The document outlines the purposes and importance of hypotheses in research, emphasizing their role in bridging theory and reality, advancing knowledge, and providing direction for studies. It explains the components of a research study, including problem statements, literature reviews, and theoretical frameworks, while detailing the distinctions between independent and dependent variables. Various examples of hypotheses are provided to illustrate relationships, including both correlational and causal interpretations.

1. In short Hypothesis have following
purposes;
1.To provide a bridge between theory and
reality
2.To be powerful tools for the advancement
of knowledge because they enable the
researcher to objectively enter new areas
of discover;
3.To provide direction for any research
endeavor.

2. Hypothesis
Are formulated before the study is
conducted because they provide direction
for collection analysis, and interpretation
of data. Hence the hypothesis flows from
the problem statement, literature review,
theoretical framework.

3. Hypothesis
Theoretical
Framework
Literature Review
Problem Statement

4. Hypothesis – is a proposed explanation or
scientific question that can tested through
experimentation or observation.
Problem statement - defines the issue or
challenge that need to be addressed .
Literature Review - is a comprehensive survey
and analysis of existing scholarly publication
related to a specific topic or research question.

5. Theoretical Framework – Structure of ideas
and concepts that provides a lens through
which to understand and analyze a
research problem.

6. Examine the literature review and theoretical framework
Assess the primary purpose of the study and explicit or implied problem statement
Yes
Formulated
research questions
No
Formulated
Hypothesis
Is the primary purpose Exploratory,
descriptive or hypothesis-generated
Is the primarily purpose testing casual or
associative relationship
Yes No
Research or scientific
hypothesis
Statistical or null
hypothesis
Assess for
presence of IV and
DV a predictive
statement ,
testability
Directional
hypothesis
Nondirectional
hypothesis

7. Here are some possible hypotheses that could be applied to sample problem .
1. Does the relationship exist
between the educational history of
high school freshmen and their
achievement?
2. What possible effects could the
overseas employment of Filipino
parents have on the self- concepts
of their children?
3. Do television and comic strips
reinforce values taught in school?
1. The education history of
high school freshmen is
related to their
achievement.
2. The overseas
employment of Filipino
tends to give rise to low self-
concept on the part of their
children.
3.Television and comics tend
to reinforce values taught in
school.
hypotheses
Problem

8. Independent Variable – it is the factor that
manipulated or changed by the researcher. It is a
variable that is changed in order to observe its effect
on the dependent variable. It’s the “cause” in a
cause and effect relationship.
Dependent Variable – a dependent variable is the
variable that is observed, measured, or recorded
in response to change in independent variable .
It’s the “effect” in a cause and effect relationship.

9. Hypothesis 1
“ The educational History of high school
Freshmen is related to their achievement ”
Independent Variable :Education History of School
Freshmen
Dependent Variable : Achievement

10. Hypothesis 2
“The Overseas employment of Filipino parents tends to
give rise to low self- concepts on the part of their
Children”
Independent Variable – Overseas employment of
Filipino Parents
Dependend Variable -Children’s Self Concepts

11. Hypothesis 3
Television and comics tend to reinforce
values taught in school.
Independent Variable – Exposure to
television and comics
Dependent Variable - Values

12. Relationship :
this time, think in terms os symbols. Suppose A and B
were variables in a hypothesis that is “ A is related to
B” .it means that you would like to find out whether A
and B vary together, so that a change in A is
accompanied by a change in B and vise versa .
Hypotheses describing relationship between two
variables with respect to some uses are called
Relational Hypothesis( Cooper and Emory 1995 )

13. there are two interpretations of relational
hypothesis;
Correlational relationship – are merly the variables that
occur together in some specified manner without implying
that one causes the other.
Causal or explanatory relationship – are hypothesis reflecting to
hypotheses there implication that the existence of, a change in one
variable causes or leads to an effect on the other variable . The
causal variable also called independent variable and the effect is
the dependent variable . Cause means roughly to “ to help make
happen” this is independent variable need not be the sole reason
for the existence of, or change in the dependent variable.

14. in the given example, there are three possible
answer to the question:
1. Yes , as A increases , So does B;
This means that the value of variable A increases, the value of B is also increases
2. Yes, as A increases, B decreases;
This statement suggests a variable A and B . It means that the value of variable A
increases, the value of B decreases.
3. No, A and B are unrelated.
This response indicates that there is no correlation or relationship between variables
A and B.

15. The first case case defines a positive or direct relationship , it is exemplified by the following
hypothesis statements.
1. The more intelligent a person is, the more adaptable that person is to
new situations.
2. The more exposed one is to mass media, the higher is one’s degree of political
awareness.
3. The higher one’s degree of political awareness it, the more likely one axposes
himself to mass media.
4. As speed increases, distance traveled increases.
5. High mathematics achievement is accompanied by a high aptitude for mathematics.

16. The second case describes a negative or inverse relationship and is further exemplified by
the following:
1. The more dominant one’s parent are the lesser is one’s degree of independence .
2. The more intelligent one is, the lesser time he takes to comprehend concepts
3. Delinquency is less likely in homes that are more stable
4. As speed increases, travel time decreases.
5, the lower one’s self- concept is, the greater the likelihood of failure

17. THANK YOU AND GODBLESS!!