This document describes the structure and function of the respiratory system. It explains that the mouth and nose allow air entry, the trachea connects to the lungs, and the lungs exchange gases via alveoli. It outlines the process of breathing including inspiration and expiration powered by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Gas exchange occurs in alveoli via diffusion. Several respiratory conditions are described such as asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, and cystic fibrosis along with their symptoms and treatments.
This is the introduction to airway management for Advanced EMTs though some medics might find it useful too. Focuses mainly on supraglottic and periglottic airway devices as well as basic anatomy , physiology, etc. Talks about apniec defusion too.
Anatomy & Physiology of The Respiratory System & its DiseasesRaghad AlDuhaylib
This presentation is an overall review of the respiratory system anatomy and physiology. Also, some diseases of the respiratory system are mentioned briefly in the slides.
This is the introduction to airway management for Advanced EMTs though some medics might find it useful too. Focuses mainly on supraglottic and periglottic airway devices as well as basic anatomy , physiology, etc. Talks about apniec defusion too.
Anatomy & Physiology of The Respiratory System & its DiseasesRaghad AlDuhaylib
This presentation is an overall review of the respiratory system anatomy and physiology. Also, some diseases of the respiratory system are mentioned briefly in the slides.
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Ok, heres the story. I was teaching this otherwise sharp EMT-Basic class that bombed two respiratory emergency tests in a ROW!
So this is the remedial lecture I inflicted on them. I don\'t know if they passed because of this fine work, or just because they were afraid of another lecture fo they failed.
Hope its useful to you.
To be honest, there might be a lot of respiratory diseases that can widely affect your daily life. To get rid of this, it is important to understand the anatomy or respiratory system in your body. Here is a quick guide that you can follow. More people surfing for respiratory and lung disease go near doctor Best respiratory clinic in south Delhi .
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
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Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
3. structure:
The mouth allows the air and food
to enter the body.
The nose a passage way for the air
to go the lungs.
The trachea connects the larynx
(voice box) to the bronchi of the
lungs and it provides air flow to and
from the lungs for respiration.
The lungs gas exchange between
blood and the air. It provides us
oxygen and removes carbon
dioxide from the body.
The bronchi are the air ways to the
lungs. There are two bronchi for
each lung.
The bronchioles are the end of the
small air way in the lungs.
Alveoli are bunches of tiny air
sacks inside the lungs.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/applie
danatomy/1_anatomy_respiratorysys_rev1.shtml
4. Ciliated epithelium are found in
the trachea they stretch down
the throat catching the dust and
harmful particles that people
breathe in then waft it back up
to the mouth where it is either
spat out or swallowed.
5. Cartilage rings are found
surrounding the wide pipe they
stop the throat from closing and
the person from suffocating.
6. Process of Breathing
Inspiration & Expiration
Process of Gas Exchange
Alveoli & Diffusion
7. Breathing is the process that moves air in and out of the
lungs.
Diaphragm is a muscle under your lungs. It helps the air
to move in and out of the body
Breathing in is also known as inspiration
Breathing out also known as expiration
8. The intercostal muscles contract,
expanding the ribcage.
diaphragm contracts and moves down,
to allow air to move into lungs
the pressure inside the chest
decreases and air is sucked into the
lungs.
Inhaling takes in oxygen
9. Diaphragm returns to normal
shape, decreasing the volume of
the chest.
Pressure inside the chest
increases and air is pushed out of
the lungs
Intercostal muscles relax, the
ribcage drops inwards and
downwards.
Exhaling takes out carbon dioxide
10. Alveoli are bunches of tiny air sacks inside the
lungs.
Normal Alveoli
Damaged Alveoli
Features of Alveoli:
Give the lungs big Surface Area
Have Moist, thin walls
Have lot of tiny blood vessels called
capillaries.
11. In Alveoli:
Oxygen diffuses from the
air into blood.
Carbon dioxide diffuses
from the blood into the
air.
Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high
concentration into an area of low concentration.
12.
13. Asthma is along term condition, it is an example of a
localised allergic reaction, affecting the airways. This
effects 10% of the world’s population.
Symptoms:
Wheezing
Shortness of breath
A tight chest
Coughing
Inhalers:
This is a devices that is used to deliver
medication straight to the lungs when
breathing in. This is a good way to take
asthma medication because it goes
straight to the lungs. This is used to
open up the bronchi.
When symptoms get worse, it is known asthma attack. this is
when the bronchi and bronchioles and constricted and lined
with extra mucus so air cannot pass through them so you
cannot breathe well. Signs of this include above symptoms
becoming severely worse, increase in heart rate and faster
breathing.
Spacers:
Spacers are plastics, hollow containers
(sometimes metal) which a mouth hole
one end and a hole for the inhaler on the
other end. This can work better than an
inhaler because the medication has
easier asses to the lungs and less sticks
to your mouth
Treatment: Inhales and Spacers
14. Emphysema overs a period of time damages and stretches the air sacs in the
lungs. This means it is hard for them to breathe in fresh air containing oxygen,
leaving patients short of breathe. 1 in 5 smokers develop this.
Symptoms:
Coughing
Shortness of breathe
Wheezing
A bluish skin colouration
Treatment:
This disease will not disappear although
it can be helped. The main treatment is
giving up smoking. This will stop further
damage to the lungs.
Oxygen- this is in serve cases. some
may only need a small amount of
oxygen occasionally. This could be
tanks of oxygen and a face mask. Other
may have to have tubes replaced with
oxygen machines to assist breathing.
Tablets- some people are prescribed
drugs to help open their airways and to
help with shortness of breathe.
15. Home treatment:
Getting lots of rest
Drinking lots of fluids to thin mucus
and prevent dehydration
Paracetamol and ibuprofen. this helps
fever, headache and aches
Stopping smoking
Bronchitis is an infection affecting the main airway in the lungs,
causing irritation and inflammation.
Symptoms:
Sore throat
Headache
Runny or blocked nose
Aches and pains
Tiredness
Medication:
A medication can be given to make it easier
to cough up mucus.
16. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic condition which clogs the lungs and
digestive system with thick mucus.
Symptoms:
Coughing
Large, oily and smelly feces
Gaining weight
Diabetes can develop
Swelling and pain in joints
Infertility
Treatment:
Medication- antibiotics- mannitol
powder
Insulin for those who develop
diabetes
Editor's Notes
Larynx which is the voice box
The features of alveoli are:it gives the lungs big surface area, also they have a moist thin wall- to increase the rate of diffusion and is surrounded by millions of capillaries which are tiny blood vessles.