The document outlines the major phases of quantitative and qualitative research processes. Quantitative research follows five linear phases: conceptual, design/planning, empirical, analytical, and dissemination. It involves formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing sampling and data collection methods, analyzing results, and communicating findings. Qualitative research proceeds in a more circular fashion, as the researcher examines data and adapts the study design based on discoveries. It is a flexible process where phases like literature review or design selection may occur at different points.

1. Research Process

2. Quantitative research
⚫ The major phases:
1. Conceptual phase
2. Design and planning phase
3. Empirical phase
4. The analytical phase
5. Dissemination phase

3. Cont…Quantitative
⚫ Phase 1: Conceptual phase
1. Formulating and delimiting the problem
2. Reviewing the literature
3. Defining the theoretical framework
4. Formulating the hypothesis

4. Cont…Quantitative
⚫ Design and planning phase
1. Selecting a research design
2. Identifying the population to be studies
3. Specifying methods to measure the
research variables
4. Designing the sampling plan
5. Finalizing & reviewing research plan

5. Cont…Quantitative
⚫ Empirical phase
1. Collecting data
2. Preparing the data for analysis

6. Cont…Quantitative
⚫ The analytical phase
⚫ Analyzing data
⚫ Interpreting the results

7. Cont…Quantitative
⚫ Dissemination phase
1. Communicating the findings
2. Utilizing the data

8. Qualitative research
⚫ Contrast to quantitative the research process
goes in a circle rather than a linear straight
line
⚫ The researcher continually examines and
interprets data and proceeds based on what
he discovers.
⚫ The researchers do not have a full
knowledge on how possibly the study will
flow

9. Qualitative research
⚫ For example, the researcher may not review
the literature until conducting a preliminary
analysis of the collected data
⚫ OR, may decide to select the design in the
middle of the study
⚫ WHY, BECAUSE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
IS FLEXIBLE