Why African American Mothers Use More Intense Discipline

RESEARCH PROPOSAL 7
Why Does African American Mothers Use More Intense
Disciplinary Practice Than African American Fathers?
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
i. Population and Sampling
The research is about African American parents and this means
that the main population targeted by the study is the African
American parents in the United States. According to U.S.
Census Bureau QuickFacts, (2019); by the end of 2017; the
country had a total of 41.4million African Americans. With over
10million African American parents in the United States, some
are single parents while others are married couples. It is evident
that the United States is a vast country which makes it
impossible to reach out to African American parents in different
states. For this study, the research will target the one state
recording the highest number of African American parents
which is Texas which has a total of 3,269,253 or (32%) of the
total state population.
The African Americans living in Texas are from different
African countries and this means they have different

backgrounds, beliefs, and attitudes towards children
disciplinary and hence would help to understand the difference
between a father and a mother disciplinary practice. The simple
random sampling technique will be applied where African
American parents in Texas will be randomly selected to take
part in the research study. According to Omair, (2014); simple
random sampling technique helps in eliminating biasness in a
research because all eligible participants have equal
opportunities.
For one to become a participant, he/she must provide reliable
evidence that he/she if an African American for instance an
identification card or passport. The participant must also prove
that he/she lives within the targeted region. The research will
target approximately 2000 participants where a 1000 will be
mothers whether single or married and the other 1000 fathers
both single and married. The selected participants will be taken
through a screening process to determine whether they
understand what parenting is all about focusing on the
disciplinary aspect of parenting and also their details would be
collected at this point. After the selection process is complete,
the participants to be taken through a briefing process of what
the research is all about, what is expected of them, and how the
research findings would be used. All these briefing will take
place in a research identified location that would be considered
as the research center all through the process.
ii. Instrumentation
To obtain data, interviews research assessment tool will be
applied. The assessment tool will help in measuring the
variables of interest in the study. This is through asking
questions and rephrasing it for the purpose of determining
whether the response given in the initial question corresponds
with the response in the second question. It is evident that since
Texas is a vast state, some participants might be located far
away. The assessment tool shall be used physically and through
online means for those who cannot manage to go to the research
identified center.

Interviews assessment instrument has been said to be reliable
due to the fact that it is flexible and allows the researcher to
phrase questions from the responses given by the participant.
Moreover, in the case the response is not clear, the researcher
has the option of rephrasing the question to test the credibility
of the participant without ignoring the fact that it allows the
researcher to get to see the participant and hence can also detect
facial expressions and other body languages that helps in telling
the real situation. Interview assessment is also valid because it
does not in any way violate the rights of the participant.
According to Davis, et al., (2017); interviews have been used
for the longest time as an effective research assessment
instrument. It has helped in obtaining information from
participants especially when making use of the qualitative
method of research. Researchers in the past have claimed that
interviews are demanding on the basis of time and finances but
they have proven to give accurate and reliable information. The
interview would help in yielding the nominal type of data which
is desired in this case to determine the reasons why African
mothers use more intense disciplinary practice as compared to
African American fathers.
In this research, the variable of interest is the disciplinary
practice where the main intention is to determine how African
American mothers do it and how the African American father
handles disciplinary practices. The interview assessment tool is
consistent with this variable in the sense that it will grant
participants form both genders the chance to express themselves
and gradually recording the reasons a practice that will lead to
the attainment of research objectives and response of all
research questions.
iii. Procedures
For the 2000 randomly selected participants, a single case study
design will be applied. Every participant will be granted his/her
time to be interviewed which means that by the end of the
research, the study will have 2000 different responses for every
question posed to the participant. Every case would be handled

independently to allow parents express themselves on how and
why they apply the disciplinary actions that they do, and which
disciplinary actions they believe is intense over the other. The
theory of independent mind by Gregory Mitchel supports the
selected study design and would also help in testing the
hypotheses. The theory claims that whenever people are
together, they tend to influence and manipulate each other to the
point of reducing the ability to think freely as compared to
when a person is engaged alone.
During data collection, there will be both independent and
dependent variables that will be tested. The independent
variable will the disciplinary practices and factors leading to
the manner in which disciplinary practices are carried out while
as the dependent variables will be African American parents.
The more reason is that the parents are compelled by an
independent force for them to react the way they do.
Data collection will commence immediately after all the
participants have been identified, their details collected, and all
the other requirements put in place. The process is expected to
take two to three months to have all the 2000 participants
interviewed and data collected through digital means. The main
control that will be used is time where every participant will be
granted a specific time to respond to the questions and in the
case of failure, only two other options would be granted to
avoid instances of delays. Controls would also be applied on
data collection and storage where only authorized individuals
would be involved and the participants would not be allowed to
get to know each other to avoid instances of informing each
other something that might hinder accurate information being
shared.
All these controls would help in eliminating data biasness’s or
application of unethical practices like sharing private and
confidential information shared by the participants. The
controls would help the research to remain in the right course
on the basis of time and other resources allocated thereby
making it possible for attainment of research goals and

objectives. Externally, the controls would help in avoiding
instances of inconveniences or betraying participants trust
leading to sharing of accurate information.
iv. Analysis
The completion of data collection will introduce data
analysis phase as this is the phase that the research will be able
to determine the real reasons why African American mothers are
known for applying intense disciplinary practices than African
American fathers. From the interview question responses,
nominal data will be generated where variables will be labeled
but the label does not have any quantitative value (Kim, 2015).
This is to mean that the generated data would be hard to
measure because the overall intention of the collected data is to
respond to a question that need specific reasons that cannot be
measured.
To test the validity and reliability of the collected
data, the Independent T-Test will be used which is a statistical
test that is used to test the difference that exists between the
same variable but from different populations (Kim, 2015). It is
a fact that in this case, the main focus in testing disciplinary
practices and why they differ in terms of intensity between
African American mothers and African American fathers. The
statistical test is easy to use and have potential of giving
reliable and accurate results. The more reason is that it is a
statistical test helps to tell about each group being investigated
in the research and by offering specific results, it would be easy
to respond to the research questions. Secondly, the target group
lives in the same US state which means that the parents are
likely to face similar challenges with their children triggering
the need for disciplinary action (Kim, 2015). The fact that all
parents are from the same race would hence make the testing
method highly effective and simple to understand the results of
the test.
As initially stated, the research hypotheses will include
maternal disciplinary practice is more intense than paternal
disciplinary practice in an Africa American community. The

null hypothesis for this research will include parental
disciplinary practices is more intense than maternal disciplinary
practices rationale (Ganeshpurkar et al., 2018). The results of
the analysis will be used to evaluate the hypotheses by
determining whether the information shared by the participants
supports the research hypotheses or the null hypotheses. If the
results of the analysis would not support the hypotheses, then
the claim would be found to be inapplicable but if the
hypotheses claim is supported by participants would hence be
backed up with reasons.
References
Davis, J., Roach, C., Elliott, C., Mardis, M., Justice, E. M., &
Riesenberg, L. A. (2017). Feedback and assessment tools for
handoffs: a systematic review. Journal of Graduate Medical
Education, 9(1), 18-32.
Ganeshpurkar, A., Maheshwari, R., Tekade, M., &
Tekade, R. K. (2018). Concepts of hypothesis testing and types
of errors. Dosage Form Design Parameters, 257-280.
doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814421-3.00007-5
Kim, T. K. (2015). T test as a parametric statistic. Korean
journal of anesthesiology, 68(6), 540.
Omair, A. (2014). Sample size estimation and sampling
techniques for selecting a representative sample. Journal of
Health specialties, 2(4), 142.
Appendix
Interview questions
Name -------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------

Area of residence ----------------------------------------- address --
------------------------------------
Telephone number -------------------------------------------------
email: ----------------------------
Gender ------------------------------------------------------------------
---
Number of children ---------------------------------------------------
----
Q1. What do you understand with child disciplinary practice?
Q2. As a parent, what do you understand with intense
disciplinary practice?
Q3. Do you think there is a single time you have applied it and
what could have led you apply it and if you have never what are
the reasons?
Q4. As a parent, who do you think should play the role of
disciplining the children or a child and why?
Q5. Culture and religion are said to help form a personality,
attitude, and reactions; do you believe that the two have
anything to do with child disciplinary measures that you take as
a parent and why?
Q6. There have been claims that African American mothers
make use of intense disciplinary practices than the African
American fathers. Do you support this claim and why?
Project Proposal: Writing Results and Discussion Option 2

Instructions
First, you will simulate (create your own data set based on your
hypothesis) your study by generating values associated with
your selected instrument and inputting the values into SPSS
(You can download a 14-day free trial version of SPSS here).
Remember, simulating data means creating a data set (or a set
of scores) based on how you think participants would answer
questions. (It is not real or actual data, but rather data you came
up with based on your hypothesis.) In the simulated results
section, researchers synthesize and share the simulated results
of their statistical analysis in current APA format (see the
“Commonly Used Statistical Tests – Correlation & Regression”
presentation in the Reading & Study folder of Module/Week7),
and explain and describe the statistical tests used to conduct the
analysis as well as a discussion of the results, the implications
for counseling, recommendations for further research, and
strengths and limitations.
Note: For help on how to do this, see the information in the
Case Scenario for the Data Analysis Assignment in
Module/Week 5––in that assignment, Kendyl simulated results
for her proposal and you may find that her process is helpful as
a guide for how to simulate a data set. You will also need to
watch the video tutorial, “How to Simulate Data” in the
Module/Week 7 Reading & Study folder.
After simulating your results and placing a screen capture of
them in your document, answer the following questions or
address the items below in your discussion (This section must
be no longer than 2 pages):
· What statistical test(s) are used?
· What is the rationale for using these statistical test(s)?
· Report the results in current APA format with all relevant
values and alpha levels.
· Indicate whether you rejected or failed to reject the null
hypothesis?
· Explain, how you concluded whether to reject or fail to reject
the null hypothesis?

· Discuss whether or not the findings were statistically
significant based on the statistical output from SPSS.
· Discuss the implications of the findings.
· Discuss how the findings will be relevant to the counseling
field.
· Identify both the strengths and limitations of the study.
· Identify recommendations for future research.
COUC 515
Project Proposal: Writing Results and Discussion Option 1
Instructions
Option 1:
This assignment includes 4 simulated research studies. A
summary is provided for each study that includes the problem,
purpose, research question, null hypothesis, study design, raw
data, method of analysis of the data, and the results. Address
the following questions for each of the 4 simulated research
studies in a well-developed paragraph that has a logical flow
using current APA format.
· What type of study design is used? Please explain.
· Does the study design accurately test the null hypothesis?
· Is the correct statistical test used to analyze the data? Why?
Why not?
· Regardless of whether or not the correct statistical test was
used, are the results statistically significant? Social science
research uses a p value of .05 to determine statistical
significance.
· Does the researcher reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?
· What are the implications of the results for the study and the
counseling field?
Simulated Research Study #1
Clients who enter residential treatment for substance abuse
demonstrate difficulties correctly identifying emotions in
themselves and others, regulating emotions, and using positive
coping skills to deal with their emotions. The purpose of the

study is to quantify the level of emotional understanding, as
well as other skills related to emotional intelligence among
substance abusers. Do substance abusers have a different level
of emotional understanding than the general population? The
researchers used a convenience sampling method to obtain a
sample of 40 substance abusers who have just entered
residential treatment. The participants completed the Mayer-
Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) to
measure their emotional intelligence. Note: the ability-based
model of emotional intelligence measures four branches: 1) the
ability to identify emotions in facial expressions, 2) the ability
to use emotional information to facilitate thoughts, 3) the
ability to understand emotions, and 4) the ability to regulate
emotions in the self and others. This assessment was selected to
provide information on emotional understanding and other
abilities under the umbrella of emotional intelligence. The mean
score on the MSCEIT for the population is 100. The null
hypothesis states there will be no difference between the scores
on the MSCEIT for substance abusers when compared to the
general population. A single sample t-test was used to analyze
the data. The total scores for participants on the MSCEIT are
below:
84.35
83.65
83.9
92.21
95.46
100.95
84.67
80.54
106.59
103.32
87.29

81.28
76.87
72.66
97.63
103.64
103.47
80.54
93.78
113.7
87.79
103.68
100.05
92.99
90.6
85.98
113.76
79.03
81.54
105.89
100.04
90.79
68.31
98.59
92.42
102.15
98.9
91.93
88.46
97.9
The output from of the single sample t-test is below. The results
are t(39) = -4.446, p = .000.

The Dean of a Master of Arts in Addictions Counseling
(MAAC) program wants to tailor curriculum to the types of
positions that graduates are likely to obtain after graduation.
The three areas of interest are residential treatment facilities,
community agencies, and private practice. The purpose of the
study is to determine if one of the job placement options is
more prevalent than the others. Are MAAC graduates more
likely to obtain employment in a residential treatment facility,
community agency, or private practice? The researcher surveyed
30 alumni who graduated from the MAAC program three years
ago requesting information on their place of employment. The
null hypothesis is there will be no difference in the frequency of
graduates who are employed in residential treatment facilities,
community agencies, and private practice. The researcher used a
Chi Square Goodness of Fit test to analyze the data.
The expected frequency for each category of employment is
33.3%. The raw data on frequencies is:
Residential Treatment Facility 8
Community Agency 12
Private Practice 10
The output of the analysis is below. The results are X2 (2, N =
30) = .80, p = .670.
Researchers and clinicians are concerned that the current
treatments being offered for alcohol dependence are not
resulting in a high enough percentage of successful outcomes. A
complicating factor is that many clients experience depression
during treatment for alcohol dependence. Mindfulness Therapy
has demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of depression. The
purpose of the study is to determine the efficacy of adding
Mindfulness Therapy to the standard treatment program. Will
the addition of Mindfulness Therapy for clients with alcohol
dependence improve the efficacy of treatment? The researchers

designed a study using a convenience sample of 40 participants
who have entered treatment for alcohol dependence. The
participants were randomly assigned to one of two treatment
groups, the standard treatment program or the standard
treatment program plus Mindfulness Therapy. Participants will
receive treatment for 16 weeks and then complete the Alcohol
Dependence Scale (ADS). The treatment groups are considered
equivalent at the beginning of the study based on random
assignment to groups. The null hypothesis states there will be
no difference in scores on the ADS between those who receive
the standard treatment program and those who receive the
standard treatment program plus Mindfulness Therapy. The
researcher used a paired or correlated groups t-test to analyze
the data. The scores on the ADS for the two treatment groups
are:
Standard Treatment
Standard Treatment & Mindfulness
14
18
7
12
11
17
10
9
13
17
14
21
8
14
10
11
15
16
7

12
8
12
8
4
3
10
15
9
14
18
13
10
6
9
7
16
13
12
18
14
The output from the analysis is below. The results are t(19) =
1.554, p = .137.
People who live in underserved remote areas do not have
adequate access to professional counseling services for alcohol
abuse. Improvements in internet access and video conferencing
technology may provide a means of delivering counseling
services to underserved remote areas. The purpose of this study
is to investigate the efficacy of a technology based delivery
system for counseling services. The researchers designed a
study with a sample of N = 40 participants who live in an
underserved remote area and who have entered counseling for
alcohol abuse. The participants will be randomly assigned to

one of two groups, face-to-face counseling or video conference
counseling. Both groups will use the same counseling model and
will have the same number of sessions over a three month
period. The difference between the groups will be how
counseling services are delivered. Participants will complete the
Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS) at the end of treatment. The
groups are considered equivalent at the beginning of the study
based on random assignment to groups. The null hypothesis
states there will be no difference in scores on the ADS between
face-to-face counseling and video conference counseling. The
researcher uses a between groups t-test to compare the post
treatment scores of the ADS for the two groups. The scores on
the ADS for the two treatment groups are:
Face-to-Face Counseling
Video Conference Counseling
5
8
14
12
10
9
5
11
8
7
13
4
7
11
15
13
9
10
8

6
10
7
5
6
13
12
9
7
4
8
13
14
9
7
5
9
10
13
11
8
The output from the analysis is below. The results are t(38) =
0.258, p = .798.
COUC 515
Proposal Paper: Writing Results and Discussion Overview
For this assignment, you will select 1 of the options below to
complete.
Option 1: You will review data from 4 different scenarios. The
data set is already generated for you, and the assignment
involves analyzing and answering questions regarding the 4 data
sets. A template will be provided. This section must be fewer
than 2 pages.
Option 2: You will use the information in your proposal paper
to simulate your results (created by estimating potential

participant responses and inputting them into SPSS). You will
use a trial version of SPSS and will then discuss your findings
in 1–2 pages.

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