Respond in a paragraph to the discussion board. In your response, do not just agree or disagree, tell the reason for your response. Your response must be at least 100 words.  Each answer separately. Use APA 7. Peer 1 Discussion Forum Week #6 Laura Lledo Rodriguez Discussion Forum Week #6  Helpful Information gotten from the video       Action research is every changing and thus there is need to identify other important assessment tools which can be used. This is to make sure that the focus on the original issue has been maintained. Reflection after the research is complete is of great significance. This involves further questioning on the results that have been gotten from the study. This will not only be of benefit to the researcher but to the students who are learning. During the process of reflection, it is important for one to judge and gain an understanding of the worthiness of the whole process of research and the different research activities that were conducted. Alternative solutions can be gotten after a reflection has been carried out. This means that the researcher is able to identify some of the changes that can be made for the purpose of improving the results which might be gotten at the end of the day.        The presentation of the research findings for those who were involved is also a very significant thing that one could do. The presentation of the results can be done through pinning of the results on the billboards for the parties involved to read through it or even presenting them on conferences so that they can be heard. Publishing the results in form of journals or putting them on a web page is very important. This is because they become an assessment tool for the other research which will be carried out later.         Reflections are of great significance because other students are in a position to gain from what has been uncovered. The teachers will also be in a position to come up with the best teaching strategies to use for the better understanding of the students. Action research is of great significance to the teachers because they are in a position to assess the progress of the students and thus change the mode of teaching if the one being used is not efficient.          Through action research, teachers are able to contribute to the curriculum of the students, maximize the whole process of learning and also make sure that the community benefits from the system of education that is being used.  Action research also provides more opportunities for the teachers to resolve understand and even improve the modes of teaching. Moreover, the students are in a position to be understood as individuals. New approaches to learning are also discovered through action research. The Concept of Validity       When individuals focus on history of validity, it was linked to the research that is numerically based. The research was conducted during the positivistic tradition. The different types of research that were di ...

1. Respond in a paragraph to the discussion board. In your
response, do not just agree or disagree, tell the reason for your
response. Your response must be at least 100 words. Each
answer separately. Use APA 7.
Peer 1
Discussion Forum Week #6
Laura Lledo Rodriguez
Discussion Forum Week #6
Helpful Information gotten from the video
Action research is every changing and thus there is need to
identify other important assessment tools which can be used.
This is to make sure that the focus on the original issue has
been maintained. Reflection after the research is complete is of
great significance. This involves further questioning on the
results that have been gotten from the study. This will not only
be of benefit to the researcher but to the students who are
learning. During the process of reflection, it is important for
one to judge and gain an understanding of the worthiness of the
whole process of research and the different research activities
that were conducted. Alternative solutions can be gotten after a
reflection has been carried out. This means that the researcher is
able to identify some of the changes that can be made for the
purpose of improving the results which might be gotten at the

2. end of the day.
The presentation of the research findings for those who
were involved is also a very significant thing that one could do.
The presentation of the results can be done through pinning of
the results on the billboards for the parties involved to read
through it or even presenting them on conferences so that they
can be heard. Publishing the results in form of journals or
putting them on a web page is very important. This is because
they become an assessment tool for the other research which
will be carried out later.
Reflections are of great significance because other
students are in a position to gain from what has been uncovered.
The teachers will also be in a position to come up with the best
teaching strategies to use for the better understanding of the
students. Action research is of great significance to the teachers
because they are in a position to assess the progress of the
students and thus change the mode of teaching if the one being
used is not efficient.
Through action research, teachers are able to contribute to
the curriculum of the students, maximize the whole process of
learning and also make sure that the community benefits from
the system of education that is being used. Action research also
provides more opportunities for the teachers to resolve
understand and even improve the modes of teaching. Moreover,
the students are in a position to be understood as individuals.
New approaches to learning are also discovered through action
research.
The Concept of Validity
When individuals focus on history of validity, it was linked
to the research that is numerically based. The research was
conducted during the positivistic tradition. The different types

3. of research that were discovered were meant for the purpose of
convincing the researcher together with the researchee that the
results gotten during the research are right and accurate, and
thus could stand more scrutiny from the other dedicated
researchers (Mills, 2018). Internal validity can be described as
the degree to which certain results can be termed as being true
and accurate for the participants who are involved. Apart from
internal validity, there is also external validity which entails the
degree to which particular results gotten from the study or can
be applicable to the environments and groups and the
environment that is based outside the setting of the research.
Most of the action researchers do not really claim to the
knowledge that is free from context. In other words, action
research by its nature is based on the context of different
schools and classrooms. The different issues related to action
research such as validity, credibility and reliability are usually
measured by the willingness of the researchers who are
teachers. The validity of an action research is mainly based on
whether the solution to a given problem really solves the
problems that have been discovered.
Validity in Action Research and How to improve Children
Motivation
Carrying interviews with children for the action
researchers who are teachers can be quite difficult. This is
because most of them can give replies that have very painful
outcomes. In most of the cases when teachers are carrying out a
research while interviewing children, it is common that they
will jump into conclusive answers that children have not talked
about. There is need to consider being patient to get the correct
answers from the children. The degree in which Marland’s
research results are attributable to the students’ conceptual
understanding of the multiplication process along with efficient
basic facts strategies and not to another explanation is the

4. degree to which the study is internally valid (Mills, 2018).
Consequently, Marland used triangulation and member to
address validity.
Some of the ways that will be of great significance to
increasing student understanding and motivation is by
employing different data sources such as test scores, interviews,
surveys, and other work materials. Also, motivation can be
increased by introducing new ways for them to learn (e.g.
games). It is important to always seek for feedback and give a
chance for the readers or interviewees to speak for themselves,
which is from their own point of view.
Marland
Alyson Determination of the Effectiveness of her Intervention
The research results are mainly attributed to the
conceptual understanding of the students of the different
processes of multiplication with the efficient basic strategies
facts and not to the other different explanation. This is the
degree to which the study was valid internally. Marland at the
end of the study was in a position to gain an understanding of
the fact that 35 % of the students were not in a position to meet
the required state standards in spite of the different
interventions that were planned. The discovery of Marland made
her gain a deeper understanding of the impact that the different
teaching strategies had on the achievement of the student
statewide assessment test.
Definition of Reliability
Reliability can be defined as the trustworthiness or the
ability to be in a position to perform consistently. A research is
said to be reliable if it is in a position to produce similar results
under conditions that are consistent. When a test is reliable then

5. it means that it can be depended upon by other scholars for
reference purposes. More confidence is placed on a test when
the same results are gotten after it has been administered and re-
administered again and the same results are gotten. An
unreliable test can be termed as being useless. When the test is
unreliable then it means that different results will be gotten
when it is administered and re-administered again.
The Reliability of Alyson
Marland
When it comes to the whole issue of reliability,
Marland’s research did not achieve the trustworthiness that was
required because after carrying out the study, it was discovered
35% of the students who undertook the test were not in a
position to reach the required math state standards. This was in
spite of the different interventions that had been planned. This
made her to have an understanding of the impact that putting
into place the different teaching strategies that will improve the
achievement of the students on an assessment test that was
provided statewide. If the students are not in a position to
achieve the standards that have been put in place, then it means
that the trustworthiness of the outcome or the findings that are
gotten at the end of the day. If 35% of the students were not in a
position to give out the desired outcomes or even reach the
anticipated standard of the test, then it means if the same test
will be administered the second time there will be no promising
results. When a test and a retest is done and the outcomes are
accurate and can be trusted then it means that the test is valid,
or the research outcomes are valid.
Conclusion
Action research can be of great significance to the school
setting, the teachers, the students and the wider community. It

6. also gives room for most of the questions related to better
learning strategies of the students to be discovered. Teachers
are also in a position to come up with the best teaching methods
and strategies. Action research can also be of great significance
to the other individuals who are going to carry out research later
in time.
References
Mills, G.E. (2018). Action Research.
A Guide for the Teacher Researcher
. Pearson.
Missmelissa73. (2009, Nov 7).
Action Research in the Classroom Part 2
. (video) Retrieve from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZHvpgU7pc8
Peer 2
Discussion Forum Week 6
Zulema Alonso Martínez
Video Analysis
The selected YouTube video is entitled

7. Action Research in the Classroom Part 2
by Missmelissa73 (Missmelissa73, 2009). The rationale of this
video rests on the fact that it is focused on introducing action
research as a topic to primary school teachers. It also
demonstrates theory, benefits, and the methodology of
employing action research in a classroom setting. The specific
portions of the video, which are helpful, include those that
highlight the benefits and methodology of integrating action
research in a classroom setting. For instance, the
methodological part will help me to learn the best strategies or
approaches for implementing action research to achieve better
learning outcomes.
Validity
Validity is an incredible research element. It refers to how
accurately or precisely an intervention method measures what it
is intended to. Where research has high validity, it produces
results corresponding to real characteristics, properties, and
variation in the social and physical world. Historically, validity
was associated with numerically based research done in the
positivistic convention (Mills, 2000). Four varied types of
validity exist and serve to convince both the researchee and the
researcher that the findings are not only right but also accurate,
and therefore, can easily endure scrutiny from other researchers.
Validity can be divided into external and internal validity.
Internal validity is the capacity or the degree to which obtained
results are true to participants. Validity is, therefore, the extent
to which an intervention measures exactly what it purports to
measure.
Issues of Validity
As stated above, validity is the level to which scientific
observations measure exactly what they purport to measure.
Marland's study was interested in ascertaining whether the

8. intervention planned of using student’s conceptual
understanding of the multiplication process coupled with
efficient basic facts strategies impacted their scores as far as
state mathematics test was concerned. Here, the level to which
Marland’s research results are research are attributable to the
participants (students) conceptual understanding of the process
of multiplication coupled with efficient basic facts strategies is
what is known as the internal validity (Mills, 2000). Marland in
her study ascertained that approximately 35% of students never
satisfied standards placed by the state in mathematics despite
the planned intervention incorporated by her. Marland made no
claims to external validity in the study of thirty-five 4th grade
students. To make such claims, he would need to achieve the
tenets of quantitative research, including random assignment of
students to intervention or control group.
Nonetheless, that was never the goal of her research whose
primary focus was on fostering student’s motivation and
understanding while comprehending basic number facts.
Marland addressed issues of validity in different ways. The
intention was to enhance student motivation and understanding
of multiplication facts. One of these methods was triangulation,
which encompassed making use of more than one method to
gather data on the same topic. In this case, Marland employed
varied sources of data, including students' test scores, student
interviews, and work samples. The use of different sources of
data was intended to guarantee validity. Member checks were
also done in addition to triangulation, as a technique of
addressing the issue of validity. Member checks refer to a
qualitative method used for purposes of establishing the tenets
of credibility as far as trustworthiness is concerned.
Credibility entails establishing the truth of the research
findings. In layman’s language, it implies demonstrating that
research findings are not only accurate but also honest.

9. Therefore, as evident in the case study, Marland employed both
triangulation and member checks to address validity issues and
to ensure that the intervention measured exactly what it was
intended to measure. Marland determined whether the
intervention was effective using different strategies. Informal
interviews provided her with insight regarding what the students
thought regarding timed tests. Most students confirmed that
these tests were helpful because it offered them the chance to
practice multiplication facts. A timed test was also used to
unearth multiplication facts that were troublesome or difficult
to students.
Reliability
Besides validity, reliability is another worthwhile research
element. Reliability is the consistency or dependability of a
method or an intervention of measuring something. Where
similar results can be achieved using similar methodology under
alike circumstances, the measurement can be considered
reliable. Marland's intention in the research was to ascertain
whether the intervention planned of using student’s conceptual
understanding of the multiplication process coupled with
efficient basic facts strategies impacted their scores as far as
state mathematics test was concerned. Therefore, the ability of
this intervention to give similar results when all other factors
are maintained constant is what makes it reliable. The informal
interview enabled Marland to determine a testing strategy that
students communally accepted as best. She also used a timed
test to unearth areas of difficulties and to adjust the intervention
to address identified problems, a move that promoted reliability
(Mills, 2000).
References
Mills, G. E. (2000).
Action research: A guide for the teacher researcher.

10. Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey.
Missmelissa73. (2009). Action Research in the Classroom Part
2. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZHvpgU7pc8&feature=you
tu.be