Research Proposal 1
AMERICAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITY SYSTEM
Charles Town, West Virginia
PROPOSAL FOR THESIS/RESEARCH PAPER
MASTER OF ARTS IN EMERGENCY AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT
AMERICAN MILITARY UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF PUBLIC SERVICE AND HEALTH
[student name]
2019
I propose to the Thesis/Research Paper Professor and to the Department a study of the following
topic to be conducted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Emergency and Disaster Management: [Risk Assessment]
Introduction
[week 3: put your title here]
[Your title should be descriptive enough that your reader will know what your paper is about. ‘The Dangerous Future’ is inadequate—it doesn’t say anything. ‘Global Warming’ is better, but it’s still too broad and imprecise. ‘Global Warming: the Dangerous Future of Agriculture in California’ gives the reader enough information to know if they want to read your study.]
Problem Statement [week 3]
[put your problem statement text here]
[The purpose of research is to provide solutions to problems. What problem will you be trying to solve? Note that ‘objectives’ and ‘conditions’ are not ‘problems’. In other words, ‘This research will discuss what farmers in California need to do to combat global warming’ is not a problem. It’s an objective, and it may have a place in the research paper, but it’s not a problem. Similarly, ‘California is experiencing the impacts of global warming’ is not a problem. It’s a condition. ‘This research will examine whether or not global warming in California is impacting the economic future of agriculture in the state, and provide possible solutions’—THAT’S a good problem statement.
In your role in this class, you are a researcher who is developing a project that will be of value to the field of emergency management and to the broader world of humanity in general. The instructor, in contrast, is playing the role of approval and funding authority. He or she will ultimately decide if you will be granted time to complete the study and be given a budget with which to accomplish it. He or she knows nothing about your project going in, so you have to convince him or her that your project is worthwhile. Assume the funding authority will always have many more projects wanting money than there is to go around. Latest government statistics show that approximately 10% of research applications are funded. There’s no reason to think that will get any better.
So you have to be persuasive about why your project is valuable. A one-sentence or one-paragraph problem statement won’t accomplish that. You will need to explain in depth why your problem is a problem. You will need to explain the background of how your problem came to be. You will need to explain in detail why the solution that you will develop will be worth the investment in the project. Expect your problem statement to require at least two or three double-spaced pages. If you haven’t written that much, then you haven’t done justice to.
Peer review sheet Paper 1Writer’s name SiyuanReviewer’.docxherbertwilson5999
Peer review sheet: Paper 1Writer’s name: Siyuan
Reviewer’s name: Wendy
Directions: Put a check mark below if the statement is accurate for your peer’s paper. Then write a letter on this page or a page that you printed out giving some more suggestions for the paper.
____✓___ Introduction presents Rebekah Nathan (using her full name), the title of her book, her profession, and an explanation of her project.
(I would take out the very general first sentence. It doesn’t seem to belong with the rest of your paper. You can introduce Nathan right away.)
_____ Introduction states the one or two points from Chapter Four that the student writer is going to discuss and elaborates enough so the reader understands them.
(I don’t yet see a place in the introduction where you clearly state the points in Nathan that seemed interesting to you and that your paper will explore. I have to read the whole paper to see what points you cover.)
_____At the end of the introduction, the reader finds a thesis statement which expresses the writer’s main point for the whole paper.
(I don’t yet see a sentence that states your topic and your point of view on that topic.)
___?__ The body paragraphs each have just one main point, and that main point supports/relates to the thesis.
(I have a little hard time understanding what your main point is in some paragraphs. For example, on page 2, I don’t get a key point in the paragraph beginning with “On their side…” You write that American students ask lots of questions, though the students in Nathan said Americans are usually not curious about other countries. Do you want to say that your experience is different? But give examples, too.
That same paragraph ends with the idea of using computers, which I didn’t understand. How does it belong in the paragraph?)
✓? The conclusion is more than a summary of what the writer already wrote in his/her paper.
(Your conclusion does offer a new idea, but it is so optimistic (Americans and international students each continue to learn about each other’s cultures and their own), that is does not seem to match your paper. Your paper suggested, like Nathan’s chapter, that American’s don’t care so much about countries outside the U.S., that they don’t want to learn about other cultures! So I wonder which you really believe—the body of your paper or the conclusion?)
Siyuan,
You have a good beginning that introduces Nathan and tells the reader about her student interviews. But I still would like your intro to name which 1 or 2 points from Nathan you are going to address in your paper and what you want to say about those points. A thesis statement is useful for telling the reader these things. One student in our class did it this way: she wrote, “Like Nathan’s students, I was shocked at how little American students know about other cultures and disappointed to realize that they didn’t care much about learning.” (So now we know her opinion: she was shocked and disappoin.
Case Analysis Guidelines by Dr. Dave Worrells and Mr. Scott B.docxcowinhelen
Case Analysis Guidelines by: Dr. Dave Worrells and Mr. Scott Burgess| ERAU, College of Aeronautics 1
ASCI 357 – Flight Physiology
Case Analysis Guidelines and Sample Format
Each week starting in week two, students will submit a case analysis that is a maximum of two
pages, with a reference page, (three total), double spaced, with citations and references that are
completed in APA format, using Times New Roman, 12 point font. For these activities, students
read and review all module objectives and materials, consume the information, and research the
internet to produce a case analysis. Each case analysis is directly related to the module learning
objectives (LOs). Once all of the module material is reviewed, find current (within the last six
months), scholarly internet sources, that directly relate to the case and module learning
objectives and conduct your case analysis. In-text citations serve to substantiate and validate your
statements.
If a source is not scholarly, it must be supported with other scholarly references. As an example;
information may be pulled from an article in the New York Times (not a scholarly source), which
will need a supported scholarly source that can be greater than six months but less than seven
years, in support of the information from the New York Times; such as the textbook. Please see
Table 1 below. Going beyond the text is highly encouraged and shows an understanding of
research and how to find valid and reliable sources.
These activities promote scholarly research targeting topics specific to the learning objectives.
They also require critical thinking throughout the entire case analysis process. Writing skills are
enhanced over the conduct of the course (work is graded weekly using APA formatting and the
Case Analysis Rubric) as you write two pages (with reference page) every week. The result is
improved writing, and research skills, which fulfils several Ignite Student learning outcomes
along the way. This process also provides a glimpse at the real world of organizational
operations.
Students are required to conduct three Peer Reviews (PR) on three of their peers CAs during the
course. Students will then defend their reviewed case analysis by responding to the PR from
another student. The PR process replicates the work environment in this way; when an employee
is given a task to complete and presents their position, their work is then reviewed by another co-
worker, supervisor, or company official who questions and, possibly, provides additional
alternatives. The peer reviewer of your CA is required to question and make comments on your
CA. You are required, to defend your CA by responding to the PR made by another student.
Your CA will be submitted to Turnitin, a plagiarism detection software, and again to the
discussion board for the PR and Response activities. The PR, and Response/Defense occurs in the
discussion bo.
Final Project Part Two1The Name of the Program .docxtjane3
Final Project: Part Two
1
The Name of the Program or Project
Student Name
Walden University
The Name of the Program or Project
Introduction
Part 1
Place part 1 here. It will not be graded but the connections between part 1 and part 2 are needed.
Part 2: Methodology and Evaluation Plan
A brief introduction to part 2 and what will be addressed.
Methodology
Program Description
State the importance of the program and what your program will (a paragraph or two). .
Research Design
This research design will be quantitative OR qualitatitve …..state the type of quantitative design that will be used (survey, experimental) or the qualitative design (open ended questions, case study, etc.). State the reason for the design chosen and briefly how it will be used. Use sources here to define the type of design and how it will be used (a full paragraph).
Human Subjects
The participant population will consist of ….are they children, adults? How old are they? What is the requirement? (i.e. must be homeless women with children). (a full paragraph).
Study Validity and Reliability
State what validity is and which one you are using (use resources) and how validity will be used in your program (a full paragraph). Use resources in this section to define validity and reliability and the type you will use.
Do the same for reliability (a full paragraph).
Assumptions and Limitations
First identify the assumptions of the research and program. You can make assumptions about the length of time that participants will be treated, assume what will be applied to the participants (therapies or training or any service that you are providing). You can make assumptions about how these services are provided and the purpose of them. There are also assumptions you can make about the research design you are using (at least a full paragraph).
Limitations are anything that limits the research for the program. There can be limitations for the length of time, the place, getting participants to return or remain in the study. There are also limitations to the type of research design (at least a full paragraph).
Again, use resources here to define some of the assumptions or limitations.
Timeline (sample below)
Activity
Time Frame
Instrument/Survey Development
Weeks, months, etc.
Pilot Testing
State the length
Subject Recruitment
State the length
Application of therapy or service
State the length
Other possible services
State the length
Add in anything else that take time (i.e. parental education)
State the length
Add anything that takes time
State the length
Data Entry and Cleaning
State the length
Data Analysis
State the length
Report Generation
State the length
Analysis
Give a brief paragraph on how the analysis will be handled (most of this will be covered in the evaluation section).
Non-personnel Resources
Discuss ANY and all non-personnel resources. This can be buildings or rooms (even if no cost), pens/pencils/paper, printers, computers, clipboards, fol.
Orientations. Case Study Part 1.My questionPICOT (PICO) QuAlleneMcclendon878
Orientations. Case Study Part 1.
My question
PICOT (PICO) Question
PICOT (PICO) Question
For asymptomatic urethral and anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis infection, would periodically screening of sex workers be beneficial to reduce incidence and prevalence rates at community level when compared to communities without intervention in a period of six months.
· 1. Introduction. Describe the health problem. Don't type "Introduction". (1 paragraph).
Using data and statistics, support your claim that the issue you selected is a problem.
What specifically will you address in your proposed health promotion program?
Be sure your proposed outcome is realistic and measurable.
2. Describe the vulnerable population. (1-2 paragraph).
What are the risk factors that make this a vulnerable population?
Use evidence to support the risk factors you have identified.
3. Provide a review of literature from scholarly journals (at least 2, one of those two should be systematic review supporting what you wish to accomplish) of evidence-based interventions that address the problem. (2 paragraph, one for each article).
After completing a literature search related to effective interventions for your chosen health promotion activity, write a review that evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of all the sources you have found and how this evidence supports your ideas.
4. Select and present an appropriate health promotion/disease prevention theoretical or conceptual model that best serves as the guiding framework for the proposal. (1-2 paragraph).
For this assignment a conclusion paragraph is not required.
Paper Requirements
Three to five pages in length (excluding title page, references, and appendices)
Follow APA format
Cite a minimum of five research articles, including the two sources you will use as body of evidence in the literature search, in point 3.
To view the Grading Rubric for this Assignment, please visit the Grading Rubrics section of the Course Home.
Assignment rubric
Case Study Part II
[100 Points Total]
A. Project Content
90 points possible
0
1
2
3
4
Score
1. Describe the health problem.
Using data and statistics, support your claim that the issue you selected is a
problem.
What specifically will you address in your proposed health promotion program?
Be sure your proposed outcome is realistic and measureable
Did not identified the problem
Poorly identified the problem and aspect to address
Vaguely identified and discussed the problem and aspect to address
Briefly identified and discussed the problem and aspect to address
Thoroughly identified and discussed the problem and aspect to address
2. Describe the vulnerable population.
What are the risk factors that make this a vulnerable population?
Use evidence to support the risk factors you have identified.
Did not identified or described population supported by evidence.
Poorly identified or described population supported by evidence.
Vaguely identified or described population s ...
Peer review sheet Paper 1Writer’s name SiyuanReviewer’.docxherbertwilson5999
Peer review sheet: Paper 1Writer’s name: Siyuan
Reviewer’s name: Wendy
Directions: Put a check mark below if the statement is accurate for your peer’s paper. Then write a letter on this page or a page that you printed out giving some more suggestions for the paper.
____✓___ Introduction presents Rebekah Nathan (using her full name), the title of her book, her profession, and an explanation of her project.
(I would take out the very general first sentence. It doesn’t seem to belong with the rest of your paper. You can introduce Nathan right away.)
_____ Introduction states the one or two points from Chapter Four that the student writer is going to discuss and elaborates enough so the reader understands them.
(I don’t yet see a place in the introduction where you clearly state the points in Nathan that seemed interesting to you and that your paper will explore. I have to read the whole paper to see what points you cover.)
_____At the end of the introduction, the reader finds a thesis statement which expresses the writer’s main point for the whole paper.
(I don’t yet see a sentence that states your topic and your point of view on that topic.)
___?__ The body paragraphs each have just one main point, and that main point supports/relates to the thesis.
(I have a little hard time understanding what your main point is in some paragraphs. For example, on page 2, I don’t get a key point in the paragraph beginning with “On their side…” You write that American students ask lots of questions, though the students in Nathan said Americans are usually not curious about other countries. Do you want to say that your experience is different? But give examples, too.
That same paragraph ends with the idea of using computers, which I didn’t understand. How does it belong in the paragraph?)
✓? The conclusion is more than a summary of what the writer already wrote in his/her paper.
(Your conclusion does offer a new idea, but it is so optimistic (Americans and international students each continue to learn about each other’s cultures and their own), that is does not seem to match your paper. Your paper suggested, like Nathan’s chapter, that American’s don’t care so much about countries outside the U.S., that they don’t want to learn about other cultures! So I wonder which you really believe—the body of your paper or the conclusion?)
Siyuan,
You have a good beginning that introduces Nathan and tells the reader about her student interviews. But I still would like your intro to name which 1 or 2 points from Nathan you are going to address in your paper and what you want to say about those points. A thesis statement is useful for telling the reader these things. One student in our class did it this way: she wrote, “Like Nathan’s students, I was shocked at how little American students know about other cultures and disappointed to realize that they didn’t care much about learning.” (So now we know her opinion: she was shocked and disappoin.
Case Analysis Guidelines by Dr. Dave Worrells and Mr. Scott B.docxcowinhelen
Case Analysis Guidelines by: Dr. Dave Worrells and Mr. Scott Burgess| ERAU, College of Aeronautics 1
ASCI 357 – Flight Physiology
Case Analysis Guidelines and Sample Format
Each week starting in week two, students will submit a case analysis that is a maximum of two
pages, with a reference page, (three total), double spaced, with citations and references that are
completed in APA format, using Times New Roman, 12 point font. For these activities, students
read and review all module objectives and materials, consume the information, and research the
internet to produce a case analysis. Each case analysis is directly related to the module learning
objectives (LOs). Once all of the module material is reviewed, find current (within the last six
months), scholarly internet sources, that directly relate to the case and module learning
objectives and conduct your case analysis. In-text citations serve to substantiate and validate your
statements.
If a source is not scholarly, it must be supported with other scholarly references. As an example;
information may be pulled from an article in the New York Times (not a scholarly source), which
will need a supported scholarly source that can be greater than six months but less than seven
years, in support of the information from the New York Times; such as the textbook. Please see
Table 1 below. Going beyond the text is highly encouraged and shows an understanding of
research and how to find valid and reliable sources.
These activities promote scholarly research targeting topics specific to the learning objectives.
They also require critical thinking throughout the entire case analysis process. Writing skills are
enhanced over the conduct of the course (work is graded weekly using APA formatting and the
Case Analysis Rubric) as you write two pages (with reference page) every week. The result is
improved writing, and research skills, which fulfils several Ignite Student learning outcomes
along the way. This process also provides a glimpse at the real world of organizational
operations.
Students are required to conduct three Peer Reviews (PR) on three of their peers CAs during the
course. Students will then defend their reviewed case analysis by responding to the PR from
another student. The PR process replicates the work environment in this way; when an employee
is given a task to complete and presents their position, their work is then reviewed by another co-
worker, supervisor, or company official who questions and, possibly, provides additional
alternatives. The peer reviewer of your CA is required to question and make comments on your
CA. You are required, to defend your CA by responding to the PR made by another student.
Your CA will be submitted to Turnitin, a plagiarism detection software, and again to the
discussion board for the PR and Response activities. The PR, and Response/Defense occurs in the
discussion bo.
Final Project Part Two1The Name of the Program .docxtjane3
Final Project: Part Two
1
The Name of the Program or Project
Student Name
Walden University
The Name of the Program or Project
Introduction
Part 1
Place part 1 here. It will not be graded but the connections between part 1 and part 2 are needed.
Part 2: Methodology and Evaluation Plan
A brief introduction to part 2 and what will be addressed.
Methodology
Program Description
State the importance of the program and what your program will (a paragraph or two). .
Research Design
This research design will be quantitative OR qualitatitve …..state the type of quantitative design that will be used (survey, experimental) or the qualitative design (open ended questions, case study, etc.). State the reason for the design chosen and briefly how it will be used. Use sources here to define the type of design and how it will be used (a full paragraph).
Human Subjects
The participant population will consist of ….are they children, adults? How old are they? What is the requirement? (i.e. must be homeless women with children). (a full paragraph).
Study Validity and Reliability
State what validity is and which one you are using (use resources) and how validity will be used in your program (a full paragraph). Use resources in this section to define validity and reliability and the type you will use.
Do the same for reliability (a full paragraph).
Assumptions and Limitations
First identify the assumptions of the research and program. You can make assumptions about the length of time that participants will be treated, assume what will be applied to the participants (therapies or training or any service that you are providing). You can make assumptions about how these services are provided and the purpose of them. There are also assumptions you can make about the research design you are using (at least a full paragraph).
Limitations are anything that limits the research for the program. There can be limitations for the length of time, the place, getting participants to return or remain in the study. There are also limitations to the type of research design (at least a full paragraph).
Again, use resources here to define some of the assumptions or limitations.
Timeline (sample below)
Activity
Time Frame
Instrument/Survey Development
Weeks, months, etc.
Pilot Testing
State the length
Subject Recruitment
State the length
Application of therapy or service
State the length
Other possible services
State the length
Add in anything else that take time (i.e. parental education)
State the length
Add anything that takes time
State the length
Data Entry and Cleaning
State the length
Data Analysis
State the length
Report Generation
State the length
Analysis
Give a brief paragraph on how the analysis will be handled (most of this will be covered in the evaluation section).
Non-personnel Resources
Discuss ANY and all non-personnel resources. This can be buildings or rooms (even if no cost), pens/pencils/paper, printers, computers, clipboards, fol.
Orientations. Case Study Part 1.My questionPICOT (PICO) QuAlleneMcclendon878
Orientations. Case Study Part 1.
My question
PICOT (PICO) Question
PICOT (PICO) Question
For asymptomatic urethral and anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis infection, would periodically screening of sex workers be beneficial to reduce incidence and prevalence rates at community level when compared to communities without intervention in a period of six months.
· 1. Introduction. Describe the health problem. Don't type "Introduction". (1 paragraph).
Using data and statistics, support your claim that the issue you selected is a problem.
What specifically will you address in your proposed health promotion program?
Be sure your proposed outcome is realistic and measurable.
2. Describe the vulnerable population. (1-2 paragraph).
What are the risk factors that make this a vulnerable population?
Use evidence to support the risk factors you have identified.
3. Provide a review of literature from scholarly journals (at least 2, one of those two should be systematic review supporting what you wish to accomplish) of evidence-based interventions that address the problem. (2 paragraph, one for each article).
After completing a literature search related to effective interventions for your chosen health promotion activity, write a review that evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of all the sources you have found and how this evidence supports your ideas.
4. Select and present an appropriate health promotion/disease prevention theoretical or conceptual model that best serves as the guiding framework for the proposal. (1-2 paragraph).
For this assignment a conclusion paragraph is not required.
Paper Requirements
Three to five pages in length (excluding title page, references, and appendices)
Follow APA format
Cite a minimum of five research articles, including the two sources you will use as body of evidence in the literature search, in point 3.
To view the Grading Rubric for this Assignment, please visit the Grading Rubrics section of the Course Home.
Assignment rubric
Case Study Part II
[100 Points Total]
A. Project Content
90 points possible
0
1
2
3
4
Score
1. Describe the health problem.
Using data and statistics, support your claim that the issue you selected is a
problem.
What specifically will you address in your proposed health promotion program?
Be sure your proposed outcome is realistic and measureable
Did not identified the problem
Poorly identified the problem and aspect to address
Vaguely identified and discussed the problem and aspect to address
Briefly identified and discussed the problem and aspect to address
Thoroughly identified and discussed the problem and aspect to address
2. Describe the vulnerable population.
What are the risk factors that make this a vulnerable population?
Use evidence to support the risk factors you have identified.
Did not identified or described population supported by evidence.
Poorly identified or described population supported by evidence.
Vaguely identified or described population s ...
[INSERT TITLE HERE] 7BUS 499 Module 1 Homework AssignmentPa.docxhanneloremccaffery
[INSERT TITLE HERE] 7
BUS 499: Module 1 Homework Assignment
Part I
Directions: For this first week, you will work on a draft. It may change during the course of this class, but do your best and start with a business problem that you find interesting. It may be in your field or it may be interesting in another way. Begin to narrow the choices that you selected in the Check Your Understanding.
Submit the following:
The working title of your topic.
Two to three paragraphs describing the topic and the rationale for choosing the topic. Use the 8 steps to outline your ideas.
A preliminary list of 10 to 15 resources, composed exclusively of titles and URLs.
One paragraph with your initial ideas for how you will conduct the research for this topic. Discuss the applicability of Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Method research methods. How could you apply each one? Which one seems best at this time to use for your proposal? Begin to narrow down the selection you might use for your proposal.
Note: Before submitting your final topic, please confer with your faculty advisor about your choice and options for a topic and get his or her input. The sooner you submit your topic to your advisor, the sooner you can begin your research on the topic.
Part II
Directions: Please fill in the areas shaded in blue.
Exercise I: Developing a research instrument
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES
Now that you have gone through all the chapters that constitute Step I of the research process, this exercise provides you with an opportunity to apply that knowledge to formulate a research problem that is of interest to you. As you know, selecting a research problem is one of the most important aspects of social research, so this exercise will, therefore, help you in formulating your research problem by raising questions and issues that will guide you to examine critically various facets and implications of what you are proposing to study. The exercise is designed to provide a directional framework that guides you through the problem formulation path. Keep in mind that the questions and issues raised in this exercise are not prescriptive but indicative and directional; hence you need to be critical and innovative while working through them. Thinking through a research problem with care can prevent a tremendous wastage of human and financial resources.
A research problem should be clearly stated and be specific in nature. The feasibility of the study in terms of the availability of technical expertise, finances, and time, and in terms of its relevance, should be considered thoroughly at the problem-formulation stage. In studies that attempt to establish a causal relationship or an association, the accuracy of the measurement of independent (cause) and dependent (effect) variables is of crucial importance and, hence, should be given serious consideration. If you have already selected a problem, you need not go through this process.
Start by identifying a broad area y.
BUS 499 Module 3 Homework AssignmentDirections Throughout this.docxRAHUL126667
BUS 499: Module 3 Homework Assignment
Directions: Throughout this course, you will be working on your senior capstone project. You will submit a component for this project at the end of each module.
Submit the following:
1. Find at least four more articles (scholarly journal articles) that apply to your topic.
2. Submit an Annotated Bibliography for each article you found. This is to be separate from the bibliography for the research proposal (also known as references in APA format).
3. Submit a bibliography in correct APA format for all of the articles you have read for your research proposal up to this point. You will add to this as you continue with your project with updated research that you find, but this will constitute the basis of your research on your topic.
4. Identify the top two articles that you find most pertinent to your topic and explain why.
5. Explain the theories and research methods that were used in those top 2 articles.
6. Explain whether you will use one of those theories to study your particular business problem.
7. Separately, submit a progress report that is one page in length and covers the state of the project, including accomplishments, issues, and concerns.
American Psychological Association. Basics of APA Style (http://www.apastyle.org/.).
xercise I: Developing a research instrument
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES
Now that you have gone through all the chapters that constitute Step I of the research process, this exercise provides you with an opportunity to apply that knowledge to formulate a research problem that is of interest to you. As you know, selecting a research problem is one of the most important aspects of social research, so this exercise will, therefore, help you in formulating your research problem by raising questions and issues that will guide you to examine critically various facets and implications of what you are proposing to study. The exercise is designed to provide a directional framework that guides you through the problem formulation path. Keep in mind that the questions and issues raised in this exercise are not prescriptive but indicative and directional; hence you need to be critical and innovative while working through them. Thinking through a research problem with care can prevent a tremendous wastage of human and financial resources.
A research problem should be clearly stated and be specific in nature. The feasibility of the study in terms of the availability of technical expertise, finances, and time, and in terms of its relevance, should be considered thoroughly at the problem-formulation stage. In studies that attempt to establish a causal relationship or an association, the accuracy of the measurement of independent (cause) and dependent (effect) variables is of crucial importance and, hence, should be given serious consideration. If you have already selected a problem, you need not go through this process.
Start by identifying a broad area you are interested in. For e ...
OverviewThis Assessment is a Work Product in which you will .docxhoney690131
Overview
This Assessment is a Work Product in which you will research pressing issues in the early childhood field and select one that you are particularly interested in, one for which you have a desire to generate awareness and bring about change. With this issue in mind, you will prepare a communication piece for policymakers or stakeholders to begin the change process. After you receive a response, you will reflect on your efforts to communicate and collaborate with policy-makers and/or stakeholders.
Your response to this Assessment should:
Reflect the criteria provided in the Rubric, which provides information on how the Assessment will be evaluated.
Adhere to the required Assignment length.
Use the APA “Course Paper” template available
here
.
Note:
All submissions must follow the conventions of scholarly writing. Properly formatted APA citations and references must be provided where appropriate.
Professional Skills:
Written Communication
,
Critical Thinking
, and
Information Literacy
are assessed in this Competency. You are strongly encouraged to use the
Writing Checklist
and to review the rubric prior to submitting.
This Assessment requires submission of one (1) document that includes all three parts of this Assessment. Save this file as
RC004_firstinitial_lastname
(for example, RC004_J_Smith). If you choose to create a PowerPoint for Part II, you may submit two files in total, one Word document and one PowerPoint. When you are ready to upload your completed Assessment, use the
Assessment
tab on the top navigation menu.
Instructions
Before submitting your Assessment, carefully review the rubric. This is the same rubric the assessor will use to evaluate your submission and it provides detailed criteria describing how to achieve or master the Competency. Many students find that understanding the requirements of the Assessment and the rubric criteria help them direct their focus and use their time most productively.
Rubric
Access the following to complete this Assessment:
National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC). (n.d.). Public policy and advocacy. Retrieved March 11, 2019, from
https://www.naeyc.org/our-work/public-policy-advocacy
Ounce of Prevention Fund. (2009). Early childhood advocacy toolkit. Retrieved from
https://www.theounce.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/EarlyChildhoodAdvocacyToolkit.pdf
Trend Lines. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://blog.childtrends.org
UNICEF. (n.d.). Current issues. Retrieved January 29, 2020, from
https://www.unicef.org/media/current-issues
ZERO TO THREE. (2010). You have what it takes! A tool for identifying your skills as an early childhood advocate [Interactive media]. Retrieved from
http://www.zerotothree.org/public-policy/action-center/advocacy-tool-final-9-7-10.pdf
This assessment has three-parts. Click each of the items below to complete this assessment.
Part I: Research Brief
Select a topic of interest.
What current problems, policies, or .
Case Studies GuidelinesWhat is a Case StudyCase studies.docxdewhirstichabod
Case Studies Guidelines
What is a Case Study:
Case studies are stories. They are formatted in such a way that at a glance one could easily determine the “issue” about to be discussed. We look to clearly address the who, what, where, when, why and how to ensure that we have covered the story in its entirety. If you miss one of these factors, you leave the reader guessing and questioning your report. In public policy & administration our case studies/stories are required to be fact based. Make sure your research is based on credible information. Verify, verify, verify. Make a mistake and/or be challenged on one of your “facts”, could create a host of issues. If you are found to be incorrect, the entire report is incorrect and your credibility is suspect. Cite your research appropriately.
We call it an issue rather than a “problem” because a problem presents a negative image/connotation. Issues are not necessarily negative and provides the policy analyst with an opportunity to evaluate each issue based on its own merits without taking a position of negative or positive.
What Does a Case Study Look Like:
A case study should set up similar to story-telling.
Do not write this as you would a thesis.
You don’t want to put in a lot of “fluff & stuff”. Think of the reader as a high level administrator whose in-box is full of documents that require review. To catch this administrator’s attention, consider what he/she would be concerned with. The “issue” clearly delineated, then the people involved “stakeholders”, the positions (where one stands depends upon where one sits), of these people/perspectives” of the stakeholders and then a fact based well thought out “recommendation”. Use the first paragraph or two to set the tone for the issue under consideration. Once you have the reader’s attention then you are prepared to move onto your 4-step policy analyses.
Why a 4-Step Policy Analysis:
We use the four-step policy analysis because of its simplicity and its thoroughness. There are plenty of other models, some with seven-steps and others with ten-steps. It is not the number of steps that makes a case study. It is the report itself that stands on merit.
Do not change the language of the 4-steps or add other language, as new headings could change the report and its intent. It is vital that you understand this foundation as it will be used throughout your baccalaureate curriculum. Learning to use this in both your professional and personal lives will help you with your decision making in a variety of ways.
How Do I Begin:
Case studies are complex and may contain a myriad of issues, stakeholders, etc. It is your job to select one issue and then to stay on course as you work through your critical thinking and 4-step policy analysis. Do not say there are “many” issues as this may confuse the reader of leave him/her questioning why you chose one issue over another. Chose one….
How Should the Final Case Study Paper Set Up:
Use APA format when c.
I
DISCUSSION WEEK 7 socw 6000
Discussion - Week 7
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Top of Form
1.
Total views: 2 (Your views: 2)
Discussion: Social Work Competence
The term competence connotes a level of preparedness for addressing issues and maintaining a high standard of practice with clients. Competent social workers have completed adequate preparations for licensure, and they are appropriately credentialed. They adhere to ethical practices by maintaining professional boundaries and honoring commitments to confidentiality. How might you demonstrate your competence as a social worker? How can you recognize competence in other social workers?
For this Discussion, review this week’s Learning Resources. Think about elements in the articles that denote competence.
Post by Day 4 a description of at least two criteria that define competence in social work. Give an example of each criterion of competence and justify your selection
Bottom of Form
K
2.DISCUSSION SOCW 6000 WEEK 8
Discussion - Week 8
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Top of Form
Total views: 2 (Your views: 2)
Discussion: Strengths-Based Perspective
Simply put, a social worker with a “strengths-based perspective” emphasizes client strengths as a starting point in addressing challenges. This perspective relies on the notion that every client has strengths that can be leveraged to create productive change and progress toward achievement of goals. Client strengths can include a variety of attributes, from complex professional skill sets or well-developed emotional intelligence to mobility, literacy, or good health.
For this Discussion, think about your family of origin. Consider the strengths particular to your family of origin. Imagine how those strengths might play a part in helping your family to overcome a challenging situation.
Post by Day 4 a description of at least three strengths that you can identify within your family. Describe how the strengths might support a strengths-based plan to meet a challenge.
II
1. Discussion1 SOCW 61001 week7
2. Top of Form
3. Total views: 5 (Your views: 3)
Discussion 1: Engaging and Assessing Across Levels of Social Work Practice
Maintaining the perspective that people are in constant interaction with their environment and the social systems therein (the Person in Environment perspective) is a key concept in the field of social work. Social work recognizes that the concerns or problems individuals face might be due to many causes. This view also supports another goal of social work which is to empower clients who are marginalized and oppressed to collaborate in the resolution of their problems or concerns as experts of their life experiences. As such, looking at a problem and assessing the needs of individuals depends on a review of the challenges they have encountered on the micro, mezzo, and macro levels. Assessing the situation on all three levels will provide a holistic map for goal planning. For example, you might assess a client’s individual strengths and challenges, the support or lack .
DISCUSSION WEEK 7 socw 6000
Discussion - Week 7
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Top of Form
1.
Total views: 2 (Your views: 2)
Discussion: Social Work Competence
The term competence connotes a level of preparedness for addressing issues and maintaining a high standard of practice with clients. Competent social workers have completed adequate preparations for licensure, and they are appropriately credentialed. They adhere to ethical practices by maintaining professional boundaries and honoring commitments to confidentiality. How might you demonstrate your competence as a social worker? How can you recognize competence in other social workers?
For this Discussion, review this week’s Learning Resources. Think about elements in the articles that denote competence.
Post by Day 4 a description of at least two criteria that define competence in social work. Give an example of each criterion of competence and justify your selection
Bottom of Form
K
2.DISCUSSION SOCW 6000 WEEK 8
Discussion - Week 8
Collapse
Top of Form
Total views: 2 (Your views: 2)
Discussion: Strengths-Based Perspective
Simply put, a social worker with a “strengths-based perspective” emphasizes client strengths as a starting point in addressing challenges. This perspective relies on the notion that every client has strengths that can be leveraged to create productive change and progress toward achievement of goals. Client strengths can include a variety of attributes, from complex professional skill sets or well-developed emotional intelligence to mobility, literacy, or good health.
For this Discussion, think about your family of origin. Consider the strengths particular to your family of origin. Imagine how those strengths might play a part in helping your family to overcome a challenging situation.
Post by Day 4 a description of at least three strengths that you can identify within your family. Describe how the strengths might support a strengths-based plan to meet a challenge.
II
1. Discussion1 SOCW 61001 week7
1. Top of Form
1. Total views: 5 (Your views: 3)
Discussion 1: Engaging and Assessing Across Levels of Social Work Practice
Maintaining the perspective that people are in constant interaction with their environment and the social systems therein (the Person in Environment perspective) is a key concept in the field of social work. Social work recognizes that the concerns or problems individuals face might be due to many causes. This view also supports another goal of social work which is to empower clients who are marginalized and oppressed to collaborate in the resolution of their problems or concerns as experts of their life experiences. As such, looking at a problem and assessing the needs of individuals depends on a review of the challenges they have encountered on the micro, mezzo, and macro levels. Assessing the situation on all three levels will provide a holistic map for goal planning. For example, you might assess a client’s individual strengths and challenges, the support or lack of.
Research Review Forms – Student NameResearch Review Forms Template.docxgholly1
Research Review Forms – Student NameResearch Review Forms TemplateResearch Review Form #1
· APA Reference
· Type of Research
Please specify the type of research (e.g., quantitative, qualitative, meta-analysis) and research design, if applicable (e.g., correlational design, causal comparative design, phenomenology).
· Independent and Dependent Variables or Variable of Interest (if applicable)
If the article is quantitative, identify the independent and dependent variables. If the article is qualitative, identify the phenomenon/phenomena.
· Research Question(s) and Hypothesis(es)
State the Research Question(s) and/or Hypothesis(es).
Example: There is no stated hypothesis. 2 research questions are proposed: (a) “What is the relationship between the sense of community and student learning?” and (b) “Do the sense of community and learning differ by culture in an asynchronous learning network (ALN) environment?” It is implied that the researchers believe that culture will influence the students’ sense of community and learning. It is implied that there will be an achievement gap between African-American students and Caucasian students participating in online courses.
· Sample
Briefly describe the sample and sampling type. Include the number of participants. Also consider including race and gender.
Example: The subjects were 108 educators (96 females, 12 males; 40 African Americans, 64 Caucasians, 4 others) enrolled in an online Doctor of Education program. The convenience sample was taken from 4 course sections, which had a 96% volunteer rate.
· Methodology
Instruments:
Identify the measuring instrument and reliability and validity of the instrument, if discussed.
Example: The Classroom Community Scale (CCS; Rovai, 2002) was used to measure social community (connectedness) and learning community (learning and satisfaction). As purported, the CCS has high construct validity.
· Results
Results and Conclusions/Primary Findings:
State major results and conclusions.
Example: For the correlational design, the results suggested a positive correlation between all 3 community variables and the 2 learning variables in the ALN environment. Since the findings indicated that there was a weak relationship between perceived learning and course grades, this suggests the learning variables captured 2 different aspects of student learning. In addition, results revealed large variability of classroom community among the students sampled in the 4 course sections. This indicated that individual traits of students may impact feelings about social community. For the causal-comparative, the results revealed that the African-American group scored significantly lower than the Caucasian group on each of the 5 dependent variables. This suggests that there is an achievement gap between African-Americans and Caucasians in graduate ALN programs. This gap also extended to the sense of community.
· Analysis
Identify analysis procedures and any important resul.
Research Request Agreement Report A. BackgroundThe Western Con.docxgholly1
Research Request Agreement Report
A. Background
The Western Connecticut State University Alumni Association allows students and Western Connecticut State University Alumni to develop mutually beneficial relationships by raising awareness of alumni philanthropy and fundraising. This association allows students and alumni to build lasting relationships with each other, as well as students, staff and the greater Danbury area.
Members of the association receive benefits and privileges including invitation to special WCSU and alumni events, career services, Alumni travel program, insurance saving programs, as well as U-Save membership and business. The purpose of the Alumni Association is to give alumni resources to stay connected to their roots at Western Connecticut State University through a number of different events on and off campus, allowing alumni of any age the opportunity to meet through a mutual interest and create personal as well as business bonds.
Problem:
Currently, the WCSU Alumni Association is struggling with engaging and encouraging young alumni to participate in alumni events. The lack of responsiveness from young alumni ranges from students who graduated 2010 to those who will be graduating this May 2020. Currently, the WCSU Alumni Association is having trouble identifying the reason for the lack of response from younger alumni. The Alumni Association is unable to identify what events will attract young alumni in order to engage them to the association. Some factors could be that alumni have moved far from the University, they’ve started families and it’s hard to come back when they have responsibilities, they aren’t receiving the information to a relevant source. These are just ideas not actual facts so the association wants to know the reasoning behind the lack of students that aren’t returning. This way they can find ways that would interest students to return.
Marketing Mix:
Price:
Most of the events the WCSU Alumni Association holds are at a discounted price for off campus outings. The events held on campus are either free for members or at a discounted, affordable price.
Product:
The products being offered are the events held by the Alumni Association. The Alumni Association are the ones planning and holding the events that occur either on or off campus. Events are not solely focused on any one specific major, or even involving a specific theme or topic relating to a major. The events are held in order to bring together alumni with similar interests, such as “Sip & Sculpt '', WCSU Opera, or Alumni Golf Tournament.
Place:
Majority of the events the WCSU Alumni Association holds are located on campus in Danbury, CT. However, off-campus events are offered as well. Although off-campus events may include a cost, it is at an outstandingly affordable cost and provides tickets and transportation to a given event.
Promotion:
The Alumni Association promotes events through email, social media, word of mouth, WOW Alumn.
Research ReportsCorporate research is an important but often o.docxgholly1
Research Reports
Corporate research is an important but often overlooked aspect of getting a job. You should learn about the companies you apply to and interview with to demonstrate to them how you could fit with their organization.
· Select two companies that you would like to work for, either ideally or realistically.
· Research those companies. Consider consulting
· Official company Web site
· Lexis-Nexis, Business Search Premier, or other databases for newspaper, magazine, and journal articles related to your companies
· Hoovers.com and other business sources on the Web
· In a memo addressed to me, write up your findings.
· Organize the memo thoughtfully. Consider using graphic highlighting such as bullets and subheadings to organize your information.
· Each memo should be at least 1 page long and provide a well-rounded picture of the company. To be both concise and thorough, aim for 1½ - 2 pages.
· Research report #1 is due on Monday, October 22.
· Research report #2 is due on Monday, October 29.
· Each report is worth 25 points towards Research Report final grade.
· Reports will be graded on
· Thoroughness of company profile
· Organization of information in memo
· Conciseness of expression
· Memo format
· Correctness (spelling, punctuation, mechanics)
· Neatness
· You must address at least 7 of the 9 areas listed below to have a complete report. In the 7, you must include“Employment Prospects” and “Your Connection.”
Suggested Areas to Address in Research Reports
Business Overview
· What does the company do?
· What are the major products or services offered?
· Where is the company headquartered? Where are branch offices located?
History
· How old is the company?
· What are the major accomplishments or milestones in its history?
Financials
· What is the company’s operating budget?
· What is the status of the company’s finances?
· Is the company’s stock traded publicly? How has the stock fared?
People
· How many employees work for this company?
· Who runs the company?
· What kinds of salaries and benefits does this company offer to employees?
Perceptions
· How does the public perceive this company?
· Have there been any recent high profile legal actions involving this company?
· Have there been any recent news stories involving this company?
Competitors
· What are the company’s major competitors?
· How well are their competitors faring?
Future
· What direction is the company going with its products or services?
Employment Prospects
· Is the company hiring? For what types of positions?
· What benefits does the company provide to employees?
· Where does the company advertise open positions?
Your Connection
· How do you see yourself fitting in with this company?
DATE: January 31, 2005
TO: Bob Smithinson, English Instructor
FROM: A. Student, Business Writing Student ASSUBJECT: Research Report #1: Reynolds & Reynolds
For my first research report I chose Rey.
Research ReportEthical perspective on quality of care the.docxgholly1
Research Report
Ethical perspective on quality of care: the
nature of ethical dilemmas identified by new
graduate and experienced speech pathologists
Belinda J. Kenny
†
, Michelle Lincoln
†
, Katrina Blyth
‡
and
Susan Balandin
§
†Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe,
Australia
‡Medway Maritime Hospital, Gillingham, UK
§Avdeling for helse-og sosialfag, Hogskolen i Molde, Molde, Norway
(Received 27 September 2007; accepted 2 March 2008)
Abstract
Background: Speech pathologists are confronted by ethical issues when they need
to make decisions about client care, address team conflict, and fulfil the range of
duties and responsibilities required of health professionals. However, there has
been little research into the specific nature of ethical dilemmas experienced by
speech pathologists and whether the nature of ethical conflict changes as they
acquire experience in the professional workforce. Speech pathologists’
perceptions of ethical issues provide insight into factors impacting upon quality
of care in contemporary healthcare settings.
Aims: To describe, compare, and contrast the nature of ethical dilemmas
identified by new graduate and experienced speech pathologists.
Methods & Procedures: A narrative methodology was used to explore the ethical
dilemmasthatparticipantsexperiencedintheprofessionalworkplace.Primarydata
were collected through in-depth interviews with ten new graduate and
ten experienced speechpathologists in theirwork settings.During these interviews,
participantswereaskedto‘tell thestory’ofethicaldilemmasthey identifiedatwork.
Outcomes & Results: An ethical story was constructed for each participant based
upon keywords and concepts from interview transcripts. These keywords and
conceptswerecodedintogroupthemesthatreflectedthenatureofethicaldilemmas
experienced by new graduate versus experienced speech pathologists. Comparing
the results of thematic analysis for both groups of participant revealed similarities
and differences in ethical dilemmas identified by new graduate and experienced
health professionals.
International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
ISSN 1368-2822 print/ISSN 1460-6984 online q 2009 Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists
http://www.informahealthcare.com
DOI: 10.1080/13682820902928711
Address correspondence to: Belinda J. Kenny, Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences,
The University of Sydney, PO Box 170, Lidcombe 1825, Australia; e-mail: [email protected]
INT. J. LANG. COMM. DIS., JULY-AUGUST 2009,
VOL. 44, NO. 4, 421–439
Conclusions & Implications: Participants identified ethical dilemmas in the
professional practice areas of client management, professional relationships, service
delivery, and personal/professional identity. Themes from new graduates’ ethical
dilemmas included: making safe choices; avoiding conflict, following service
delivery rules, and building professional identity. Experienced speech pathologists’
themes .
Research Report Topic Security of Social NetworksReport m.docxgholly1
Research Report Topic:
Security of Social Networks
Report
may
have the following organization:
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Previous work
Your Research
Conclusions
Bibliography
Expected is a
10 page
report (This is at least 10 pages of
content,
not including the Title Page, or Bibliography, Double spaced, 12pt font). Images/Screenshots are encouraged, however, they should not compose of the majority of the document. Also, it is expected that the work be primarily in your own wording. Citation is fine for supporting your work, but the vast majority of the work should be in your own wording, not quoted.
.
Research Report #2 Emerging Issues Risk Analysis and Report.docxgholly1
Research Report #2: Emerging Issues Risk Analysis and Report
Scenario
The Entertainment Team (ET -- part of Resort Operations at Padgett-Beale, Inc.) is excited about a new event management platform and is ready to go to contract with the vendor. This platform is a cloud-based service that provides end-to-end management for events (conferences, concerts, festivals). The head of Marketing & Media (M&M) is on board and strongly supports the use of this system. M&M believes that the data collection and analysis capabilities of the system will prove extremely valuable for its efforts. Resort Operations (RO) also believes that the technology could be leveraged to provide additional capabilities for managing participation in hotel sponsored “kids programs” and related children-only events.
For an additional fee, the event management platform's vendor will provide customized RFID bands to be worn by attendees.
The RFID bands and RFID readers use near-field communications to identify the wearer and complete the desired transactions (e.g. record a booth visit, make a purchase, vote for a favorite activity or performer, etc.).
The RFID bands have unique identifiers embedded in the band that allow tracking of attendees (admittance, where they go within the venue, what they "like," how long they stay in a given location, etc.).
The RFID bands can also be connected to an attendee's credit card or debit card account and then used by the attendee to make purchases for food, beverages, and souvenirs.
For children, the RFID bands can be paired with a parent’s band, loaded with allergy information, and have a parent specified spending limit or spending preauthorization tied to the parent’s credit card account.
The head of Corporate IT has tentatively given approval for this outsourcing because it leverages cloud-computing capabilities. IT's approval is very important to supporters of this the acquisition because of the company's ban on "Shadow IT." (Only Corporate IT is allowed to issue contracts for information technology related purchases, acquisitions, and outsourcing contracts.) Corporate IT also supports a cloud-based platform since this reduces the amount of infrastructure which IT must support and manage directly.
The project has come to a screeching halt, however, due to an objection by the Chief Financial Officer. The CFO has asked that the IT Governance Board investigate this project and obtain more information about the benefits and risks of using RFID bands linked to an external system which processes transactions and authorizations of mobile / cashless payments for goods and services. The CFO is concerned that the company’s PCI Compliance status may be adversely affected.
The Chief Privacy Officer has also expressed an objection about this project. The CPO is concerned about the privacy implications of tracking both movement of individuals and the tracking of their purchasing behaviors.
The IT Governance Board agreed that the conce.
Research Proposal DraftBy the due date assigned, write a 2 page .docxgholly1
Research Proposal Draft
By the due date assigned, write a 2 page paper addressing the sections below of the research proposal.
Methodology
Extraneous Variables (and plan for how controlled).
Instruments: Description, validity, and reliability estimates, which have been performed (on a pre-established measure). Include plans for testing validity and reliability of generating your own instrument(s).
Description of the Intervention
Data Collection Procedures
.
More Related Content
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[INSERT TITLE HERE] 7BUS 499 Module 1 Homework AssignmentPa.docxhanneloremccaffery
[INSERT TITLE HERE] 7
BUS 499: Module 1 Homework Assignment
Part I
Directions: For this first week, you will work on a draft. It may change during the course of this class, but do your best and start with a business problem that you find interesting. It may be in your field or it may be interesting in another way. Begin to narrow the choices that you selected in the Check Your Understanding.
Submit the following:
The working title of your topic.
Two to three paragraphs describing the topic and the rationale for choosing the topic. Use the 8 steps to outline your ideas.
A preliminary list of 10 to 15 resources, composed exclusively of titles and URLs.
One paragraph with your initial ideas for how you will conduct the research for this topic. Discuss the applicability of Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Method research methods. How could you apply each one? Which one seems best at this time to use for your proposal? Begin to narrow down the selection you might use for your proposal.
Note: Before submitting your final topic, please confer with your faculty advisor about your choice and options for a topic and get his or her input. The sooner you submit your topic to your advisor, the sooner you can begin your research on the topic.
Part II
Directions: Please fill in the areas shaded in blue.
Exercise I: Developing a research instrument
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES
Now that you have gone through all the chapters that constitute Step I of the research process, this exercise provides you with an opportunity to apply that knowledge to formulate a research problem that is of interest to you. As you know, selecting a research problem is one of the most important aspects of social research, so this exercise will, therefore, help you in formulating your research problem by raising questions and issues that will guide you to examine critically various facets and implications of what you are proposing to study. The exercise is designed to provide a directional framework that guides you through the problem formulation path. Keep in mind that the questions and issues raised in this exercise are not prescriptive but indicative and directional; hence you need to be critical and innovative while working through them. Thinking through a research problem with care can prevent a tremendous wastage of human and financial resources.
A research problem should be clearly stated and be specific in nature. The feasibility of the study in terms of the availability of technical expertise, finances, and time, and in terms of its relevance, should be considered thoroughly at the problem-formulation stage. In studies that attempt to establish a causal relationship or an association, the accuracy of the measurement of independent (cause) and dependent (effect) variables is of crucial importance and, hence, should be given serious consideration. If you have already selected a problem, you need not go through this process.
Start by identifying a broad area y.
BUS 499 Module 3 Homework AssignmentDirections Throughout this.docxRAHUL126667
BUS 499: Module 3 Homework Assignment
Directions: Throughout this course, you will be working on your senior capstone project. You will submit a component for this project at the end of each module.
Submit the following:
1. Find at least four more articles (scholarly journal articles) that apply to your topic.
2. Submit an Annotated Bibliography for each article you found. This is to be separate from the bibliography for the research proposal (also known as references in APA format).
3. Submit a bibliography in correct APA format for all of the articles you have read for your research proposal up to this point. You will add to this as you continue with your project with updated research that you find, but this will constitute the basis of your research on your topic.
4. Identify the top two articles that you find most pertinent to your topic and explain why.
5. Explain the theories and research methods that were used in those top 2 articles.
6. Explain whether you will use one of those theories to study your particular business problem.
7. Separately, submit a progress report that is one page in length and covers the state of the project, including accomplishments, issues, and concerns.
American Psychological Association. Basics of APA Style (http://www.apastyle.org/.).
xercise I: Developing a research instrument
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES
Now that you have gone through all the chapters that constitute Step I of the research process, this exercise provides you with an opportunity to apply that knowledge to formulate a research problem that is of interest to you. As you know, selecting a research problem is one of the most important aspects of social research, so this exercise will, therefore, help you in formulating your research problem by raising questions and issues that will guide you to examine critically various facets and implications of what you are proposing to study. The exercise is designed to provide a directional framework that guides you through the problem formulation path. Keep in mind that the questions and issues raised in this exercise are not prescriptive but indicative and directional; hence you need to be critical and innovative while working through them. Thinking through a research problem with care can prevent a tremendous wastage of human and financial resources.
A research problem should be clearly stated and be specific in nature. The feasibility of the study in terms of the availability of technical expertise, finances, and time, and in terms of its relevance, should be considered thoroughly at the problem-formulation stage. In studies that attempt to establish a causal relationship or an association, the accuracy of the measurement of independent (cause) and dependent (effect) variables is of crucial importance and, hence, should be given serious consideration. If you have already selected a problem, you need not go through this process.
Start by identifying a broad area you are interested in. For e ...
OverviewThis Assessment is a Work Product in which you will .docxhoney690131
Overview
This Assessment is a Work Product in which you will research pressing issues in the early childhood field and select one that you are particularly interested in, one for which you have a desire to generate awareness and bring about change. With this issue in mind, you will prepare a communication piece for policymakers or stakeholders to begin the change process. After you receive a response, you will reflect on your efforts to communicate and collaborate with policy-makers and/or stakeholders.
Your response to this Assessment should:
Reflect the criteria provided in the Rubric, which provides information on how the Assessment will be evaluated.
Adhere to the required Assignment length.
Use the APA “Course Paper” template available
here
.
Note:
All submissions must follow the conventions of scholarly writing. Properly formatted APA citations and references must be provided where appropriate.
Professional Skills:
Written Communication
,
Critical Thinking
, and
Information Literacy
are assessed in this Competency. You are strongly encouraged to use the
Writing Checklist
and to review the rubric prior to submitting.
This Assessment requires submission of one (1) document that includes all three parts of this Assessment. Save this file as
RC004_firstinitial_lastname
(for example, RC004_J_Smith). If you choose to create a PowerPoint for Part II, you may submit two files in total, one Word document and one PowerPoint. When you are ready to upload your completed Assessment, use the
Assessment
tab on the top navigation menu.
Instructions
Before submitting your Assessment, carefully review the rubric. This is the same rubric the assessor will use to evaluate your submission and it provides detailed criteria describing how to achieve or master the Competency. Many students find that understanding the requirements of the Assessment and the rubric criteria help them direct their focus and use their time most productively.
Rubric
Access the following to complete this Assessment:
National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC). (n.d.). Public policy and advocacy. Retrieved March 11, 2019, from
https://www.naeyc.org/our-work/public-policy-advocacy
Ounce of Prevention Fund. (2009). Early childhood advocacy toolkit. Retrieved from
https://www.theounce.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/EarlyChildhoodAdvocacyToolkit.pdf
Trend Lines. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://blog.childtrends.org
UNICEF. (n.d.). Current issues. Retrieved January 29, 2020, from
https://www.unicef.org/media/current-issues
ZERO TO THREE. (2010). You have what it takes! A tool for identifying your skills as an early childhood advocate [Interactive media]. Retrieved from
http://www.zerotothree.org/public-policy/action-center/advocacy-tool-final-9-7-10.pdf
This assessment has three-parts. Click each of the items below to complete this assessment.
Part I: Research Brief
Select a topic of interest.
What current problems, policies, or .
Case Studies GuidelinesWhat is a Case StudyCase studies.docxdewhirstichabod
Case Studies Guidelines
What is a Case Study:
Case studies are stories. They are formatted in such a way that at a glance one could easily determine the “issue” about to be discussed. We look to clearly address the who, what, where, when, why and how to ensure that we have covered the story in its entirety. If you miss one of these factors, you leave the reader guessing and questioning your report. In public policy & administration our case studies/stories are required to be fact based. Make sure your research is based on credible information. Verify, verify, verify. Make a mistake and/or be challenged on one of your “facts”, could create a host of issues. If you are found to be incorrect, the entire report is incorrect and your credibility is suspect. Cite your research appropriately.
We call it an issue rather than a “problem” because a problem presents a negative image/connotation. Issues are not necessarily negative and provides the policy analyst with an opportunity to evaluate each issue based on its own merits without taking a position of negative or positive.
What Does a Case Study Look Like:
A case study should set up similar to story-telling.
Do not write this as you would a thesis.
You don’t want to put in a lot of “fluff & stuff”. Think of the reader as a high level administrator whose in-box is full of documents that require review. To catch this administrator’s attention, consider what he/she would be concerned with. The “issue” clearly delineated, then the people involved “stakeholders”, the positions (where one stands depends upon where one sits), of these people/perspectives” of the stakeholders and then a fact based well thought out “recommendation”. Use the first paragraph or two to set the tone for the issue under consideration. Once you have the reader’s attention then you are prepared to move onto your 4-step policy analyses.
Why a 4-Step Policy Analysis:
We use the four-step policy analysis because of its simplicity and its thoroughness. There are plenty of other models, some with seven-steps and others with ten-steps. It is not the number of steps that makes a case study. It is the report itself that stands on merit.
Do not change the language of the 4-steps or add other language, as new headings could change the report and its intent. It is vital that you understand this foundation as it will be used throughout your baccalaureate curriculum. Learning to use this in both your professional and personal lives will help you with your decision making in a variety of ways.
How Do I Begin:
Case studies are complex and may contain a myriad of issues, stakeholders, etc. It is your job to select one issue and then to stay on course as you work through your critical thinking and 4-step policy analysis. Do not say there are “many” issues as this may confuse the reader of leave him/her questioning why you chose one issue over another. Chose one….
How Should the Final Case Study Paper Set Up:
Use APA format when c.
I
DISCUSSION WEEK 7 socw 6000
Discussion - Week 7
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Top of Form
1.
Total views: 2 (Your views: 2)
Discussion: Social Work Competence
The term competence connotes a level of preparedness for addressing issues and maintaining a high standard of practice with clients. Competent social workers have completed adequate preparations for licensure, and they are appropriately credentialed. They adhere to ethical practices by maintaining professional boundaries and honoring commitments to confidentiality. How might you demonstrate your competence as a social worker? How can you recognize competence in other social workers?
For this Discussion, review this week’s Learning Resources. Think about elements in the articles that denote competence.
Post by Day 4 a description of at least two criteria that define competence in social work. Give an example of each criterion of competence and justify your selection
Bottom of Form
K
2.DISCUSSION SOCW 6000 WEEK 8
Discussion - Week 8
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Top of Form
Total views: 2 (Your views: 2)
Discussion: Strengths-Based Perspective
Simply put, a social worker with a “strengths-based perspective” emphasizes client strengths as a starting point in addressing challenges. This perspective relies on the notion that every client has strengths that can be leveraged to create productive change and progress toward achievement of goals. Client strengths can include a variety of attributes, from complex professional skill sets or well-developed emotional intelligence to mobility, literacy, or good health.
For this Discussion, think about your family of origin. Consider the strengths particular to your family of origin. Imagine how those strengths might play a part in helping your family to overcome a challenging situation.
Post by Day 4 a description of at least three strengths that you can identify within your family. Describe how the strengths might support a strengths-based plan to meet a challenge.
II
1. Discussion1 SOCW 61001 week7
2. Top of Form
3. Total views: 5 (Your views: 3)
Discussion 1: Engaging and Assessing Across Levels of Social Work Practice
Maintaining the perspective that people are in constant interaction with their environment and the social systems therein (the Person in Environment perspective) is a key concept in the field of social work. Social work recognizes that the concerns or problems individuals face might be due to many causes. This view also supports another goal of social work which is to empower clients who are marginalized and oppressed to collaborate in the resolution of their problems or concerns as experts of their life experiences. As such, looking at a problem and assessing the needs of individuals depends on a review of the challenges they have encountered on the micro, mezzo, and macro levels. Assessing the situation on all three levels will provide a holistic map for goal planning. For example, you might assess a client’s individual strengths and challenges, the support or lack .
DISCUSSION WEEK 7 socw 6000
Discussion - Week 7
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Top of Form
1.
Total views: 2 (Your views: 2)
Discussion: Social Work Competence
The term competence connotes a level of preparedness for addressing issues and maintaining a high standard of practice with clients. Competent social workers have completed adequate preparations for licensure, and they are appropriately credentialed. They adhere to ethical practices by maintaining professional boundaries and honoring commitments to confidentiality. How might you demonstrate your competence as a social worker? How can you recognize competence in other social workers?
For this Discussion, review this week’s Learning Resources. Think about elements in the articles that denote competence.
Post by Day 4 a description of at least two criteria that define competence in social work. Give an example of each criterion of competence and justify your selection
Bottom of Form
K
2.DISCUSSION SOCW 6000 WEEK 8
Discussion - Week 8
Collapse
Top of Form
Total views: 2 (Your views: 2)
Discussion: Strengths-Based Perspective
Simply put, a social worker with a “strengths-based perspective” emphasizes client strengths as a starting point in addressing challenges. This perspective relies on the notion that every client has strengths that can be leveraged to create productive change and progress toward achievement of goals. Client strengths can include a variety of attributes, from complex professional skill sets or well-developed emotional intelligence to mobility, literacy, or good health.
For this Discussion, think about your family of origin. Consider the strengths particular to your family of origin. Imagine how those strengths might play a part in helping your family to overcome a challenging situation.
Post by Day 4 a description of at least three strengths that you can identify within your family. Describe how the strengths might support a strengths-based plan to meet a challenge.
II
1. Discussion1 SOCW 61001 week7
1. Top of Form
1. Total views: 5 (Your views: 3)
Discussion 1: Engaging and Assessing Across Levels of Social Work Practice
Maintaining the perspective that people are in constant interaction with their environment and the social systems therein (the Person in Environment perspective) is a key concept in the field of social work. Social work recognizes that the concerns or problems individuals face might be due to many causes. This view also supports another goal of social work which is to empower clients who are marginalized and oppressed to collaborate in the resolution of their problems or concerns as experts of their life experiences. As such, looking at a problem and assessing the needs of individuals depends on a review of the challenges they have encountered on the micro, mezzo, and macro levels. Assessing the situation on all three levels will provide a holistic map for goal planning. For example, you might assess a client’s individual strengths and challenges, the support or lack of.
Similar to Research Proposal1AMERICAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITY SYSTEMCharle.docx (15)
Research Review Forms – Student NameResearch Review Forms Template.docxgholly1
Research Review Forms – Student NameResearch Review Forms TemplateResearch Review Form #1
· APA Reference
· Type of Research
Please specify the type of research (e.g., quantitative, qualitative, meta-analysis) and research design, if applicable (e.g., correlational design, causal comparative design, phenomenology).
· Independent and Dependent Variables or Variable of Interest (if applicable)
If the article is quantitative, identify the independent and dependent variables. If the article is qualitative, identify the phenomenon/phenomena.
· Research Question(s) and Hypothesis(es)
State the Research Question(s) and/or Hypothesis(es).
Example: There is no stated hypothesis. 2 research questions are proposed: (a) “What is the relationship between the sense of community and student learning?” and (b) “Do the sense of community and learning differ by culture in an asynchronous learning network (ALN) environment?” It is implied that the researchers believe that culture will influence the students’ sense of community and learning. It is implied that there will be an achievement gap between African-American students and Caucasian students participating in online courses.
· Sample
Briefly describe the sample and sampling type. Include the number of participants. Also consider including race and gender.
Example: The subjects were 108 educators (96 females, 12 males; 40 African Americans, 64 Caucasians, 4 others) enrolled in an online Doctor of Education program. The convenience sample was taken from 4 course sections, which had a 96% volunteer rate.
· Methodology
Instruments:
Identify the measuring instrument and reliability and validity of the instrument, if discussed.
Example: The Classroom Community Scale (CCS; Rovai, 2002) was used to measure social community (connectedness) and learning community (learning and satisfaction). As purported, the CCS has high construct validity.
· Results
Results and Conclusions/Primary Findings:
State major results and conclusions.
Example: For the correlational design, the results suggested a positive correlation between all 3 community variables and the 2 learning variables in the ALN environment. Since the findings indicated that there was a weak relationship between perceived learning and course grades, this suggests the learning variables captured 2 different aspects of student learning. In addition, results revealed large variability of classroom community among the students sampled in the 4 course sections. This indicated that individual traits of students may impact feelings about social community. For the causal-comparative, the results revealed that the African-American group scored significantly lower than the Caucasian group on each of the 5 dependent variables. This suggests that there is an achievement gap between African-Americans and Caucasians in graduate ALN programs. This gap also extended to the sense of community.
· Analysis
Identify analysis procedures and any important resul.
Research Request Agreement Report A. BackgroundThe Western Con.docxgholly1
Research Request Agreement Report
A. Background
The Western Connecticut State University Alumni Association allows students and Western Connecticut State University Alumni to develop mutually beneficial relationships by raising awareness of alumni philanthropy and fundraising. This association allows students and alumni to build lasting relationships with each other, as well as students, staff and the greater Danbury area.
Members of the association receive benefits and privileges including invitation to special WCSU and alumni events, career services, Alumni travel program, insurance saving programs, as well as U-Save membership and business. The purpose of the Alumni Association is to give alumni resources to stay connected to their roots at Western Connecticut State University through a number of different events on and off campus, allowing alumni of any age the opportunity to meet through a mutual interest and create personal as well as business bonds.
Problem:
Currently, the WCSU Alumni Association is struggling with engaging and encouraging young alumni to participate in alumni events. The lack of responsiveness from young alumni ranges from students who graduated 2010 to those who will be graduating this May 2020. Currently, the WCSU Alumni Association is having trouble identifying the reason for the lack of response from younger alumni. The Alumni Association is unable to identify what events will attract young alumni in order to engage them to the association. Some factors could be that alumni have moved far from the University, they’ve started families and it’s hard to come back when they have responsibilities, they aren’t receiving the information to a relevant source. These are just ideas not actual facts so the association wants to know the reasoning behind the lack of students that aren’t returning. This way they can find ways that would interest students to return.
Marketing Mix:
Price:
Most of the events the WCSU Alumni Association holds are at a discounted price for off campus outings. The events held on campus are either free for members or at a discounted, affordable price.
Product:
The products being offered are the events held by the Alumni Association. The Alumni Association are the ones planning and holding the events that occur either on or off campus. Events are not solely focused on any one specific major, or even involving a specific theme or topic relating to a major. The events are held in order to bring together alumni with similar interests, such as “Sip & Sculpt '', WCSU Opera, or Alumni Golf Tournament.
Place:
Majority of the events the WCSU Alumni Association holds are located on campus in Danbury, CT. However, off-campus events are offered as well. Although off-campus events may include a cost, it is at an outstandingly affordable cost and provides tickets and transportation to a given event.
Promotion:
The Alumni Association promotes events through email, social media, word of mouth, WOW Alumn.
Research ReportsCorporate research is an important but often o.docxgholly1
Research Reports
Corporate research is an important but often overlooked aspect of getting a job. You should learn about the companies you apply to and interview with to demonstrate to them how you could fit with their organization.
· Select two companies that you would like to work for, either ideally or realistically.
· Research those companies. Consider consulting
· Official company Web site
· Lexis-Nexis, Business Search Premier, or other databases for newspaper, magazine, and journal articles related to your companies
· Hoovers.com and other business sources on the Web
· In a memo addressed to me, write up your findings.
· Organize the memo thoughtfully. Consider using graphic highlighting such as bullets and subheadings to organize your information.
· Each memo should be at least 1 page long and provide a well-rounded picture of the company. To be both concise and thorough, aim for 1½ - 2 pages.
· Research report #1 is due on Monday, October 22.
· Research report #2 is due on Monday, October 29.
· Each report is worth 25 points towards Research Report final grade.
· Reports will be graded on
· Thoroughness of company profile
· Organization of information in memo
· Conciseness of expression
· Memo format
· Correctness (spelling, punctuation, mechanics)
· Neatness
· You must address at least 7 of the 9 areas listed below to have a complete report. In the 7, you must include“Employment Prospects” and “Your Connection.”
Suggested Areas to Address in Research Reports
Business Overview
· What does the company do?
· What are the major products or services offered?
· Where is the company headquartered? Where are branch offices located?
History
· How old is the company?
· What are the major accomplishments or milestones in its history?
Financials
· What is the company’s operating budget?
· What is the status of the company’s finances?
· Is the company’s stock traded publicly? How has the stock fared?
People
· How many employees work for this company?
· Who runs the company?
· What kinds of salaries and benefits does this company offer to employees?
Perceptions
· How does the public perceive this company?
· Have there been any recent high profile legal actions involving this company?
· Have there been any recent news stories involving this company?
Competitors
· What are the company’s major competitors?
· How well are their competitors faring?
Future
· What direction is the company going with its products or services?
Employment Prospects
· Is the company hiring? For what types of positions?
· What benefits does the company provide to employees?
· Where does the company advertise open positions?
Your Connection
· How do you see yourself fitting in with this company?
DATE: January 31, 2005
TO: Bob Smithinson, English Instructor
FROM: A. Student, Business Writing Student ASSUBJECT: Research Report #1: Reynolds & Reynolds
For my first research report I chose Rey.
Research ReportEthical perspective on quality of care the.docxgholly1
Research Report
Ethical perspective on quality of care: the
nature of ethical dilemmas identified by new
graduate and experienced speech pathologists
Belinda J. Kenny
†
, Michelle Lincoln
†
, Katrina Blyth
‡
and
Susan Balandin
§
†Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe,
Australia
‡Medway Maritime Hospital, Gillingham, UK
§Avdeling for helse-og sosialfag, Hogskolen i Molde, Molde, Norway
(Received 27 September 2007; accepted 2 March 2008)
Abstract
Background: Speech pathologists are confronted by ethical issues when they need
to make decisions about client care, address team conflict, and fulfil the range of
duties and responsibilities required of health professionals. However, there has
been little research into the specific nature of ethical dilemmas experienced by
speech pathologists and whether the nature of ethical conflict changes as they
acquire experience in the professional workforce. Speech pathologists’
perceptions of ethical issues provide insight into factors impacting upon quality
of care in contemporary healthcare settings.
Aims: To describe, compare, and contrast the nature of ethical dilemmas
identified by new graduate and experienced speech pathologists.
Methods & Procedures: A narrative methodology was used to explore the ethical
dilemmasthatparticipantsexperiencedintheprofessionalworkplace.Primarydata
were collected through in-depth interviews with ten new graduate and
ten experienced speechpathologists in theirwork settings.During these interviews,
participantswereaskedto‘tell thestory’ofethicaldilemmasthey identifiedatwork.
Outcomes & Results: An ethical story was constructed for each participant based
upon keywords and concepts from interview transcripts. These keywords and
conceptswerecodedintogroupthemesthatreflectedthenatureofethicaldilemmas
experienced by new graduate versus experienced speech pathologists. Comparing
the results of thematic analysis for both groups of participant revealed similarities
and differences in ethical dilemmas identified by new graduate and experienced
health professionals.
International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
ISSN 1368-2822 print/ISSN 1460-6984 online q 2009 Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists
http://www.informahealthcare.com
DOI: 10.1080/13682820902928711
Address correspondence to: Belinda J. Kenny, Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences,
The University of Sydney, PO Box 170, Lidcombe 1825, Australia; e-mail: [email protected]
INT. J. LANG. COMM. DIS., JULY-AUGUST 2009,
VOL. 44, NO. 4, 421–439
Conclusions & Implications: Participants identified ethical dilemmas in the
professional practice areas of client management, professional relationships, service
delivery, and personal/professional identity. Themes from new graduates’ ethical
dilemmas included: making safe choices; avoiding conflict, following service
delivery rules, and building professional identity. Experienced speech pathologists’
themes .
Research Report Topic Security of Social NetworksReport m.docxgholly1
Research Report Topic:
Security of Social Networks
Report
may
have the following organization:
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Previous work
Your Research
Conclusions
Bibliography
Expected is a
10 page
report (This is at least 10 pages of
content,
not including the Title Page, or Bibliography, Double spaced, 12pt font). Images/Screenshots are encouraged, however, they should not compose of the majority of the document. Also, it is expected that the work be primarily in your own wording. Citation is fine for supporting your work, but the vast majority of the work should be in your own wording, not quoted.
.
Research Report #2 Emerging Issues Risk Analysis and Report.docxgholly1
Research Report #2: Emerging Issues Risk Analysis and Report
Scenario
The Entertainment Team (ET -- part of Resort Operations at Padgett-Beale, Inc.) is excited about a new event management platform and is ready to go to contract with the vendor. This platform is a cloud-based service that provides end-to-end management for events (conferences, concerts, festivals). The head of Marketing & Media (M&M) is on board and strongly supports the use of this system. M&M believes that the data collection and analysis capabilities of the system will prove extremely valuable for its efforts. Resort Operations (RO) also believes that the technology could be leveraged to provide additional capabilities for managing participation in hotel sponsored “kids programs” and related children-only events.
For an additional fee, the event management platform's vendor will provide customized RFID bands to be worn by attendees.
The RFID bands and RFID readers use near-field communications to identify the wearer and complete the desired transactions (e.g. record a booth visit, make a purchase, vote for a favorite activity or performer, etc.).
The RFID bands have unique identifiers embedded in the band that allow tracking of attendees (admittance, where they go within the venue, what they "like," how long they stay in a given location, etc.).
The RFID bands can also be connected to an attendee's credit card or debit card account and then used by the attendee to make purchases for food, beverages, and souvenirs.
For children, the RFID bands can be paired with a parent’s band, loaded with allergy information, and have a parent specified spending limit or spending preauthorization tied to the parent’s credit card account.
The head of Corporate IT has tentatively given approval for this outsourcing because it leverages cloud-computing capabilities. IT's approval is very important to supporters of this the acquisition because of the company's ban on "Shadow IT." (Only Corporate IT is allowed to issue contracts for information technology related purchases, acquisitions, and outsourcing contracts.) Corporate IT also supports a cloud-based platform since this reduces the amount of infrastructure which IT must support and manage directly.
The project has come to a screeching halt, however, due to an objection by the Chief Financial Officer. The CFO has asked that the IT Governance Board investigate this project and obtain more information about the benefits and risks of using RFID bands linked to an external system which processes transactions and authorizations of mobile / cashless payments for goods and services. The CFO is concerned that the company’s PCI Compliance status may be adversely affected.
The Chief Privacy Officer has also expressed an objection about this project. The CPO is concerned about the privacy implications of tracking both movement of individuals and the tracking of their purchasing behaviors.
The IT Governance Board agreed that the conce.
Research Proposal DraftBy the due date assigned, write a 2 page .docxgholly1
Research Proposal Draft
By the due date assigned, write a 2 page paper addressing the sections below of the research proposal.
Methodology
Extraneous Variables (and plan for how controlled).
Instruments: Description, validity, and reliability estimates, which have been performed (on a pre-established measure). Include plans for testing validity and reliability of generating your own instrument(s).
Description of the Intervention
Data Collection Procedures
.
Research Report Guide A Guide for BA634 Students .docxgholly1
Research Report Guide
A Guide for BA634 Students
Table of Contents
The Research Report 4
Chapter 1- Background/Introduction (3 – 4 pages) 4
Introduction 4
Problem Statement and Purpose of Research 4
Relevance and Significance 4
Research Questions 5
Barriers and Issues 5
Chapter 2 - Review of the Literature (6-8 pages) 5
Chapter 3 - Approach/Methodology (1 - 2 pages) 5
Chapter 4: Findings, Analysis, and Summary of Results (2 - 4 pages) 5
Chapter 5: Conclusions (2 - 4 pages) 5
References 6
Research Report Structure 6
Front Matter 6
Chapter 1 through 5 (12 pages): 6
Back Matter: 6
Document Preparation – Form and Style 6
References and Citations 7
Margins 7
Line Spacing 7
Paragraph Spacing 7
Page Numbering 7
Type Style 8
Title Page 8
The Abstract 8
Chapter Title, Heading 1, Heading 2 8
Tables and Figures in the Text Body 9
Appendix 9
Additional Resources 9
Sample First Page of Table of Contents 10
Sample Reference List 11
The Research Report
The Research Report serves as the deliverable towards partial completion of the requirement for BA634. The requirement of your research is expected to be built and constitutes the five-chapter model. This document is not intended to be a one-time or static document. The Research Report needs to be at least 14 pages and is written in the past and present tense, as appropriate.
The Research Report should be a complete and concise document that establishes your credentials as a relative expert in the domain of your study. In all cases, a good understanding of the specific domain will be necessary for the successful completion of your study. It is vital that you stay current in the literature germane to the study you are conducting and update the chapters accordingly.
The following is the general structure of the Research ReportChapter 1- Background/Introduction (3 – 4 pages)
In this section, present enough information about the proposed work so that the reader understands the general context or setting. It is also helpful to include a summary of how this document is organized. Introduction
This section introduces the reader to the structural content of your Research Report Problem Statement and Purpose of Research
In this section, present a concise statement of a research-worthy problem to be addressed (i.e., why the work should be undertaken – don’t state “it was a requirement of the professor”). Follow the statement of the problem with a well-supported discussion of its scope and nature. The discussion of the problem should include: what the problem is, why it is a problem, how the problem evolved or developed, and the issues and events leading to the problem. Your problem statement must be clear, concise, to the point and able to be articulated in no more than three sentences.Relevance and Significance
This section provides the necessary support for both the problem statement of your study. Consider the following questions and support your discussion by citing the research literature:
· Why is.
Research QuestionORGANIZATIONAL ISSUESCaruana, A. an.docxgholly1
Research Question
ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES
Caruana, A. and Pitt, L.(1997). INTQUAL-an internal measure of service quality and the link between service quality and business performance. European Journal of Marketing, 31(8), 604-616
Frese, M.(2008). The world is out: we need an active performance concept for modern workplaces. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1, 67-69
Frost, F. and Kumar, M.(2001). Service quality between internal customers and internal suppliers in an international airline. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 18(4), 371-386
Graen, G.(2008). Enriched engagement through assistance to systems' change: a proposal. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1, 74-75
Johnson, J.(2008). Process models of personality and work behavior. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1, 303-307
Lipman-Blumen, J. and Leavitt, H.(2009). Beyond typical teams: hot groups and connective leaders. Organizational Dynamics, 38(3), 225-233
Macey, W. and Schneider, B.(2008). The meaning of employee engagement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1, 3-30
Miles, R., Snow, C., Fjestad, O., Miles, G. and Lettl, C.(2010). Designing organizations to meet the 21st century opportunities and challenges. Organizational Dynamics, 39(2), 93-103
Reynoso, J. and Moores, B.(1995). Towards the measurement of internal service quality. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 6(3), 64-83
A. Independent Variable
-social network
tie quality
B. Dependent Variable
-Effectiveness of change
Initiatives
B1. On time implementation VS resistance
B2. The extent to which the new system is applied VS stuck with past
Literature and
theories
Research Method
Combination of descriptive
and causal researchSurvey-questionnaireQuestions based on scale (Likert)Secondary data (organizational chart, HR statistics, quality dept statistics)
Sample (random sampling) Maximum 4 5 star hotels located in Greece, operate on annual basis, family owned or hotel chainsEmployees from all the hierarchy levels General managers or HR managers
Important references
For further information
For those of you who are interested in learning more or exchanging thoughts and ideas please feel free to contact me !!
Please contact me through
Research proposal
Control
station
HOSPITALITY
Brownell, J.(2008). A commentary on "Leading change with the 5-p model: complexing the swan and dolphin hotels at Walt Disney World. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 49(2), 206-210
Humborstad, S. et al.(2008). Burnout and service employees‘ willingness to deliver quality service. Journal of Human Research in Hospitality & Tourism, 7(1), 45-64
Kim, Y.(2006). Managing workforce diversity: developing a learning organization. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 5(2), 69-90
Koutoulas, D.(2009). The 2009 Greek hotel branding report. Athens, GREECE
Kuslavan, S. et al.(2010)..
Research Report Cardiac Conditions ProjectStudent Name.docxgholly1
Research Report : Cardiac Conditions Project
Student Name: ________________________________________ Score: ____/56 pts.
CATEGORY
7
5
3
0
Points
Sources
Use of 4 or more scholarly journal sources all no more than 5 years old. (2014)
Use of 3 scholarly journal sources and some textbook or internet sources. Or at least one of the sources is more than 5 years old.
Use of 0-2 scholarly journal sources and a couple textbook or internet sources.
Sources are only from textbook or internet sources.
Citation Style
Cover page, in-text citations, and page layout are in APA style.
Only 2 aspects are in APA style.
Only 1 aspect is in APA style.
None of the paper is in APA style
References
All references are documented in APA style in the references page.
75-99% of the references are documented in APA style in the references page.
50-74% of the references are documented in APA style in the references page.
49% or less of the references are documented in APA style in the references page.
Paragraph Construction
All paragraphs include introductory sentence, explanations or details, and concluding sentence.
Most paragraphs include introductory sentence, explanations or details, and concluding sentence.
Paragraphs included related information but were typically not constructed well.
Paragraphing structure was not clear and sentences were not typically related within the paragraphs.
Organization
Information is very organized with well-constructed paragraphs and subheadings.
Information is organized with well-constructed paragraphs. No subheadings.
Information is organized, but paragraphs are not well-constructed. No subheadings
The information appears to be disorganized.
Quality of Information
Information clearly relates to the main topic and it includes several supporting details and/or examples.
Information clearly relates to the main topic and it provides 1-2 supporting details and/or examples.
Information vaguely relates to the main topic and limited details and/or examples are given.
Information has little or nothing to do with the main topic with no supporting examples.
Content
All 9 bullets of the instructions are discussed.
7-8 of the bullets from the instructions are discussed.
5-6 of the bullets from the instructions are discussed.
4 or less of the bullets from the instructions are discussed.
Mechanics
No grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors.
2-3 grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors
4-5 grammatical spelling, or punctuation errors.
6+ grammatical, spelling, or punctuation errors.
Total Points
Running head: CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE 1
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE 2
Analysis of the Congestive Heart Failure
Student’s Name
Institution’s Name
Course Title
Submission Date
The population that congestive heart failure is typically found
The congestive heart failure (CHF) results from a heart under-pumping or the blood when the blood vessels are constricted. This condition usually attack .
Research Question· AccuratelyClearly states group’s Resea.docxgholly1
Research Question
· Accurately/Clearly states group’s Research Question as your group formulated
Format
Followed APA format for paper, in-text citation, references.
Purpose of Study
Describe the purpose of the study as the author stated in the article.
§ Do
NOT
change or modify the statement on the article
Variables
Identify study variables from the above stated Purpose of Study
§ Quantitative Study: Dependent & Independent variables
OR
§ Descriptive, Qualitative Study: Variables of Interest
Participants
· Enrollment: How did they recruit eligible participants in the study?
· Eligibility: Describe Inclusion & Exclusion Criteria
· Numbers: Total numbers of participants in the study
.
Research question Option 1 What effect does logistics ma.docxgholly1
Research question:
Option 1: What effect does logistics management have on the military that has been beneficial?
Option 2: How has the military benefitted from logistics?
Need to be combined.
4th Source:
Wissler, J. E. (Oct 2018).
Logistics the lifeblood of Military Power
. The Heritage Foundation.
https://www.heritage.org/military-strength-topical-essays/2019-essays/logistics-the-Links to an external site.
lifeblood-military-powerLinks to an external site.
.
Research questionsIt was not known how criminal offenders percei.docxgholly1
Research questions
It was not known how criminal offenders perceive and mentally represent the world around them
It was not known what role perception plays in an individual’s potential to commit crime
The basis of Cognitive theory
Cognitive is defined as an ability to process information: Cognition has to do with one's ability to learn information quickly, memorize, and understand information they receive. Therefore, cognitive theories of crime fall under the psychological theories of criminal behavior. It's important to know that there are different theories that attempt to explain acts of criminal behavior.
Cognitive-behavioral theory combines the principles of social and developmental psychology and those of experimental-clinical psychology. The theory, applied to crime and delinquency, proposes that social behavior is learned. To understand why and how people commit crimes, psychologists and sociologists often study, analyze, and develop explanations of why these behaviors exist. Cognitive theory is one of many psychological theories of criminal behavior. Cognitive theories of crime explain criminal behavior as a defect in moral thinking, thought processes, and mental development. Cognitive theories focus on how we perceive the world around us, how we think, and the factors that influence our mental development (family upbringing, parental modeling, personality, intelligence). These theories help to explain how we develop morally in our thought process. Cognitive theories also help us to understand how an individual's personality and intelligence level are linked to delinquency.
Theoretical framework : theory of cognitive development
Jean Piaget: Moral and intellectual development. People construct a mental model of the world from childhood. Thus, from birth onward an individual will continue to develop. It is a process which occurs due to biological maturation and interaction with the environment.
Bandura maintains that individuals are not born with an innate ability to act violently. He suggested that, in contrast, violence and aggression are learned through a process of behavior modeling (Bandura, 1977). In other words, children learn violence through the observation of others. Aggressive acts are modeled after three primary sources: (1) family interaction, (2) environmental experiences, and (3) the mass media.
Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987), who applied the concept of moral development to criminological theory. Kohlberg (1984) believed that individuals pass through stages of moral development. Most important to his theory is the notion that there are levels, stages, and social orientation. The three levels are Level I, preconventional; Level II, conventional; and Level III, postconventional. With respect to the different stages, Stages 1 and 2 fall under Level I. Stages 3 and 4 fall under Level II, and Stages 5 and 6 fall under Level III.
The next subdiscipline is the information-processing branch. This area is predicated on the no.
Research Question How has Greek Life ChangedImpacted the life of c.docxgholly1
Research Question: How has Greek Life Changed/Impacted the life of college students?
Lit Review (8
-10 pages
)
The research process uncovers what other writers have written about your topic. Your education paper should include a discussion or review of what is known about the subject and how that knowledge was acquired. Once you provide the general and specific context of the existing knowledge, then you yourself can build on others' research.
I. Introduction: What I am studying and why it is important
II. What is the specific area you are studying ?
III. What is Communication Concept being studied? (Group Community Theory)
a) Definition
b) Detailed history of Greek Life
c) Who are the people involved in making the specific media?
d) Criticisms
e) How was this studied in the past?
f) How I perceive it? ( I believe Greek life is not negative like the media portrays it to be and is actually beneficial to college students?
IV. Other factors that make a difference or could impact your variables
10 Peer Reviewed sources and Bibliography
Due Date: Sunday, April 19th, 6pm
.
research question is how Liziqis video express chiese traditional t.docxgholly1
research question is how Liziqi's video express chiese traditional traditional culture on Youtube
Key words : cultural intermediaties, online influencers, social media, chinese culture exportation, liziqi's video
2000 words Literature Review
This is a part of the dissertation, so you don't need to write introduction
.
Research Question How does social media effect the perception of be.docxgholly1
Research Question: How does social media effect the perception of beauty on developing
minds?
Write a 6-8 page paper (typed, double spaced, with one inch margins and MLA or APA in-text citations and references) using 4-6 sources on your theme as it relates to your selected text.
.
Research Question What is the research questions What type .docxgholly1
Research Question:
What is the research questions?: What type of food vending machines should be installed at the Palm Desert Campus?
Why is it important: It’s important to have food vending machines around campus because it’s a convenient way to get food and something to eat when students are on their way to class or just want a quick snack. Like ramen and sandwich, Instant foods would be great to place in vending machines.
2. Proposal Overview and Research Road Map:
3. Secondary Data Overview: This section is where we can list all of our journal articles.
Molson Coors
Recruitment and Selection Molson Coors
Rubric
Recruitment Sources: (how do they bring people onboard?)
For corporate and/or field roles, MC is more inclined to build first (internal hiring) and then buy (external hiring).
1. Build First (Internal Hiring)
Promotions, Transfer, Internship etc..
In addition to their website careers page for the general public, they also have a dedicated portal for internal candidates.
Locally, they also recruit from CU and CSU. Internship is popular method of recruitment. For their Chicago and Milwaukee HQ in the US, they will recruit from the University of Wisconsin system, Marquette, University of Michigan, Michigan State, DePaul, Northwestern, Regis and Loyola.
2. Buy (External Hiring)
Buying is preferred for senior management roles where a diverse perspective offers a competitive advantage.
They leverage LinkedIn and Indeed heavily, Indeed is where I initially applied from.
For external candidates, it’s preferred if you are familiar with the beer industry BUT it is not mandatory. They usually come from other CPG companies, either competitors (beer, wine, spirits) or food/non-alcohol beverage manufacturers.
Recruitment Process and Valid Selection(Integrate/ Combine Recruitment process and valid selection process (how would you ensure valid selection system?))
Recruitment Process from Molson Coors website attached
(Process Draft)
1. HR/Talent acquisition works with the hiring manager to set expectations for candidate core requirements.
2. Interviews are typically extended to 5 candidates, sometimes an additional 1-2 more if the pool is exceptionally talented.
3. You correspond with HR who fills you in on time/date/location/interviewers’ names and roles. The communication is detailed, informing the candidate of the approximate length of time it will take to complete the interview and giving you tips on the format (Panel style and STAR - situation, task, action, response).
4. Our Brew - How We Work sets the foundation of the interview. The initial interview will usually be conducted with the hiring manager (your line/direct manager), the manager who you may be supporting (if applicable) and the person you’re going to backfill (or someone whose role aligns with the one you’re interviewing for).
5. There are 4-5 sections centered on the bullet points below (Take Smart Risks, Win the Right Way, etc.), 1-2 qu.
Research public health issues on the Climate Change or Topic.docxgholly1
Research public health issues on the "Climate Change" or "Topics and Issues" pages of the American Public Health Association (APHA) website. Investigate a public health issue related to an environmental issue within the U.S. health care delivery system and examine its effect on a specific population. Write a 500 word policy brief that summarizes the issue, explains the effect on the population, and proposes a solution to the issue.
Follow this outline when writing the policy brief:
Describe the policy health issue. Include the following information: (a) what population is affected, (b) at what level does it occur (local, state, or national), and (c) evidence about the issues supported by resources.
Create a problem statement.
Provide suggestions for addressing the health issue caused by the current policy. Describe what steps are required to initiate policy change. Include necessary stakeholders (government officials, administrator) and budget or funding considerations, if applicable.
Discuss the impact on the health care delivery system.
Include three peer-reviewed sources and two other sources to support the policy brief.
.
Research Quantitative vs QualitativeBackground Quantitative da.docxgholly1
Research: Quantitative vs Qualitative
Background: Quantitative data can be measured and documented with numbers. Additionally, quantitative data can be represented as quantities. On the other hand, qualitative data is not measured with numbers, but it is represented by qualities. For example, I use quantitative methods to conduct my PhD research because I like working with counts and measures.Assignment: Write a research paper the contains the following:
Discuss Quantitative Methodology
Discuss Qualitative Methodology
Compare and contrast qualitative data vs quantitative data
Your research paper should be at least 3 pages (800 words), double-spaced, have at least 4 APA references, and typed in an easy-to-read font in MS Word (other word processors are fine to use but save it in MS Word format). Your cover page should contain the following: Title, Student’s name, University’s name, Course name, Course number, Professor’s name, and Date.
.
Research Quantitative vs QualitativeBackground Quantitativ.docxgholly1
Research: Quantitative vs Qualitative
Background: Quantitative data can be measured and documented with numbers. Additionally, quantitative data can be represented as quantities. On the other hand, qualitative data is not measured with numbers, but it is represented by qualities. For example, I use quantitative methods to conduct my PhD research because I like working with counts and measures.
Assignment: Write a research paper the contains the following:
Discuss Quantitative Methodology
Discuss Qualitative Methodology
Compare and contrast qualitative data vs quantitative data
Your research paper should be at least 3 pages (800 words), double-spaced, have at least 4 APA references, and typed in an easy-to-read font in MS Word (other word processors are fine to use but save it in MS Word format). Your cover page should contain the following: Title, Student’s name, University’s name, Course name, Course number, Professor’s name, and Date.
.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
Research Proposal1AMERICAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITY SYSTEMCharle.docx
1. Research Proposal 1
AMERICAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITY SYSTEM
Charles Town, West Virginia
PROPOSAL FOR THESIS/RESEARCH PAPER
MASTER OF ARTS IN EMERGENCY AND DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
AMERICAN MILITARY UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF PUBLIC SERVICE AND HEALTH
[student name]
2019
I propose to the Thesis/Research Paper Professor and to the
Department a study of the following
topic to be conducted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of Emergency and Disaster Management: [Risk
Assessment]
Introduction
[week 3: put your title here]
[Your title should be descriptive enough that your reader will
know what your paper is about. ‘The Dangerous Future’ is
inadequate—it doesn’t say anything. ‘Global Warming’ is
better, but it’s still too broad and imprecise. ‘Global Warming:
the Dangerous Future of Agriculture in California’ gives the
reader enough information to know if they want to read your
study.]
2. Problem Statement [week
3]
[put your problem statement text here]
[The purpose of research is to provide solutions to problems.
What problem will you be trying to solve? Note that
‘objectives’ and ‘conditions’ are not ‘problems’. In other words,
‘This research will discuss what farmers in California need to
do to combat global warming’ is not a problem. It’s an
objective, and it may have a place in the research paper, but it’s
not a problem. Similarly, ‘California is experiencing the
impacts of global warming’ is not a problem. It’s a condition.
‘This research will examine whether or not global warming in
California is impacting the economic future of agriculture in the
state, and provide possible solutions’—THAT’S a good problem
statement.
In your role in this class, you are a researcher who is
developing a project that will be of value to the field of
emergency management and to the broader world of humanity in
general. The instructor, in contrast, is playing the role of
approval and funding authority. He or she will ultimately decide
if you will be granted time to complete the study and be given a
budget with which to accomplish it. He or she knows nothing
about your project going in, so you have to convince him or her
that your project is worthwhile. Assume the funding authority
will always have many more projects wanting money than there
is to go around. Latest government statistics show that
approximately 10% of research applications are funded. There’s
no reason to think that will get any better.
So you have to be persuasive about why your project is
valuable. A one-sentence or one-paragraph problem statement
won’t accomplish that. You will need to explain in depth why
your problem is a problem. You will need to explain the
3. background of how your problem came to be. You will need to
explain in detail why the solution that you will develop will be
worth the investment in the project. Expect your problem
statement to require at least two or three double-spaced pages.
If you haven’t written that much, then you haven’t done justice
to your project.]
Need for the Study [week
3]
[put your need for the study text here]
[Ok, now you’ve identified the problem you want to solve and
given all the reasons that it’s a problem that is worthy of the
time and effort it would take to solve. In this section, you
answer the question: Why should this research project be the
one approved and funded? Begin by explaining the project in
detail. What research method do you anticipate using? Where do
you anticipate that you will get your data? Explain how this
analysis will directly relate to the problem that needs to be
solved. Explain why your project design is the best one that
could be selected to accomplish the research. Explain what
happens if research on your problem is never conducted. This
section should probably be a page or more in length.]
Target Audience [week
3]
[put your target audience text here]
[In this section, you will answer the question: Who will use the
results of your work? Be specific. ‘FEMA’ is too broad, because
FEMA is a giant bureaucracy where lots of great ideas get lost.
Similarly, ‘farmers’ or ‘government officials’ or ‘California
citizens’ are too imprecise. ‘California farmers and public
policymakers that are dealing with the impacts of global
4. warming in the San Joaquin valley’ is better. The more precise a
target audience you can identify, the more likely it will be that
your research will have a useful impact. This section doesn’t
need to be very long, but it does need to be precise.]
Objectives of the Research
[week 3]
[put your objectives of the research text here]
[What do you want your research project to accomplish? In
generic terms, all research is conducted to solve problems, so
developing a solution to a problem and providing it to your
target audience is a good objective. ‘This research will provide
practical, implementable solutions to global warming to farmers
in the San Joaquin valley’ is a good objective. Typically, a
research project could have a number of objectives, including
validating the existence of a problem, creating public awareness
of the problem, educating government officials and the target
population, providing solutions, generating public policy
recommendations, etc. This section should probably be a page
or so in length. Worthy research projects accomplish many
things.]
Hypothesis [week
3]
[put your hypothesis here]
[The hypothesis is probably the least understood component of
the research process. However, it’s not that complicated as
concepts go. Simply put:
A hypothesis is a definitive statement that can be proven to be
true or false through research and experimentation.
5. So these are the things a hypothesis is not: A hypothesis is
never a question—one cannot prove a question to be true or
false. A hypothesis is not a statement of objectives, or a list of
conditions, or anything like that. Here’s an example:
H1: Global warming is having no impact on agriculture in
California.
Simple, straightforward, testable, refutable, can be proven true
or false. Those are the hallmarks of a good hypothesis.]
Research Questions [week 3]
[put your research questions here]
[Most research seeks to answer research questions. Sometimes
the hypothesis indicates what the research questions should be.
Any project should probably seek to answer only three or four
research questions. The research questions are developed here
in the project formulation process, and then are revisited in the
Conclusions section to determine if they have been answered.
Here are some possibilities from our example:
RQ1: Is global warming currently impacting agriculture in
California? In what ways? What are the impacts?
RQ2: What are the future projections for global warming
impacts on agriculture in California?
RQ3: What public policy recommendations can be developed
and farming practice adjustments can be made to lessen the
impacts of global warming on California agriculture?
These questions all have findable answers that can be developed
through research. The answers to them will be valuable to the
target audience. The recommendations that result from the
6. answers to these questions, if implemented, would improve the
field of emergency management—at least, the small component
involving global warming and agriculture in California. If a
project can do these things, then it’s a highly successful
project.]
Literature Review [week 4]
[put your literature review text here]
[Provide a few examples of literature that you would utilize in
your research. Give the title, author, and citation, and a brief
description of the work and the value you think it would add.]
Shortfalls in the Literature
[n/a—do not fill out]
[put your shortfalls in the literature text here]
Summary of Findings
[n/a-do not fill out]
[put your summary of findings text here]
Methodology
Selection of Method(s) [week
4]
[put your selection of methods text here]
[The methodology section is one of the most important sections
of the research proposal or actual research paper. In it, you
explain to your funding authorities, approving authorities,
7. peers, and anyone else who may read your research exactly what
it is you plan to do. What you describe must be designed to
answer the research questions that you plan to ask, have rigor to
be credible, and be clear so whoever is funding the work will
open their checkbooks.
This is where you establish the academic validity of your work.
Cite and quote heavily from van Thiel in this section. Talk
about what you learned from the weekly assignments—design
criteria, boundaries, single case design, design validity,
evidence collection, evidence analysis, etc. This section should
be no less than two pages.]
Data Collection Process and Analysis
[week 4]
[put your data collection text here]
[This is where you will explain what data you plan to collect,
where you will get it, and how you will analyze it. This section
should probably run two pages or so.]
Researcher’s Perspective
Potential Bias Issues [n/a]
[put your potential bias text here]
Anticipated Ethical Issues [n/a]
[put your anticipated ethical issues text here]
References
[put your references text here]
8. THE BAKEOFF
Malcolm Gladwell
The New Yorker. 81.26 (Sept. 5, 2005): p000.
Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2005 Conde Nast Publications, Inc..
All rights reserved. Reproduced by permission of The
Conde Nast Publications, Inc.
http://www.newyorker.com/
Full Text:
Steve Gundrum launched Project Delta at a small dinner last fall
at Il Fornaio, in Burlingame, just down the road from
the San Francisco Airport. It wasn't the first time he'd been to Il
Fornaio, and he made his selection quickly, with just a
glance at the menu; he is the sort of person who might have
thought about his choice in advance--maybe even that
morning, while shaving. He would have posed it to himself as a
question--Ravioli alla Lucana?--and turned it over in
his mind, assembling and disassembling the dish, ingredient by
ingredient, as if it were a model airplane. Did the
Pecorino pepato really belong? What if you dropped the basil?
What would the ravioli taste like if you froze it, along
with the ricotta and the Parmesan, and tried to sell it in the
supermarket? And then what would you do about the
fennel?
Gundrum is short and round. He has dark hair and a mustache
and speaks with the flattened vowels of the upper
Midwest. He is voluble and excitable and doggedly
unpretentious, to the point that your best chance of seeing him
in
a suit is probably Halloween. He runs Mattson, one of the
country's foremost food research-and-development firms,
9. which is situated in a low-slung concrete-and-glass building in a
nondescript office park in Silicon Valley. Gundrum's
office is a spare, windowless room near the rear, and all day
long white-coated technicians come to him with
prototypes in little bowls, or on skewers, or in Tupperware
containers. His job is to taste and advise, and the most
common words out of his mouth are "I have an idea." Just that
afternoon, Gundrum had ruled on the reformulation of
a popular spinach dip (which had an unfortunate tendency to
smell like lawn clippings) and examined the latest
iteration of a low-carb kettle corn for evidence of rhythmic
munching (the metronomic hand-to-mouth cycle that lies at
the heart of any successful snack experience). Mattson created
the shelf-stable Mrs. Fields Chocolate Chip Cookie,
the new Boca Burger products for Kraft Foods, Orville
Redenbacher's Butter Toffee Popcorn Clusters, and so many
other products that it is impossible to walk down the aisle of a
supermarket and not be surrounded by evidence of the
company's handiwork.
That evening, Gundrum had invited two of his senior colleagues
at Mattson--Samson Hsia and Carol Borba--to
dinner, along with Steven Addis, who runs a prominent
branding firm in the Bay Area. They sat around an oblong
table off to one side of the dining room, with the sun streaming
in the window, and Gundrum informed them that he
intended to reinvent the cookie, to make something both
nutritious and as "indulgent" as the premium cookies on the
supermarket shelf. "We want to delight people," he said. "We
don't want some ultra-high-nutrition power bar, where
you have to rationalize your consumption." He said it again:
"We want to delight people."
As everyone at the table knew, a healthful, good-tasting cookie
is something of a contradiction. A cookie represents
the combination of three unhealthful ingredients--sugar, white
10. flour, and shortening. The sugar adds sweetness, bulk,
and texture: along with baking powder, it produces the tiny cell
structures that make baked goods light and fluffy. The
fat helps carry the flavor. If you want a big hit of vanilla, or
that chocolate taste that really blooms in the nasal cavities,
you need fat. It also keeps the strands of gluten in the flour
from getting too tightly bound together, so that the cookie
stays chewable. The flour, of course, gives the batter its
structure, and, with the sugar, provides the base for the
browning reaction that occurs during baking. You could replace
the standard white flour with wheat flour, which is
higher in fibre, but fibre adds grittiness. Over the years, there
have been many attempts to resolve these
contradictions--from Snackwells and diet Oreos to the dry,
grainy hockey pucks that pass for cookies in health-food
stores--but in every case flavor or fluffiness or tenderness has
been compromised. Steve Gundrum was undeterred.
He told his colleagues that he wanted Project Delta to create the
world's greatest cookie. He wanted to do it in six
months. He wanted to enlist the biggest players in the American
food industry. And how would he come up with this
wonder cookie? The old-fashioned way. He wanted to hold a
bakeoff.
The standard protocol for inventing something in the food
industry is called the matrix model. There is a department
for product development, which comes up with a new idea, and
a department for process development, which figures
out how to realize it, and then, down the line, departments for
packing, quality assurance, regulatory affairs,
chemistry, microbiology, and so on. In a conventional bakeoff,
Gundrum would have pitted three identical matrixes
against one another and compared the results. But he wasn't
satisfied with the unexamined assumption behind the
conventional bakeoff--that there was just one way of inventing
something new.
11. Gundrum had a particular interest, as it happened, in software.
He had read widely about it, and once, when he ran
http://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.fiu.edu/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T
003&res...
1 of 8 12/25/2017, 4:30 PM
into Steve Jobs at an Apple store in the Valley, chatted with him
for forty-five minutes on technical matters relating to
the Apple operating system. He saw little difference between
what he did for a living and what the software engineers
in the surrounding hills of Silicon Valley did. "Lines of code
are no different from a recipe," he explains. "It's the same
thing. You add a little salt, and it tastes better. You write a
little piece of code, and it makes the software work faster."
But in the software world, Gundrum knew, there were ongoing
debates about the best way to come up with new
code.
On the one hand, there was the "open source" movement. Its
patron saint was Linus Torvald, the Norwegian hacker
who decided to build a free version of Unix, the hugely
complicated operating system that runs many of the world's
large computers. Torvald created the basic implementation of
his version, which he called Linux, posted it online, and
invited people to contribute to its development. Over the years,
thousands of programmers had helped, and Linux
was now considered as good as proprietary versions of Unix.
"Given enough eyeballs all bugs are shallow" was the
Linux mantra: a thousand people working for an hour each can
do a better job writing and fixing code than a single
person working for a thousand hours, because the chances are
12. that among those thousand people you can find
precisely the right expert for every problem that comes up.
On the other hand, there was the "extreme programming"
movement, known as XP, which was led by a legendary
programmer named Kent Beck. He called for breaking a
problem into the smallest possible increments, and
proceeding as simply and modestly as possible. He thought that
programmers should work in pairs, two to a
computer, passing the keyboard back and forth. Between Beck
and Torvald were countless other people, arguing for
slightly different variations. But everyone in the software world
agreed that trying to get people to be as creative as
possible was, as often as not, a social problem: it depended not
just on who was on the team but on how the team
was organized.
"I remember once I was working with a printing company in
Chicago," Beck says. "The people there were having a
terrible problem with their technology. I got there, and I saw
that the senior people had these corner offices, and they
were working separately and doing things separately that they
had trouble integrating later on. So I said, 'Find a
space where you can work together.' So they found a corner of
the machine room. It was a raised floor, ice cold. They
just loved it. They would go there five hours a day, making lots
of progress. I flew home. They hired me for my
technical expertise. And I told them to rearrange the office
furniture, and that was the most valuable thing I could offer
them."
It seemed to Gundrum that people in the food world had a great
deal to learn from all this. They had become adept at
solving what he called "science projects"--problems that
required straightforward, linear applications of expensive
German machinery and armies of white-coated people with
13. advanced degrees in engineering. Cool Whip was a good
example: a product processed so exquisitely--with air bubbles
of such fantastic uniformity and stability--that it remains
structurally sound for months, at high elevation and at low
elevation, frozen and thawed and then refrozen. But
coming up with a healthy cookie, which required finessing the
inherent contradictions posed by sugar, flour, and
shortening, was the kind of problem that the food industry had
more trouble with. Gundrum recalled one
brainstorming session that a client of his, a major food
company, had convened. "This is no joke," he said. "They
played a tape where it sounded like the wind was blowing and
the birds were chirping. And they posed us out on a
dance floor, and we had to hold our arms out like we were trees
and close our eyes, and the ideas were supposed to
grow like fruits off the limbs of the trees. Next to me was the
head of R. & D., and he looked at me and said, 'What
the hell are we doing here?' "
For Project Delta, Gundrum decreed that there would be three
teams, each representing a different methodology of
invention. He had read Kent Beck's writings, and decided that
the first would be the XP team. He enlisted two of
Mattson's brightest young associates--Peter Dea and Dan
Howell. Dea is a food scientist, who worked as a
confectionist before coming to Mattson. He is tall and spare,
with short dark hair. "Peter is really good at hitting the
high note," Gundrum said. "If a product needs to have a
particular flavor profile, he's really good at getting that one
dimension and getting it right." Howell is a culinarian--goateed
and talkative, a man of enthusiasms who uses high-
end Mattson equipment to make an exceptional cup of espresso
every afternoon. He started his career as a barista
at Starbucks, and then realized that his vocation lay elsewhere.
"A customer said to me, 'What do you want to be
doing? Because you clearly don't want to be here,' " Howell
14. said. "I told him, 'I want to be sitting in a room working on
a better non-fat pudding.' "
The second team was headed by Barb Stuckey, an executive
vice-president of marketing at Mattson and one of the
firm's stars. She is slender and sleek, with short blond hair. She
tends to think out loud, and, because she thinks
quickly, she ends up talking quickly, too--in nervous brilliant
bursts. Stuckey, Gundrum decided, would represent
"managed" research and development--a traditional hierarchical
team, as opposed to a partnership like Dea and
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Howell's. She would work with Doug Berg, who runs one of
Mattson's product-development teams. Stuckey would
draw the big picture. Berg would serve as sounding board and
project director. His team would execute their
conceptions.
Then Gundrum was at a technology conference in California and
heard the software pioneer Mitch Kapor talking
about the open-source revolution. Afterward, Gundrum
approached Kapor. "I said to Mitch, 'What do you think? Can I
apply this--some of the same principles--outside of software and
bring it to the food industry?' " Gundrum recounted.
"He stopped and said, 'Why the hell not!' " So Gundrum invited
an elite group of food-industry bakers and scientists to
collaborate online. They would be the third team. He signed up
a senior person from Mars, Inc., someone from R. &
D. at Kraft, the marketing manager for Nestle Toll House
15. refrigerated/frozen cookie dough, a senior director of R. & D.
at Birds Eye Foods, the head of the innovation program for
Kellogg's Morning Foods, the director of seasoning at
McCormick, a cookie maven formerly at Keebler, and six more
high-level specialists. Mattson's innovation manager,
Carol Borba, who began her career as a line cook at Bouley, in
Manhattan, was given the role of project manager.
Two Mattson staffers were assigned to carry out the group's
recommendations. This was the Dream Team. It is quite
possible that this was the most talented group of people ever to
work together in the history of the food industry.
Soon after the launch of Project Delta, Steve Gundrum and his
colleague Samson Hsia were standing around, talking
about the current products in the supermarket which they
particularly admire. "I like the Uncrustable line from
Smuckers," Hsia said. "It's a frozen sandwich without any crust.
It eats very well. You can put it in a lunchbox frozen,
and it will be unfrozen by lunchtime." Hsia is a trim, silver-
haired man who is said to know as much about emulsions
as anyone in the business. "There's something else," he said,
suddenly. "We just saw it last week. It's made by
Jennie-O. It's turkey in a bag." This was a turkey that was
seasoned, plumped with brine, and sold in a heat-resistant
plastic bag: the customer simply has to place it in the oven.
Hsia began to stride toward the Mattson kitchens,
because he realized they actually had a Jennie-O turkey in the
back. Gundrum followed, the two men weaving their
way through the maze of corridors that make up the Mattson
offices. They came to a large freezer. Gundrum pulled
out a bright-colored bag. Inside was a second, clear bag, and
inside that bag was a twelve-pound turkey. "This is one
of my favorite innovations of the last year," Gundrum said, as
Hsia nodded happily. "There is material science
involved. There is food science involved. There is positioning
involved. You can take this thing, throw it in your oven,
16. and people will be blown away. It's that good. If I was
Butterball, I'd be terrified."
Jennie-O had taken something old and made it new. But where
had that idea come from? Was it a team? A
committee? A lone turkey genius? Those of us whose only
interaction with such innovations is at the point of sale
have a naive faith in human creativity; we suppose that a world
capable of coming up with turkey in a bag is capable
of coming up with the next big thing as well--a healthy cookie,
a faster computer chip, an automobile engine that gets
a hundred miles to the gallon. But if you're the one responsible
for those bright new ideas there is no such certainty.
You come up with one great idea, and the process is so
miraculous that all you do is puzzle over how on earth you
ever did it, and worry whether you'll ever be able to do it again.
T he Mattson kitchens are a series of large, connecting rooms,
running along the back of the building. There is a pilot
plant in one corner--containing a mini version of the equipment
that, say, Heinz would use to make canned soup, a
soft-serve ice-cream machine, an industrial-strength pasta-
maker, a colloid mill for making oil-and-water emulsions, a
flash pasteurizer, and an eighty-five-thousand-dollar Japanese-
made coextruder for, among other things, pastry-and-
filling combinations. At any given time, the firm may have as
many as fifty or sixty projects under way, so the kitchens
are a hive of activity, with pressure cookers filled with baked
beans bubbling in one corner, and someone rushing
from one room to another carrying a tray of pizza slices with
experimental toppings.
Dea and Howell, the XP team, took over part of one of the
kitchens, setting up at a long stainless-steel lab bench.
The countertop was crowded with tins of flour, a big white
plastic container of wheat dextrin, a dozen bottles of liquid
17. sweeteners, two plastic bottles of Kirkland olive oil, and,
somewhat puzzlingly, three varieties of single-malt Scotch.
The Project Delta brief was simple. All cookies had to have
fewer than a hundred and thirty calories per serving.
Carbohydrates had to be under 17.5 grams, saturated fat under
two grams, fibre more than one gram, protein more
than two grams, and so on; in other words, the cookie was to be
at least fifteen per cent superior to the supermarket
average in the major nutritional categories. To Dea and Howell,
that suggested oatmeal, and crispy, as opposed to
soft. "I've tried lots of cookies that are sold as soft and I never
like them, because they're trying to be something that
they're not," Dea explained. "A soft cookie is a fresh cookie,
and what you are trying to do with soft is be a fresh
cookie that's a month old. And that means you need to fake the
freshness, to engineer the cookie."
The two decided to focus on a kind of oatmeal-chocolate-chip
hybrid, with liberal applications of roasted soy nuts,
toffee, and caramel. A straight oatmealraisin cookie or a
straight low-cal chocolate-chip cookie was out of the
question. This was a reflection of what might be called the
Hidden Valley Ranch principle, in honor of a story that
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Samson Hsia often told about his years working on salad
dressing when he was at Clorox. The couple who owned
Hidden Valley Ranch, near Santa Barbara, had come up with a
seasoning blend of salt, pepper, onion, garlic, and
parsley flakes that was mixed with equal parts mayonnaise and
18. buttermilk to make what was, by all accounts, an
extraordinary dressing. Clorox tried to bottle it, but found that
the buttermilk could not coexist, over any period of time,
with the mayonnaise. The way to fix the problem, and preserve
the texture, was to make the combination more
acidic. But when you increased the acidity you ruined the
flavor. Clorox's food engineers worked on Hidden Valley
Ranch dressing for close to a decade. They tried different kinds
of processing and stability control and endless cycles
of consumer testing before they gave up and simply came out
with a high-acid Hidden Valley Ranch dressing--which
promptly became a runaway best-seller. Why? Because
consumers had never tasted real Hidden Valley Ranch
dressing, and as a result had no way of knowing that what they
were eating was inferior to the original. For those in
the food business, the lesson was unforgettable: if something
was new, it didn't have to be perfect. And, since
healthful, indulgent cookies couldn't be perfect, they had to be
new: hence oatmeal, chocolate chips, toffee, and
caramel.
Cookie development, at the Mattson level, is a matter of endless
iteration, and Dea and Howell began by baking
version after version in quick succession--establishing the
cookie size, the optimal baking time, the desired variety of
chocolate chips, the cut of oats (bulk oats? rolled oats? groats?),
the varieties of flour, and the toffee dosage, while
testing a variety of high-tech supplements, notably inulin, a
fibre source derived from chicory root. As they worked,
they made notes on tablet P.C.s, which gave them a running
electronic record of each version. "With food, there's a
large circle of pretty good, and we're solidly in pretty good,"
Dea announced, after several intensive days of baking. A
tray of cookies was cooling in front of him on the counter.
"Typically, that's when you take it to the customers."
19. In this case, the customer was Gundrum, and the next week
Howell marched over to Gundrum's office with two
Ziploc bags of cookies in his hand. There was a package of
Chips Ahoy! on the table, and Howell took one out.
"We've been eating these versus Chips Ahoy!," he said.
The two cookies looked remarkably alike. Gundrum tried one of
each. "The Chips Ahoy!, it's tasty," he said. "When
you eat it, the starch hydrates in your mouth. The XP doesn't
have that same granulated-sugar kind of mouth feel."
"It's got more fat than us, though, and subsequently it's shorter
in texture," Howell said. "And so, when you break it, it
breaks more nicely. Ours is a little harder to break."
By "shorter in texture," he meant that the cookie "popped" when
you bit into it. Saturated fats are solid fats, and give
a cookie crispness. Parmesan cheese is short-textured. Brie is
long. A shortbread like a Lorna Doone is a classic
short-textured cookie. But the XP cookie had, for health
reasons, substituted unsaturated fats for saturated fats, and
unsaturated fats are liquid. They make the dough stickier, and
inevitably compromise a little of that satisfying pop.
"The whole-wheat flour makes us a little grittier, too," Howell
went on. "It has larger particulates." He broke open one
of the Chips Ahoy!. "See how fine the grain is? Now look at one
of our cookies. The particulates are larger. It is part
of what we lose by going with a healthy profile. If it was just
sugar and flour, for instance, the carbohydrate chains are
going to be shorter, and so they will dissolve more quickly in
your mouth. Whereas with more fibre you get longer
carbohydrate chains and they don't dissolve as quickly, and you
get that slightly tooth-packing feel."
"It looks very wholesome, like something you would want to
20. feed your kids," Gundrum said, finally. They were still
only in the realm of pretty good.
Team Stuckey, meanwhile, was having problems of its own.
Barb Stuckey's first thought had been a tea cookie, or,
more specifically, a chai cookie--something with cardamom and
cinnamon and vanilla and cloves and a soft dairy
note. Doug Berg was dispatched to run the experiment. He and
his team did three or four rounds of prototypes. The
result was a cookie that tasted, astonishingly, like a cup of chai,
which was, of course, its problem. Who wanted a
cookie that tasted like a cup of chai? Stuckey called a meeting
in the Mattson trophy room, where samples of every
Mattson product that has made it to market are displayed. After
everyone was done tasting the cookies, a bag of
them sat in the middle of the table for forty-five minutes--and
no one reached to take a second bite. It was a bad sign.
"You know, before the election Good Housekeeping had this
cookie bakeoff," Stuckey said, as the meeting ended.
"Laura Bush's entry was full of chocolate chips and had familiar
ingredients. And Teresa Heinz went with pumpkin-
spice cookies. I remember thinking, That's just like the
Democrats! So not mainstream! I wanted her to win. But she's
chosen this cookie that's funky and weird and out of the box.
And I kind of feel the same way about the tea cookie.
It's too far out, and will lose to something that's more
comfortable for consumers."
Stuckey's next thought involved strawberries and a shortbread
base. But shortbread was virtually impossible under
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21. the nutritional guidelines: there was no way to get that smooth
butter-flour-sugar combination. So Team Stuckey
switched to something closer to a strawberry-cobbler cookie,
which had the Hidden Valley Ranch advantage that no
one knew what a strawberry-cobbler cookie was supposed to
taste like. Getting the carbohydrates down to the
required 17.5 grams, though, was a struggle, because of how
much flour and fruit cobbler requires. The obvious
choice to replace the flour was almonds. But nuts have high
levels of both saturated and unsaturated fat. "It became
a balancing act," Anne Cristofano, who was doing the bench
work for Team Stuckey, said. She baked batch after
batch, playing the carbohydrates (first the flour, and then
granulated sugar, and finally various kinds of what are
called sugar alcohols, low-calorie sweeteners derived from
hydrogenizing starch) against the almonds. Cristofano
took a version to Stuckey. It didn't go well.
"We're not getting enough strawberry impact from the fruit
alone," Stuckey said. "We have to find some way to boost
the strawberry." She nibbled some more. "And, because of the
low fat and all that stuff, I don't feel like we're getting
that pop."
The Dream Team, by any measure, was the overwhelming
Project Delta favorite. This was, after all, the Dream
Team, and if any idea is ingrained in our thinking it is that the
best way to solve a difficult problem is to bring the
maximum amount of expertise to bear on it. Sure enough, in the
early going the Dream Team was on fire. The
members of the Dream Team did not doggedly fix on a single
idea, like Dea and Howell, or move in fits and starts
from chai sugar cookies to strawberry shortbread to strawberry
22. cobbler, like Team Stuckey. It came up with thirty-four
ideas, representing an astonishing range of cookie philosophies:
a chocolate cookie with gourmet cocoa, high-end
chocolate chips, pecans, raisins, Irish steel-cut oats, and the
new Ultragrain White Whole Wheat flour; a bite-size
oatmeal cookie with a Ceylon cinnamon filling, or chili and
tamarind, or pieces of dried peaches with a cinnamon-and-
ginger dusting; the classic seven-layer bar with oatmeal instead
of graham crackers, coated in chocolate with a
choice of coffee flavors; a "wellness" cookie, with an oatmeal
base, soy and whey proteins, inulin and oat beta glucan
and a combination of erythritol and sugar and sterol esters--and
so on.
In the course of spewing out all those new ideas, however, the
Dream Team took a difficult turn. A man named J.
Hugh McEvoy (a.k.a. Chef J.), out of Chicago, tried to take
control of the discussion. He wanted something exotic--
not a health-food version of something already out there. But in
the e-mail discussions with others on the team his
sense of what constituted exotic began to get really exotic --
"Chinese star anise plus fennel plus Pastis plus dark
chocolate." Others, emboldened by his example, began talking
about a possible role for zucchini or wasabi peas.
Meanwhile, a more conservative faction, mindful of the Project
Delta mandate to appeal to the whole family, started
talking up peanut butter. Within a few days, the tensions were
obvious:
From: Chef J., Subject: <no subject>, Please keep in mind
that less than 10 years ago, espresso, latte and dulce
de leche were exotic flavors / products dhat were considered
unsuitable for the mainstream., And let's not even
mention chipotle.
From: Andy Smith, Subject: Bought any Ben and Jerry's
23. recently?, While we may not want to invent another Oreo or
Chips Ahoy!, last I looked, World's Best Vanilla was B&J's # 2
selling flavor and Haagen Dazs' Vanilla (their top seller)
outsold Dulce 3 to 1.
From: Chef J., Subject: <no subject>, Yes. Gourmet
Vanilla does outsell any new flavor. But we must remember
that diet vanilla does not and never has. It is the high end,
gourmet segment of ice cream that is growing. Diet Oreos
were vastly outsold by new entries like Snackwells. Diet
Snickers were vastly outsold by new entries like balance
bars. New Coke failed miserably, while Red Bull is still
growing., What flavor is Red Bull, anyway?
Eventually, Carol Borba, the Dream Team project leader, asked
Gundrum whether she should try to calm things
down. He told her no; the group had to find its "own kind of
natural rhythm." He wanted to know what fifteen high-
powered bakers thrown together on a project felt like, and the
answer was that they felt like chaos. They took twice
as long as the XP team. They created ten times the headache.
Worse, no one in the open-source group seemed to be having
any fun. "Quite honestly, I was expecting a bit more
involvement in this," Howard Plein, of Edlong Dairy Flavors,
confessed afterward. "They said, expect to spend half an
hour a day. But without doing actual bench work--all we were
asked to do was to come up with ideas." He wanted to
bake: he didn't enjoy being one of fifteen cogs in a machine. To
Dan Fletcher, of Kellogg's, "the whole thing spun in
place for a long time. I got frustrated with that. The number of
people involved seemed unwieldy. You want some
diversity of youth and experience, but you want to keep it close-
knit as well. You get some depth in the process
versus breadth. We were a mile wide and an inch deep." Chef J.,
meanwhile, felt thwarted by Carol Borba; he felt that
24. she was pushing her favorite, a caramel turtle, to the detriment
of better ideas. "We had the best people in the
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country involved," he says. "We were irrelevant. That's the
weakness of it. Fifteen is too many. How much true input
can any one person have when you are lost in the crowd?" In the
end, the Dream Team whittled down its thirty-four
possibilities to one: a chewy oatmeal cookie, with a pecan
"thumbprint" in the middle, and ribbons of caramel-and-
chocolate glaze. When Gundrum tasted it, he had nothing but
praise for its "cookie hedonics." But a number of the
team members were plainly unhappy with the choice. "It is not
bad," Chef J. said. "But not bad doesn't win in the food
business. There was nothing there that you couldn't walk into a
supermarket and see on the shelf. Any Pepperidge
Farm product is better than that. Any one."
It may have been a fine cookie. But, since no single person
played a central role in its creation, it didn't seem to
anyone to be a fine cookie.
The strength of the Dream Team--the fact that it had so many
smart people on it--was also its weakness: it had too
many smart people on it. Size provides expertise. But it also
creates friction, and one of the truths Project Delta
exposed is that we tend to overestimate the importance of
expertise and underestimate the problem of friction. Gary
Klein, a decision-making consultant, once examined this issue
in depth at a nuclear power plant in North Carolina. In
25. the nineteen-nineties, the power supply used to keep the reactor
cool malfunctioned. The plant had to shut down in a
hurry, and the shutdown went badly. So the managers brought in
Klein's consulting group to observe as they ran
through one of the crisis rehearsals mandated by federal
regulators. "The drill lasted four hours," David Klinger, the
lead consultant on the project, recalled. "It was in this big
operations room, and there were between eighty and
eighty-five people involved. We roamed around, and we set up a
video camera, because we wanted to make sense
of what was happening."
When the consultants asked people what was going on, though,
they couldn't get any satisfactory answers. "Each
person only knew a little piece of the puzzle, like the radiation
person knew where the radiation was, or the
maintenance person would say, 'I'm trying to get this valve
closed,' " Klinger said. "No one had the big picture. We
started to ask questions. We said, 'What is your mission?' And if
the person didn't have one, we said, 'Get out.' There
were just too many people. We ended up getting that team down
from eighty-five to thirty-five people, and the first
thing that happened was that the noise in the room was
dramatically reduced." The room was quiet and calm enough
so that people could easily find those they needed to talk to. "At
the very end, they had a big drill that the N.R.C. was
going to regulate. The regulators said it was one of their hardest
drills. And you know what? They aced it." Was the
plant's management team smarter with thirty-five people on it
than it was with eighty-five? Of course not, but the
expertise of those additional fifty people was more than
cancelled out by the extra confusion and noise they created.
The open-source movement has had the same problem. The
number of people involved can result in enormous
friction. The software theorist Joel Spolsky points out that
26. open-source software tends to have user interfaces that
are difficult for ordinary people to use: "With Microsoft
Windows, you right-click on a folder, and you're given the
option to share that folder over the Web. To do the same thing
with Apache, the open-source Web server, you've got
to track down a file that has a different name and is stored in a
different place on every system. Then you have to edit
it, and it has its own syntax and its own little programming
language, and there are lots of different comments, and
you edit it the first time and it doesn't work and then you edit it
the second time and it doesn't work."
Because there are so many individual voices involved in an
open-source project, no one can agree on the right way
to do things. And, because no one can agree, every possible
option is built into the software, thereby frustrating the
central goal of good design, which is, after all, to understand
what to leave out. Spolsky notes that almost all the
successful open-source products have been attempts to clone
some preexisting software program, like Microsoft's
Internet Explorer, or Unix. "One of the reasons open source
works well for Linux is that there isn't any real design
work to be undertaken," he says. "They were doing what we
would call chasing tail-lights." Open source was great for
a science project, in which the goals were clearly defined and
the technical hurdles easily identifiable. Had Project
Delta been a Cool Whip bakeoff, an exercise in chasing tail-
lights, the Dream Team would easily win. But if you want
to design a truly innovative software program--or a truly
innovative cookie--the costs of bigness can become
overwhelming.
In the frantic final weeks before the bakeoff, while the Dream
Team was trying to fix a problem with crumbling, and hit
on the idea of glazing the pecan on the face of the cookie, Dea
and Howell continued to make steady, incremental
27. improvements.
"These cookies were baked five days ago," Howell told
Gundrum, as he handed him a Ziploc bag. Dea was off
somewhere in the Midwest, meeting with clients, and Howell
looked apprehensive, stroking his goatee nervously as
he stood by Gundrum's desk. "We used wheat dextrin, which I
think gives us some crispiness advantages and some
shelf-stability advantages. We have a little more vanilla in this
round, which gives you that brown, rounding
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background note."
Gundrum nodded. "The vanilla is almost like a surrogate for
sugar," he said. "It potentiates the sweetness."
"Last time, the leavening system was baking soda and baking
powder," Howell went on. "I switched that to baking
soda and monocalcium phosphate. That helps them rise a little
bit better. And we baked them at a slightly higher
temperature for slightly longer, so that we drove off a little bit
more moisture."
"How close are you?" Gundrum asked.
"Very close," Howell replied.
Gundrum was lost in thought for a moment. "It looks very
wholesome. It looks like something you'd want to feed your
28. kids. It has very good aroma. I really like the texture. My guess
is that it eats very well with milk." He turned back to
Howell, suddenly solicitous. "Do you want some milk?"
Meanwhile, Barb Stuckey had a revelation. She was working on
a tortilla-chip project, and had bags of tortilla chips
all over her desk. "You have no idea how much engineering
goes into those things," she said, holding up a tortilla
chip. "It's greater than what it takes to build a bridge. It's
crazy." And one of the clever things about cheese tortilla
chips--particularly the low-fat versions--is how they go about
distracting the palate. "You know how you put a chip in
your mouth and the minute it hits your tongue it explodes with
flavor?" Stuckey said. "It's because it's got this topical
seasoning. It's got dried cheese powders and sugar and probably
M.S.G. and all that other stuff on the outside of the
chip."
Her idea was to apply that technique to strawberry cobbler--to
take large crystals of sugar, plate them with citric acid,
and dust the cookies with them. "The minute they reach your
tongue, you get this sweet-and-sour hit, and then you
crunch into the cookie and get the rest--the strawberry and the
oats," she said. The crystals threw off your taste buds.
You weren't focussed on the fact that there was half as much fat
in the cookie as there should be. Plus, the citric acid
brought a tangy flavor to the dried strawberries: suddenly they
felt fresh.
Batches of the new strawberry-cobbler prototype were ordered
up, with different formulations of the citric acid and the
crystals. A meeting was called in the trophy room. Anne
Cristofano brought two plastic bags filled with cookies.
Stuckey was there, as was a senior Mattson food technologist
named Karen Smithson, an outsider brought to the
meeting in an advisory role. Smithson, a former pastry chef,
29. was a little older than Stuckey and Cristofano, with an air
of self-possession. She broke the seal on the first bag, and took
a bite with her eyes half closed. The other two
watched intently.
"Umm," Smithson said, after the briefest of pauses. "That is
pretty darn good. And this is one of the healthy cookies?
I would not say, 'This is healthy.' I can't taste the trade-off."
She looked up at Stuckey. "How old are they?"
"Today," Stuckey replied.
"O.K. . . ." This was a complicating fact. Any cookie tastes
good on the day it's baked. The question was how it tasted
after baking and packaging and shipping and sitting in a
warehouse and on a supermarket shelf and finally in
someone's cupboard.
"What we're trying to do here is a shelf-stable cookie that will
last six months," Stuckey said. "I think we're better off if
we can make it crispy."
Smithson thought for a moment. "You can have either a crispy,
low-moisture cookie or a soft and chewy cookie," she
said. "But you can't get the outside crisp and the inside chewy.
We know that. The moisture will migrate. It will
equilibrate over time, so you end up with a cookie that's
consistent all the way through. Remember we did all that
work on Mrs. Fields? That's what we learned."
They talked for a bit, in technical terms, about various kinds of
sugars and starches. Smithson didn't think that the
stability issue was going to be a problem.
"Isn't it compelling, visually?" Stuckey blurted out, after a lull
in the conversation. And it was: the dried-strawberry
30. chunks broke though the surface of the cookie, and the tiny
citric-sugar crystals glinted in the light. "I just think you
get so much more bang for the buck when you put the seasoning
on the outside."
"Yet it's not weird," Smithson said, nodding. She picked up
another cookie. "The mouth feel is a combination of chewy
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and crunchy. With the flavors, you have the caramelized sugar,
the brown-sugar notes. You have a little bit of a chew
from the oats. You have a flavor from the strawberry, and it
helps to have a combination of the sugar alcohol and the
brown sugar. You know, sugars have different deliveries, and
sometimes you get some of the sweetness right off and
some of it continues on. You notice that a lot with the artificial
sweeteners. You get the sweetness that doesn't go
away, long after the other flavors are gone. With this one, the
sweetness is nice. The flavors come together at the
same time and fade at the same time, and then you have the
little bright after-hits from the fruit and the citric
crunchies, which are"--she paused, looking for the right word--
"brilliant."
The bakeoff took place in April. Mattson selected a
representative sample of nearly three hundred households from
around the country. Each was mailed bubble-wrapped packages
containing all three entrants. The vote was close but
unequivocal. Fourteen per cent of the households voted for the
XP oatmeal-chocolate-chip cookie. Forty-one per cent
31. voted for the Dream Team's oatmeal-caramel cookie. Forty-four
per cent voted for Team Stuckey's strawberry
cobbler.
The Project Delta postmortem was held at Chaya Brasserie, a
French-Asian fusion restaurant on the Embarcadero,
in San Francisco. It was just Gundrum and Steven Addis, from
the first Project Delta dinner, and their wives. Dan
Howell was immersed in a confidential project for a big food
conglomerate back East. Peter Dea was working with
Cargill on a wellness product. Carol Borba was in Chicago, at a
meeting of the Food Marketing Institute. Barb
Stuckey was helping Ringling Brothers rethink the food at its
concessions. "We've learned a lot about the circus,"
Gundrum said. Meanwhile, Addis's firm had created a logo and
a brand name for Project Delta. Mattson has offered
to license the winning cookie at no cost, as long as a percentage
of its sales goes to a charitable foundation that
Mattson has set up to feed the hungry. Someday soon, you
should be able to go into a supermarket and buy Team
Stuckey's strawberry-cobbler cookie.
"Which one would you have voted for?" Addis asked Gundrum.
"I have to say, they were all good in their own way," Gundrum
replied. It was like asking a mother which of her
children she liked best. "I thought Barb's cookie was a little too
sweet, and I wish the open-source cookie was a little
tighter, less crumbly. With XP, I think we would have done
better, but we had a wardrobe malfunction. They used too
much batter, overbaked it, and the cookie came out too hard and
thick."
In the end, it was not so much which cookie won that interested
him. It was who won--and why. Three people from his
own shop had beaten a Dream Team, and the decisive edge had
32. come not from the collective wisdom of a large
group but from one person's ability to make a lateral connection
between two previously unconnected objects--a
tortilla chip and a cookie. Was that just Barb being Barb? In
large part, yes. But it was hard to believe that one of the
Dream Team members would not have made the same kind of
leap had they been in an environment quiet enough to
allow them to think.
"Do you know what else we learned?" Gundrum said. He was
talking about a questionnaire given to the voters. "We
were looking at the open-ended questions--where all the
families who voted could tell us what they were thinking.
They all said the same thing--all of them." His eyes grew wide.
"They wanted better granola bars and breakfast bars.
I would not have expected that." He fell silent for a moment,
turning a granola bar over and around in his mind,
assembling and disassembling it piece by piece, as if it were a
model airplane. "I thought that they were pretty good,"
he said. "I mean, there are so many of them out there. But
apparently people want them better."
MALCOLM GLADWELL
Source Citation (MLA 8th Edition)
Gladwell, Malcolm. "THE BAKEOFF." The New Yorker, 5
Sept. 2005, p. 000. Academic ASAP,
http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A137759744/AIM?u=miam1
1506&sid=AIM&xid=d8ba2232. Accessed 25
Dec. 2017.
Gale Document Number: GALE|A137759744
http://go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.fiu.edu/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T
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