Natural and cultural resources are free and scarce resources that are essential for the tourism and hospitality industry. These include climate, landscapes, ecosystems, urban heritage, arts, traditions and cultural formations. While providing attractions for tourists, these resources are limited in supply. The document discusses how tourism can impact local resource availability and quality while also contributing to conservation when well-managed. It also outlines how tourism resources include tangible attractions, accommodation, transportation as well as intangible image and reputation, and human resources like workforce skills. Controlling and rewarding sustainable use of these free and scarce resources is important for tourism development.

1. A Lecture Presentation
Resources in Tourism and
Hospitality

2. Free and Scarce Resources in
Tourism and Hospitality Industry
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Tourism is a global phenomenon that for its success depends on the physical
environment and a wide range of natural resources. It has a significant impact on natural
resources and the environment, but when managed well it can also contribute to the
conservation of these same resources.
Energy, Water, Food
The relations between tourism and natural resource use may take different forms at
different levels. Locally, tourism affects the quality and availability of natural resources
for local users. Regionally, tourism provides revenue for nature conservation, but also
contributes to water shortages and waste. Globally, tourism exacerbates environmental
problems, such as climate change and the so-called plastic soup.
The outcomes of these interactions depend on the effects and effectiveness of
governance arrangements involving a range of actors. This trajectory focuses on the
dynamic interplay between tourism and natural resources, at related processes of
environmental governance, and the contemporary theoretical and methodological
approaches that allow us to analyze these dynamics.

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Tourism resources • Tourism resources could be defined as those factors that make it possible to
produce a tourism experience and include: - Tangible resources (facilities, attractions,
infrastructure, etc.) - Intangible resources (image, reputation, culture, etc.) – Human resources
(skills, motivations, service levels, etc.) - Financial resources
Tangible resources - The key “attractors” in a destination. This includes tourist
attractions, historic sites, beaches, national parks, events, cultural facilities, sporting activities etc.
These attractions will be important initially in motivating a visitor to travel to the destination. -
Accommodation stock in the destination. This includes accommodation which suits the potential
visitor in terms of location, price, quality and type and must be found before the decision to visit is
confirmed ( some 50% of visitor expenditure is on accommodation). If suitable accommodation is
not found the destination could well not be visited.
- Transport - main roads, rail, sea and air links. Even if the destination has quality attractions and
accommodation, visitors will be deterred from visiting if good transport links do not exist - Other
resources - conference facilities which will be important in attracting business visitors
Intangible resources • The reputation of the destination regarding value for
money, service quality, hospitality, etc. • The image of the destination concerning safety and
security, uniqueness of experiences on offer, readiness to receive tourists, etc. • The culture of the
destination e.g. welcoming of tourists, hospitality, lifestyles, etc.
Tourism Resources

4. Tourism Resources
Human resources: Include: - Skills, qualifications and
experience - Work ethic. - Training systems and
schemes
Financial resources: Include: - Investment capital -
Public capital for services, infrastructure, etc. -
Finances to develop and market tourism, etc.
Heritage resources: (primary sources)are often the
main motivators for stimulating travel to destinations.
The world’s most visited attractions are natural
features, national parks, World Heritage Sites and
other heritage resources.
Special events: Fare, Sports, Film Festivals, Convention,
Conference, food festival and music al events, etc.
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5. No man made resources, free gift of nature, Resources in the form of physical and
cultural attractions to encourage people to visit and enable tourists to stay at the
destination are free and scarce resources in tourism and hospitality industry.
Scarcity is the limited availability of resources, which may be in demand in the
market or by the commons. The scarcity principle is an economic theory in which
a limited supply of a good results in a mismatch between the desired supply and
demand equilibrium
 Natural resources (climate, landscape, ecosystems);
 Cultural resources (urban heritage, arts, archaeological values, traditions, science
values, folk crafts and sub-cultural formations);
 Social resources (potential tourism developers with socio-demographic
characteristics, abilities, financial capital, knowledge, health - environment -
property security system, local community interests etc.).
Climate, Culture and tradition
Natural resources (climate, landscape, ecosystems);
Scenic beauties : Lakes, sea, rivers, falls, mountains, Beaches, flora and fauna,
National parks, wild life sanctuaries,
Cultural resources (urban heritage, arts, archaeological values, traditions, science
values, folk crafts and sub-cultural formations);
Free and Scarce Resources in
Tourism and Hospitality Industry

6. Free and Scarce Resources in
Tourism and Hospitality Industry

7. Moreover tourist destinations provide
secondary resources:
Accommodation sector (hotel, motel, camping,
guest house etc.);
Catering sector (café, restaurants, bistro etc.);
Travel organization sector (agencies, tour
operators etc.);
Transportation sector (air, boat, train, bus, etc.);
Entertainment sector (Gambling, disco, etc.);
Information sector (tourism information network);
Supplementary services, facilities and service
infrastructure

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Uses of Free and Scarce Resources

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 Source of foreign exchange
 Better form of land use than most agricultural
pursuits.
 Economic development
 ‘Industry without chimneys’
 Peace industry
 Promote business partnerships
Uses of Free and Scarce Resources

10. Controlling and Rewarding
Resources Uses
"Controlling is determining what is being accomplished
- that is, evaluating performance and, if necessary,
applying corrective measures so that performance takes
place according to plans". - Terry and Franklin.
Process of Controlling – Setting performance standards. –
Measurement of actual performance. – Comparing actual
performance with standards. – Analyzing deviations. –
Correcting deviations.

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WHY CONTROLLING AND REWARDING
RESOURCE USE

14. Interrelationship between Tourism
and other Sector of the Economy
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16. Multiplier Effects of Tourism
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18. Thank You Very Much