either variable. Conversely, a study that was done in Sweden by Shamir et
al. (2014) proved otherwise. In the 1930s there was a Swedish epidemic of symptomatic
celiac disease. This was due to a change in dietary recommendations that said to delay
the introduction of all gluten-containing foods to infants until 6 months of age. Later on
the prevalence of CD was decreased once the recommendation of gluten introduction
was changed to >4 months of age. It was also suggested that the amount of gluten
introduced to children plays a role in the development of CD. Lastly, this study found
that children that were breastfed while being introduced to gluten had a 52% risk
reduction of development of the disease compared to those who were not breastfed.
Another factor that has been studied in the prevention of celiac disease in infants
is the mode of delivery. Because the vagina is known to have an abundant source of
micro flora, there has been a connection found to the gut microbiota of vaginally
delivered versus cesarean delivered infants. The GI tracts of neonates are colonized
immediately after birth from the mother and have a strong correlation to the
development of the infant’s immune system and the development of autoimmune
diseases. A study preformed by Biasucci et al. (2008) measured the microbiota in fecal
samples of infants who were vaginally delivered versus cesarean section delivery. It
was found that there was a substantial absence of Bifidobacteria, which is an inhabitant
of the GI tract. This finding concluded that only vaginal delivery promotes the production
of the cytokines needed for neonatal immunity, thus there is a strong link between
cesarean delivery and disturbed intestinal colonization of bacteria. The gut microbiota in
patients with celiac disease is much less diverse than healthy individuals, making this
6. an important factor when looking at the prevention of the disease. Since 1996, the rate
of cesarean delivery in the United States has increased by 48% and with this increase,
the prevalence of autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes, Crohn’s disease and
celiac disease has also risen. No association between Crohn’s disease and cesarean
delivery has been proven, but children born via cesarean delivery are significantly more
likely to suffer from celiac disease and be hospitalized for gastroenteritis (Neu et al.
2011). In a retrospective study preformed by the American Academy of Pediatrics,
1,950 children were observed and information on intestinal disease manifestation, mode
of delivery and gestational age at birth, postnatal complications, and breastfeeding was
collected. It was found that there is a significant correlation between patients who were
delivered via cesarean section and patients who developed celiac disease in
comparison to control subjects (Biasucci et al. 2008). Although it is not always up to the
mother how her baby will be delivered due to various complications, by opting to deliver
vaginally if possible, infants would have a more diverse gut microbiota which can aid in
the prevention of celiac disease.
In relation to mode of delivery, another prevention method of celiac disease that
was studied was the supplementation of probiotics like Bifidobacterium to children who
are predisposed to this disease. Patients with celiac disease have a reduction in
beneficial species of bacteria and an increase in potentially pathogenic species in
comparison to healthy subjects (Marasco et al., 2015). In a study published by the
journal of Digestive Diseases and Sciences, there were 3 groups of children. The first
were children with celiac disease given the B. breve strains for 3 months while on a
gluten free diet, the second group of children with CD were given a placebo while on a
7. gluten free diet, and the third group of healthy children was given no treatment and
served as the control group. It was observed at the end of the three month trial that the
children with CD who were given the probiotic had lower levels of pro-inflamatory
cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-), however after the intervention was over
the levels returned back to normal (Klemenak et al., 2015). Fernando et al. (2014) found
that lactobacilli and bifidobacteria are reduced in the gut of CD patients and that these
bacteria are promising targets for probiotic therapy. There are strains of these bacteria
that can produce enzymes that break down gliadin peptides and induce anti-
inflammatory effects which could potentially treat this disorder (Moraes et al. 2014).
Currently there needs to be more research to determine the role of gut microbiota in the
pathogenesis of celiac disease and the impact of the therapeutic use of probiotics, for
this could be a strong lead into the potential treatment of this disease.
Conclusions:
In light of the question “how can celiac be prevented in predisposed infants,”
some conclusions can be drawn. The popular conclusion from breastfeeding and gluten
introduction research shows that breastfeeding and earlier introduction of gluten is not a
strong prevention method, but can delay the onset for a little while. These studies were
only conducted with predisposed infants, so it is important to note that it may be
beneficial for infants who are not predisposed to the development of CD to be
exclusively breastfed for at least 6 months due to the gliadin that is found in breast milk
which can contribute to several immune factors (Brandtzaeg 2002 and Hanson et al.
2000). It is encouraged that all infants should be exclusively breastfed for at least 6
8. months regardless of various disease predispositions because of the lysozyme,
cytokines, and lactoferrin found in breast milk that are directly correlated with the
effectiveness of the infants’ immune systems.
When it comes to mode of infant delivery, vaginal delivery is by far the most
beneficial in the prevention of CD in predisposed infants. All research concluded that
infants delivered vaginally had a significant increase of gut microbiota and those
delivered cesarean lacked strains of Bifidobacterium which is crucial in the protection of
intestinal damage. Further research should be conducted to find out if the vaginal
microflora of mothers can somehow be given to infants who had to have a cesarean
delivery.
The supplementation of probiotics looks to be the most promising of prevention
methods for celiac disease. Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli both have strains which
produce enzymes that can break down gliadin. Further research needs to be conducted
on specifically which of these strains and which combination of strains would be the
most beneficial to supplement to patients with CD.
Word Count: 1,843
9. References:
1. Center, U. o. C. C. D. Celiac Disease Facts and Figures.
2. Chimielewska A. , P.-L. M., Szajewska H. , Shamir R. , Primary Prevention of
Celiac Disease: Environmental Factors with a Focus on Early Nutrition Annals
of Nutrition & Metabolism 2015, 67, 8.
3. Benjamin Lebwohl, M., MS, Joseph A. Murray, MD, Elena F. Verdú, MD,
PhD, Sheila E. Crowe, MD, Melinda Dennis, RD, Alessio Fasano, MD, Peter
H.R. Green, MD, Stefano Guandalini, MD and Chaitan Khosla, PhD, Gluten
Introduction, Breastfeeding, and Celiac Disease: Back to the Drawing Board.
The American Journal of Gastroenterology 2015, 111.
4. Nedeljko P. Radlović, M. M. M., Zoran M. Leković, Zorica M. Stojšić, and
Vladimir N. Radlović, Influence of Early Feeding Practices on Celiac Disease
in Infants. Croatian Medican Journal 2010, 51
5. Schaart, M. W. M., Maria L., Early Nutrition: Prevention of Celiac Disease?
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2014, 59.
6. Giacomo Biasucci, B. B., Lorenzo Morelli, Elena Bessi, and Günther Boehm,
Cesarean Delivery May Affect the Early Biodiversity of Intestinal Bacteria. The
Journal of Nutrition 2008.
7. Josef Neu, M., Jona Rushing, MD, Cesarean versus Vaginal Delivery: Long
term infant outcomes and the Hygiene Hypothesis. National Institutes of
Health 2011.
8. Giovanni Marasco, A. R. D. B., Ramona Schiumerini, Leonardo Henry
Eusebi1, Lorenzo Iughetti, Federico Ravaioli, Eleonora Scaioli, Antonio
Colecchia, Davide Festi, Gut Microbiota and Celiac Disease. Springer 2016.
10. 9. Martina Klemenak, J. D., Tomazˇ Langerholc, Diana Di Gioia, Dusˇanka
Micˇetic ́-Turk, Administration of Bifidobacterium breve Decreases the
Production of TNF-a in Children with Celiac Disease. Digestive Diseases and
Sciences 2015.
10. Luís Fernando de Sousa Moraes, L. M. G., Tatiana Fiche de Sales Teixeira,
Maria do Carmo Gouveia Peluzio, Intestinal Microbiota and Probiotics in
Celiac Disease. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2014, 27 (3)
11. Brandtzaeg P. The secretory immunoglobulin system: regulation and
biological significance. Focusing on human mammary glands.
Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2002
12. Hanson LA, Ceafalau L, Mattsby-Baltzer I, et al. The mammary gland-
infant intestine immunologic dyad. Advances in experimental medicine
and biology. 2000
13. Evalotte Decker, G. E., Annette Findeisen, Patrick Gerner, Martin Laaβ,
Dietrich Ney, Carsten Posovszky, Ludwig Hoy, Mathias W. Hornef, Cesarean
Delivery Is Associated With Celiac Disease but Not Inflammatory Bowel
Disease in Children. American Academy of Pediactrics 2010, 125 (6).