1. INTRODUCTION –Research
Research is the process of finding solutions to a problem
after a thorough study and analysis of the situational
factors.
Managers in organizations constantly engage themselves
in studying and analyzing issues and hence are involved
in some form of research activity as they make decisions
at the workplace.
2. Research and the Manager
Problems in Management: -
Employee attitudes and behaviors
Human resources management
Production operations management
Information systems
3. Probable reasons for absenteeism are :
Sickness
Accident and occupational diseases
Lack of Interest or a feeling of responsibility
Hardworking in most disagreeable places.
Physical fatigue due to increase average age.
Attitude of mind caused by environmental and sociological
factors
4. Research objectives
Research objectives are the outcomes that you aim to achieve
by conducting research.
Many research projects contain more than one research
objective. Creating strong research objectives can help your
organization achieve its overall goals.
The purpose of research objectives is to drive the research
project, including data collection, analysis and conclusions.
Research objectives also help you narrow in on the focus of
your research and key variables, guiding you through the
research process.
5. Research Objectives
Describe what research is and how it is defined .
Distinguish between applied and basic research, giving examples, and
discussing why they fall into one or the other of the two categories.
Explain why managers should know about research.
Discuss what managers should or should not do in order to interact most
effectively with researchers.
Identify and fully discuss specific situations in which a manager would be
better off using an internal research team, and when an external research
team would be more advisable, giving reasons for the decision.
6. Research objectives
It describe also what your research is trying to achieve and
explain why you are pursuing it.
They summarize the approach and purpose of your project
and help to focus your research.
Your objectives should appear in the introduction of your
research paper, at the end of your problem statement.
7. How to write research objectives
Pinpoint the major focus of your research : The first step to writing
your research objectives is to pinpoint the major focus of your research
project. In this step, make sure to clearly describe what you aim to
achieve through your research work.
Break down your research focus into research objectives : Once you
know the primary goal of your research project, you can break it down
into smaller steps and separate objectives. You can choose one general
objective and a few other specific, narrow objectives.
For example, your general objective could be, "Determine how work environment
affects performance." In this case, your specific objectives might be, "Determine
whether sunlight improves performance," and "Measure how performance
changes when work environment changes."
8. Tips for writing your research objectives
Be concise
Keep your number of objectives limited
Use action verbs : Assess ,Determine, Calculate, Compare ,Explain ,Describe
Be realistic : Make sure you can achieve them with the time and resources
you already have. Unrealistic objectives can make you feel overwhelmed and
discouraged, so it's important to create objectives that you can realistically
achieve.
Ask for feedback : You can also improve your research objectives by asking a
mentor or colleague to review your research objective drafts. This can help you
spot any errors you might have missed and make your objectives more
understandable to other people.
Proofread and review your objectives : It's also important to proofread
and review your objectives to make sure they're free of typos and other errors.
Check your spelling and grammar to ensure that your objectives appear
professional and perfectly accurate.
12. Types of Research
Research can be undertaken for two different purposes:
Applied Research Vs.
Basic Research or Fundamental Research
Applied research is used to solve a specific, practical problem of an individual
or group. This type of research is used in a wide number of fields, including
medicine, education, agriculture and technology. Such research is called
applied research.
The purpose of applied research is to know more about a certain real-world
problem and take steps to solve it. It focuses on the application of natural
science principles on practical difficulties as well as enhancing innovations.
Such studies are often associated with the fields of business, economics,
health, and politics. For instance, a company may hire an applied researcher
to look into the best way of hiring applicants and placing employees in
connection with the organization’s various positions.
13. Basic research to generate a body of knowledge about how to solve
problems that could be occurred in organizations. This is called basic
research or fundamental research.
Basic research is also known as fundamental or pure research since it
is mainly concerned with the improvement of scientific
knowledge. The purpose of basic research is simply to gather more
information to further understand existing phenomena specially in
the field of natural sciences. Its focus is on supporting as well as
challenging assumptions which aim to explain various phenomena.
14. Examples of Applied Research
Packages sales increased by 50-60 % from 2005 to 2014,
but the sales decreased by 20% in 2015. What is the
reason for this decrease?
The question is: what will Packages do about this
problem?
Types of Applied Research
Evaluation Research
Research & Development
Action Research
15. Examples of Basic Research
University professors engage in basic research in an effort to
understand and generate more knowledge about various
aspects of businesses, such as:
How to improve the effectiveness of information systems.
How to integrate technology into the overall strategic
objectives of an organization.
How to increase the productivity of the employees.
How to achieve the target production of the company .
How to increase the effectiveness of small businesses.
16. Distinction Between Applied and
Basic Research
Main distinction between applied and basic business
research is:
Basic research is meant to expand one’s current
knowledge while applied research is aiming to solve
particular life problems.
Basic research has a broader objective of generating
knowledge and understanding of phenomena and
problems that occur in various organizational settings.
Both types of research follow the same steps of systematic
inquiry to arrive at solutions to problems.
17. Distinction Between Applied and Basic Research
Nature
Basic research is more theoretical since it generally generates theories and
explores information which may not be presently applied. It is also focused on
improving current academic concepts. On the other hand, Applied research is
more practical and descriptive in nature as it seeks to alleviate current problems
in various fields and is mostly concerned with end-usage.
Scope
The scope of basic research is often universal as it may bae applied to diverse
concepts. However, applied research is largely particular as it is focused on very
specific topics which seek to answer certain problems.
Future
While basic research aims to predict future phenomena, applied research seeks to
prevent predicted problems or come with solutions for future challenges. The
former deals with knowing what could happen while the latter goes beyond by
coming up with probable actions.
21. Descriptive Vs. Analytical Research
It includes survey and fact finding enquiries of different kinds. The major
purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists
at present.
The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control
over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is going on.
In analytical research, on the other hand, the researcher has to
use facts or information already available, and analyze these to
make a critical evaluation of the material
In this type of research, all kinds of survey method are utilized
including comparative and co- relational method. The researcher
has to use facts and information which are available and after
collecting these data the researcher can analyze and make a
critical evaluation on the materials in the method of analytical
research.
22. Qualitative Vs. Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to
gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and
motivations.
Qualitative research does not give statistically robust findings. If
you want to get inside your customers’ minds you need to do
qualitative research. Face-to-face interviews and focus groups can
provide valuable insights into your products, your market and your
customers.
Qualitative data collection methods vary using unstructured or
semi-structured techniques. Some common methods include
focus groups (group discussions), individual interviews, and
participation/observations. The sample size is typically small, and
respondents are selected to fulfill a given quota.
23. Quantitative Research
Quantitative Research is used to quantify the problem by way of
generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into usable
statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other
defined variables and generalize results from a larger sample
population.
Quantitative Research uses measurable data to formulate facts and
uncover patterns in research. Quantitative data collection methods are
much more structured than Qualitative data collection methods.
Quantitative data collection methods include various forms of surveys –
online surveys, Paper Survey , mobile surveys and surveys, face-to-face
interviews, telephone interviews, longitudinal studies, website
interceptors, online polls, and systematic observations.
24. Quantitative data represents data that can easily be measured or
quantified, such as the number of people who have bought a product.
Qualitative data represent opinions or feelings and cannot be
represented by a numerical statistic such as an average.
For example:
if a survey asked 500 respondents the question “Did you buy ice cream
today?”, and 300 responded ‘yes’ while 200 responded ‘no’, we would
know that 300/500 or 60% bought milk, a quantitative fact.
If the same survey asked an open-ended follow-up question: “Why did
you choose the brand of ice cream you bought?” you would receive
qualitative insights that are unique to each respondent. One person may
say, ‘I liked the packaging and label colors’ while another may state, ‘It
was the first one I saw on the shelf.’ These descriptive insights cannot
easily be quantified into numbers, so they are qualitative.
25.
26. Conceptual Vs. Empirical Research
It is generally used by the philosophers and thinkers to
develop new concepts or to reinterpret the existing one.
On the contrary, empirical research relies on experience or
observation alone, often without due regard for system
and theory. It is a data-based research, coming up with
conclusion which is capable of being verified by
observation or experiment. We can also call it the
experimental type of research. It is an appropriate method,
when proof is sought that certain variables affect other
variables in some way.
27.
28. Advantages of Business
research
Business research helps identify opportunities and threats.
It helps identify problems and using this information wise
decisions can be made to tackle the issue appropriately.
It helps to understand customers better and hence can be
useful to communicate better with the customers or
stakeholders.
Risks and uncertainties can be minimized by conducting
business research in advance.
Financial outcomes and investments that will be needed can
be planned effectively using business research.
29. Advantages of Business
research
Such a research can help track competition in the
business sector.
Business research can enable a company to make wise
decisions as to where to spend and how much.
Business research can enable a company to stay up-to
date with the market and its trends and appropriate
innovations can be made to stay ahead in the game.
Business research helps to measure reputation.
30. Disadvantages of Business
research
Business research can be a high cost affair.
Most of the time, business research is based on
assumptions.
Business research can be time consuming.
Business research can sometime give you inaccurate
information, because of a biased population or a small
focus group.
Business research results can quickly become obsolete
because of the fast changing markets.
31. Research Process
The research process involves identifying, locating, assessing,
and analyzing the information you need to support your
research question, and then developing and expressing your
ideas. These are the same skills you need any time you write
a report, proposal, or put together a presentation.
The process of gathering information for the purpose of
initiating, modifying or terminating a particular investment or
group of investments.
32. 7 STEPS OF RESEARCH PROCESS
Step One: Define research problem
Step Two: Review of literature
Step Three: Formulate hypotheses
Step Four: Preparing the research design
Step Five: Data collection
Step Six: Data analysis
Step Seven: Interpretation and report writing
36. Step One: Define Research Problem
There are two types of research problem, viz., those
Relate to states of nature
Relationship between variables.
Essentially two steps are involved in define research problem,
viz.,
Understanding the problem thoroughly and
Rephrasing the same into meaningful terms from an point of
view.
37. A research problem is a perceived difficulty, a feeling of
discomfort, or a discrepancy between the common belief
and reality.
As noted by Fisher et al. (1993), a problem will qualify
as a potential research problem when the following
three conditions exist:
1. There should be a perceived discrepancy between “what it is” and
“what it should have been.” This implies that there should be a
difference between “what exists” and the “ideal or planned situation”.
2. A question about “why” the discrepancy exists. This implies that the
reason(s) for this discrepancy is unclear to the researcher (so that it
makes sense to develop a research question); and
3. There should be at least two possible answers or solutions to the
questions or problems.
38. Once we have chosen a research problem, a few more related steps
are required to be followed before a decision is taken to undertake a
research study.
These include, among others, the following:
Statement of the problem.
Justifying the problem.
Analyzing the problem.
Statement of the Problem
A clear and well-defined statement of the problem is considered as the
foundation for the development of the research proposal.
It enables the researcher to systematically point out why the proposed research
on the problem should be undertaken and what he hopes to achieve with the
findings of the study.
A well-defined statement of the problem will lead the researcher to formulate the
research objectives, to understand the background of the study, and to choose a
proper research methodology.
39. Justifying the Problem
Once the problem situation has been identified and clearly stated, it is
important to justify the importance of the problem.
In justifying the problems, we ask such questions as to why the problem
of the study is important, how large and widespread is the problem, can
others be convinced about the importance of the problem and the like.
Answers to the above questions should be reviewed and presented in
one or two paragraphs that justify the importance of the problem.
40. Analyzing the Problem
As a first step of analyzing the problem, critical attention
should be given to accommodate the viewpoints of the
managers, users, and the researchers to the problem
through threadbare discussions.
The next step is to identify the factors that may have
contributed to the perceived problems.
41. Other Issues of Problem Identification
To identifying, defining, and analyzing a problem, there are several
ways of obtaining insights and getting a clearer idea about these
issues.
Exploratory research is one of the ways of accomplishing this. The purpose of
the exploratory research process is to progressively narrow the scope of the
topic and to transform the undefined problems into defined ones,
incorporating specific research objectives.
Pilot survey
Case studies
Focus group interview and
Experience survey
42. Pilot Survey
A pilot survey collects proxy data from the ultimate subjects of the study
to serve as a guide for the large study. A pilot study generates primary
data, usually for qualitative analysis.
Case Studies
Case studies are quite helpful in the diagnosis of a problem and paving the
way to defining the problem.
Case studies intensively investigate one or a few situations identical to the
researcher’s problem situation.
Focus Group Interviews
Focus group interviews, an unstructured free-flowing interview with
a small group of people, may also be conducted to understand and
define a research problem.
Experience Survey
Experience survey is another strategy to deal with the problem of
identifying and defining the research problem. It is an exploratory
research endeavor, in which individuals who are knowledgeable and
experienced about a particular research problem are intimately
consulted in an attempt to understand the problem.
43. Step Two: Review of Literature
Once the problem is define, a brief summary of it should
be written down. It is compulsory for a research worker
writing a thesis for a Ph.D. degree and PG project work to
write a synopsis of topic and submit it to necessary
committee or the research board for approval.
For this purpose the abstracting and indexing journal and
publish or unpublished bibliographies are the first place to
go to academic journals, conference proceedings
,government report, books etc. must be tapped depending
on the nature of the problem .
44. Literature Review
A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an
overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods,
and gaps in the existing research.
There are five key steps to writing a literature review:
Search for relevant literature
Evaluate sources
Identify themes, debates, and gaps
Outline the structure
Write your literature review
A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes,
and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the
subject.
45. What is the purpose of a literature review?
When you write a thesis, dissertation, or research paper, you will likely have
to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing
knowledge.
The literature review gives you a chance to:
Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context
Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
Position your work in relation to other researchers and theorists
Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge
of the scholarly debates around your topic.
47. Sl
No
Tag Title Author, Year Gist Linkage to the Study
1 Journal
Article
Indian Higher Education: Issues
and Opportunities, Journal of
Critical Reviews, 7(2), 542-545
Saravanakumar, A.,
R., and Devi, K., R., P.,
(2020)
Indian higher education system is finding it
difficult to meet the need of unplanned social
and economic expansion of the nation and
uneven growth as a result of that the no of
educated unemployed population is
increasing. Commercialization of education,
limited creativity and teacher burnout are
adding to the problem, therefore the existing
higher education needs over oiling and
Improvement.
The impact of population
growth and unplanned
economic expansion has
impacted the status of higher
education in India
2 Journal
Article
Higher Education System in India:
Challenges and Opportunities,
International Journal of Scientific
& Technology Research, 8(12),
2213-2217
Srimathi, H., &
Krishnamoorthy A.,
(2019),
India is growing rapidly and its contribution in
nation building cannot be undermined. The
recent government initiatives has improved
and accelerated the growth of nation,
however the higher education standards
should be comparable to the international
standards so as to capture a major share in
the global workforce. Higher education
infrastructure and network is important for
socio economic development of the nation.
The need of inter-
comparison of the Indian
higher education with
International standards and
emergence of higher
education infrastructure has
defined the status of higher
education in India
3 Journal
Article
Latest Trends in Higher Education
in India: A Study, Addaiyan Journal
of Arts, Humanities and Social
Sciences, 1(1), 61-68
Kakati, M., (2018), Indian higher education system should
become more vibrant ad adopt standard
benchmarking for overall improvement in
terms of teaching- learning, delivery –
instruction and administrative related task
and it should be treated as the first priority of
government toward nation
The need of international
benchmarking in education
and education as priority of
government highlights the
current status of education
in India
- Literature review of the article on higher education in
India: Present status
48. Ex: Leading Variables Effective
Management of Technology
48
Sl.No. Effecting mgmt. of Technology Lit. support lead by Authors’/ Practitioners’
1 Planning for Technology Steele, 1989;
2 Selection of Foreign Technology Khalil,2009
3 Selection of Indigenous Technology Khalil,2010
4 Technological Skills Christina Beach, 2009;
5 Financial Feasibility Betz, Fredrick (1987).
6 Cost and Benefit Analysis Boskin, M. J. 1992
7 Real time Technological Advancement Mehta , 2002;
8 Managing HEMM Technology Ghatak, 2009;
9 Supply chain issues Monika Maria (2014).
10 Waste reduction by applying new technology Allan C. Wexler,2013
11 Real time transfer of technological change Moustafa, 1990;
12 Socio-Economic issue on new Technology Stewart, 1987;
13 Maintenance of overall Equipments Watson, 1968;
14 Continuous Monitoring of Quality Sevim & Lei, 1998
15 Proper Utilization of Machines Bancroft, 1992
16 Real time Training for Technical up-gradation Edwin B.Flippo,1980
17 Safety needs for continuous technology J. Ritson, 1983
18 Top Level of Mgmt. for adoption of new technology
Tarek Khalil, 2010, Pal et. al., 2009
19 Middle Level of Mgmt. for adoption of new technology
Tarek Khalil, 2010, Koontz, 2008
20 Policy Implication Ghatak, 2002
21 Technological barrier due to Land Acquisition Saxena, 1996
22 Technological Effect on Environment Singh, Gurdeep, 2005
23 Proper Management Of Manpower Chhipa et al,. 1999
24 Market Feasibility Berman, E. M,1992
49. EX: Service Quality
Service quality can be defined as the difference between a customer’s
expectations of service performance prior to the service encounter, and their
perceptions of the service after it is received (Asubonteng et al., 1996).
According to Gefen(2000) “ It subjective comparison that customers make
between the quality of the service that they want to receive and what they
actually get.”
Service quality is recognized as a major factor responsible for gaining
competitive advantage and maintaining satisfactory relationships with
customers (Zeithaml and Bitner, 2000).
Quality of service has a positive effect on the bottom-line performance of a
firm, which extends to the competitive advantages gained from improved
quality. This is why the perceived service exceeds the service level desired by
customers (Chumpitaz and Paparoidamis, 2004).
Sudesh (2007) reported that the poor service quality in public sector banks is
mainly due to deficiency in tangibility, as well as a lack of responsiveness and
empathy.
50. Oliver has developed a model in 1993 to explain the relationship between service
quality and customer satisfaction.
He states that service quality is developed by comparing performance perceptions
and ideals related to dimensions of quality, satisfaction Contradicts with
expectations that are predictive regarding both non quality dimensions and quality
dimensions. Oliver’s model is later tested by Spreng and Mackoy (1996).
Customer Satisfaction with Service Quality Model
51. So a proposed model is developed by considering Spreng and Mackoy (1996),
McDougall & Levesque (2000) as well as Parasuraman et al., (1985), models to
explain the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction that
ultimately affect the repurchase intensions and results in more revenue for the
service firms.
Source - Adopted by [Parasuraman et al.(1985); Spreng and Mackoy (1996); McDougall & Levesque
(2000) ]
52. EX: Conceptual Gap Model in Service Quality
The model shows the five major satisfaction gaps that organizations must
address when seeking to meet customer expectations. The model was first
proposed by A. Parasuraman, Valarie Zeithaml, and Leonard L. Berry in 1985.
If the customer perceives that the service meets their expectations then they
will be satisfied. If not, they’ll be dissatisfied. If they are dissatisfied then it
will be because of one of the five customer service “gaps” shown below.
53.
54. SL. No. Gap Model Description
Gap 1 :
The Knowledge Gap
(Close this gap by learning
what customers expect.)
Using customer research.
Increasing interactions between management and customers.
Increasing interactions between management and service staff.
Act on other customer insights you receive once validated.
Gap 2: The Policy Gap
(Close this gap by creating
the right service quality
standards.)
Ensure a good proportion of senior management remuneration
is aligned to service quality.
Set, communicate and reinforce quality standards.
Set measurable service quality goals.
Train managers to be service quality leaders.
Update policies regularly.
Reward staff for the achievement of quality goals.
Gap 3:
The Delivery Gap
(Close this gap by ensuring
that performance meets
set standards.)
Train employees.
Empower employees.
Provide the right technology, tools, and equipment.
Focus on inter marketing
Take steps to retain high-performing employees.
Gap 4:
The Communication Gap
(Close this gap by ensuring
the product or service
delivered matches and
promises made.)
Getting employee input to your advertising campaigns.
Use reality advertising by using real customers, real reviews, and real
employees etc.
Ensure advertising campaigns are signed off by the operations team.
Manage customer expectations realistically.
Gap 5:
The Customer Gap The customer gap is the difference between customer expectations and customer
perceptions. This gap occurs because customers do not always understand what
the service has done for them or they misinterpret the service quality.
Justification of GAP Model
57. Step Three: Formulate Hypothesis
Formulate hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to draw
out and test its logical or empirical consequences. Hypothesis should
be very specific and limited to the piece of research in hand because it
has to be tested.
The role of the hypothesis is to guide the researcher by delimiting the
area of research and to keep him on the right track.
A research hypothesis is quite often a predictive statement, which is
capable of being tested using scientific methods that involve an
independent and some dependent variables.
Symbol of Hypothesis
H0- Null Hypothesis
H1- Alternative Hypothesis
58. A hypothesis should have the following characteristic features: -
• A hypothesis must be precise and clear. If it is not precise and clear, then the
inferences drawn on its basis would not be reliable.
• A hypothesis must be capable of being put to test. Quite often, the research
programmes fail owing to its incapability of being subject to testing for
validity. Therefore, some prior study may be conducted by the researcher in
order to make a hypothesis testable. A hypothesis “is tested if other
deductions can be made from it, which in turn can be confirmed or disproved
by observation”
• A hypothesis must state relationship between two variables, in the case of
relational hypotheses.
• A hypothesis must be specific and limited in scope. This is because a simpler
hypothesis generally would be easier to test for the researcher. And
therefore, he/she must formulate such hypotheses.
• As far as possible, a hypothesis must be stated in the simplest language, so as
to make it understood by all concerned. However, it should be noted that
simplicity of a hypothesis is not related to its significance.
Characteristics Of
Hypothesis
59. Step Four: Preparing the Research Design
It's now time to design your research plan. Before you begin your
research, you'll need to consider the type of research you'll undertake,
i.e., qualitative or quantitative, and whether you'll create new research
(primary) or conduct research by analyzing the research of others
(secondary). You must also decide what types of sources you might use.
The function of research design is to provide for the collection of
relevant evidence with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money.
Research purpose may be grouped into four catégories, viz., (1)
Exploration, (2) Description,(3) Diagnosis, and (4) Experimentation.
60. Regardless of the type of research you conduct, you'll need to ensure your research
is carried out ethically. Here are some considerations you should take into account:
• Consent: If you involve participants in your research (such as conducting an
interview or observation), you'll need their consent to participate in your study.
You must also ensure their identifying information is kept confidential.
• Intent: You must make the intent of your research clear. Participants should
have the chance to make informed decisions about their input, and readers of
your research should not be misled about its purpose.
• Relevance: Your research methods should be necessary and relevant. There is
no point wasting time and resources conducting research that does not further
your study.
• Bias: When researching, you should remain impartial and should look for
secondary resources that are impartial too. Using materials that are biased can
lead to skewed results and unsubstantiated arguments.
• Referencing: ALWAYS reference your research to avoid plagiarism and give
proper credit to the original writers of your secondary sources. You should use
the proper in-text citations and should include a bibliography or reference list at
the end of your paper.
Ethical Considerations of Research
61. • Firstly, you must collect secondary research data by conducting your
own research based on primary and secondary sources that already
exist. These existing sources could include journal articles, news articles,
textbooks, and literary works.
• In some cases, your data collection may end here, and you could move
on to interpreting your findings. However, you may need to conduct
primary research as well.
• Your primary research could include conducting Surveys, interviews, or
questionnaires, among other qualitative and quantitative research
methods. When conducting primary research, you must remain ethical
and keep clear records of your data for analysis.
The data collection process can be split into two sub-categories.
Step Five: Data Collection
62. Step Five: Data Collection
Primary data can be collected through:
By Observation
Through personal interview
Through telephone interview
By mailing of questionnaire's
63. • The researcher finally has data to analyze so that the research question
can be answered. In the instrumentation plan, the researcher specified
how the data will be analyzed. The researcher now analyzes the data
according to the plan.
• The results of this analysis are then reviewed and summarized in a manner
directly related to the research questions. In the obesity study, the
researcher compares the measurements of weight, percentage of body
fat, and cholesterol that were taken at the first meeting of the subjects to
the measurements of the same variables at the final program session.
• These two sets of data will be analyzed to determine if there was a
difference between the first measurement and the second measurement
for each individual in the program. Then, the data will be analyzed to
determine if the differences are statistically significant. If the differences
are statistically significant, the study validates the theory that was the
focus of the study.
Step Six: Data Analysis
64. Step Six: Data Analysis
The analysis of data requires a number of closely related
operations such as establishment of categories.
This stage mainly include :
Coding
Editing
Tabulation
65. Step Seven: Interpretation and Report Writing
Researcher has to prepare the report of what has been done by him.
Writing of report includes:
The preliminary pages
The main text, and
The end matter.
The final step of the research process outline is to report the research findings.
Describe the significance of the research study. Work out how do they relate to the
previous research findings. Usually, the research report published as a journal
article or book. This is the last stage in terms of the individual research project.
Mostly, a research report discusses questions that remained unanswered & suggest
further research in the future in general. This also signifies how do you write your
research paper. You must write your research findings in a proper way.
