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Rethinking Poverty
Relief, Rehabilitation, Development Poverty ≠ Material Deficits
Development Rehabilitation Relief
Poverty = Lack of Material Goods?
“For a poor person everything is terrible — illness, humiliation, shame. We arecripples; we are afraid of everything; we depend on everyone. No one needs us. We are like garbage that everyone wants to get rid of.”  Blind woman fromTiraspol, Moldova 1997
“I feel ashamed standing before my children when I have nothing to help feed the family. I’m not well when I’m unemployed. It’s terrible”   A father in Guinea-Bissau 1994
“During the past two years we have not celebrated any holidays with others. We cannot afford to invite anyone to our house and we feel uncomfortable visiting others without bringing a present. The lack of contact leaves one depressed, creates a constant feeling of unhappiness, and a sense of low self-esteem” Latvia 1998
“So we now feel somewhat helpless. It is this feeling of helplessness that is so painful, more painful than poverty itself” Uganda 1998 Source: Voices of the Poor, World Bank
Guidelines for Dignity-Affirming Development Ensure participation of the affected population in the assessment, design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of the assistance program. Identify and mobilize the capabilities, skills, and resources of the individual or community. See poor people and communities as full of possibilities. As much as possible, look for resources and solutions to come from within the individual or community. Seek to build and rebuild the relationships among local individuals, associations, churches, businesses, schools, government, etc.  Only bring in outside resources when local resources are insufficient to solve pressing needs. Be careful to not undermine local capacity or initiative.
Now What?

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Rethinking Poverty

  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4. Relief, Rehabilitation, Development Poverty ≠ Material Deficits
  • 6. Poverty = Lack of Material Goods?
  • 7. “For a poor person everything is terrible — illness, humiliation, shame. We arecripples; we are afraid of everything; we depend on everyone. No one needs us. We are like garbage that everyone wants to get rid of.” Blind woman fromTiraspol, Moldova 1997
  • 8. “I feel ashamed standing before my children when I have nothing to help feed the family. I’m not well when I’m unemployed. It’s terrible” A father in Guinea-Bissau 1994
  • 9. “During the past two years we have not celebrated any holidays with others. We cannot afford to invite anyone to our house and we feel uncomfortable visiting others without bringing a present. The lack of contact leaves one depressed, creates a constant feeling of unhappiness, and a sense of low self-esteem” Latvia 1998
  • 10. “So we now feel somewhat helpless. It is this feeling of helplessness that is so painful, more painful than poverty itself” Uganda 1998 Source: Voices of the Poor, World Bank
  • 11.
  • 12. Guidelines for Dignity-Affirming Development Ensure participation of the affected population in the assessment, design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of the assistance program. Identify and mobilize the capabilities, skills, and resources of the individual or community. See poor people and communities as full of possibilities. As much as possible, look for resources and solutions to come from within the individual or community. Seek to build and rebuild the relationships among local individuals, associations, churches, businesses, schools, government, etc. Only bring in outside resources when local resources are insufficient to solve pressing needs. Be careful to not undermine local capacity or initiative.

Editor's Notes

  1. Good afternoon. My name is Dave Kresta, and I’ve been on a personal odyssey of sorts these past few months to better understand poverty and our responses and responsibilities towards it. I have been involved in helping alleviate poverty in very small ways: through volunteering at a homeless shelter in Hillsboro, as well as serving food to homeless youth in downtown Portland. And of course my wife and I have also written checks to various charities, as I’m sure you all have. But I’ve found myself asking questions like these, and maybe you have as well:“Is my money doing any good?”“Why are these people homeless?”“Am I truly helping when I volunteer? Why do I see the same people in line for hand outs over and over again?”“What is the best way to spend my time and money to help alleviate poverty?”And maybe the most convicting question for me:“Do I really care about these people, or am I just helping out to make myself feel better and more fulfilled?”Here are a couple of scenarios to think about as we explore this topic together over the next 15 minutes or so:
  2. Scenario 1: The setting is Rwanda after the 1994 genocide (The Poor will be Glad pg 58/59)
  3. Scenario 2: This setting is the inner city, and the Adopt-a-Family program that many of us participate in at Christmas time (Compassion, Justice… pg 48)So we can see that the appropriate response to poverty is not always as simple as it may seem.
  4. Obviously we can only touch on a small piece of the poverty puzzle today. We will be focusing on two very important elements:Number 1: The difference between Relief, Rehabilitation, and Development and how different responses are required depending on the circumstances. We’ve already heard about the chicken and eggs example of how it can actually hurt the poor if we apply the wrong response to the situation. Number 2: Poverty cannot be defined simply in terms of material deficit. While lack of food or money is often the most visible aspect of poverty, loss of dignity and lack of empowerment are incredibly destructive and must be dealt with in order to have any hope of long term positive impact.My hope is that after we explore these topics, you’ll be able to make more informed decisions on your own personal response to poverty, and be able to better assess the charities and non-profits that you volunteer for or give money to.
  5. Not all poverty assistance is equal. There are three different responses that must be considered depending on the situation. These are: “Relief”, “Rehabilitation”, and “Development”Let’s dig into each one a bit more.First “Relief”: Immediate and urgent assistance in response to a disaster or crisis. A good example is Haiti right now. Those people need food, water, and medical supplies. It is wrong to hold any of these items up looking for deeper issues or root causes. The goal of relief is to stop the bleeding; Recipients of relief cannot help themselves. Relief should be temporary, and not a recurring practice with the same individuals or communities over and over again. Unfortunately, many charities and individuals provide relief when development is more appropriate. This can reinforce a poverty mindset by stripping dignity and empowerment. Next is “Rehabilitation”: This seeks to restore people to their pre-crisis situation. An example may be the aid given to tsunami victims in Thailand to help rebuild houses, schools, and businesses. In these cases the immediate crisis has ended, relief has been provided, but now there is a huge hole from which the victims need to rebuild. An important element of rehabilitation is that it should be done WITH the affected population, not FOR THEM or TO THEM. “Development” is an ongoing process in which we work side-by-side with the poor to help THEM improve their own lives and communities beyond where they have been before. Examples of development include job creation and job training programs, and community development programs. As we will discuss next, it is important to include the poor in as much of the process as possible. This affirms their dignity and helps to create a sustainable, empowered community.
  6. Most Americans have a very simplistic concept of poverty: the lack of certain material goods. This has led to many aid efforts which focus exclusively on giving things to the poor in the hope that it will somehow lift them out of their poverty. Even the experts have confused RELIEF with DEVELOPMENT.What people don’t realize is that giving relief to the poor by simply giving them things can reinforce their poverty, rather than actually help them. So what is Poverty? Let’s see how the poor actually describe their condition:
  7. So how do the poor describe poverty? They mention having a lack of material things but tend to describe their condition in far more psychological and social terms. They talk in terms of shame, inferiority, powerlessness, humiliation, fear, hopelessness, depression, social isolation, and voicelessness. When we ignore these vital components of poverty, our good intentions to help the poor will simply fall short.Like we saw in the example at the beginning, a well-meaning and innocent act of giving toys to a family can actually do more harm than good to the long term prospects for a family. Actions such as these actually reinforce feelings of inferiority and shame, and lack of confidence and initiative.
  8. What is an alternative approach to helping families at Christmas time that affirm their dignity and respect? One example is a program called Pride for Parents: a low-cost store is established from new donated toys, and parents can shop for the toys at reduced prices. Those who can’t afford even these reduced prices can work to pay for them. The money that is raised from the sales is put back into the store to pay for jobs and training programs.
  9. These guidelines form the basis for an approach to community development that is called Asset-Based Community Development. 1 - Ensure participation of the affected population in the assessment, design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of the assistance program.2 - Identify and mobilize the capabilities, skills, and resources of the individual or community. See poor people and communities as full of possibilities.3 - As much as possible, look for resources and solutions to come from within the individual or community.4 - Seek to build and rebuild the relationships among local individuals, associations, churches, businesses, schools, government, etc. 5 - Only bring in outside resources when local resources are insufficient to solve pressing needs. Be careful to not undermine local capacity or initiative.
  10. So now what? How can we take what we’ve just learned back home?First: When confronted with a situation, determine if relief, rehabilitation, or development is the appropriate response. If you can’t meet the demand appropriately, look for a non-profit that can.Second: Evaluate the non-profits that you support. Do they differentiate between relief, rehabilitation, and development? Do they apply the right approach to the situation? And do they acknowledge the social psychological dimensions to poverty and incorporate this into their approach?Third: See the poor as people who are broken and struggling with feelings of shame and inferiority. And also realize that we too have our own brokenness and perhaps we can stop seeing them as a nuisance and more as fellow humans.  Thank you.