The document outlines an upcoming training workshop on research methodology hosted by MGM Allied Health Sciences Institute from March 8-13, 2021. It provides details on the workshop such as the patron, coordinator, and convener. It then discusses MGHSI's vision, mission, and strategies. The rest of the document focuses on various topics that will be covered in the workshop, including literature review, primary and secondary sources, identifying related literature, and electronic databases.
1. The document provides guidelines for critiquing a research paper, outlining major sections to evaluate such as the problem statement, literature review, hypotheses, sample, research design, instruments, data analysis, and conclusions.
2. Key areas to assess include whether the relationships between variables are clearly defined, the sample and design are appropriate, reliability and validity of instruments is reported, and statistical analysis and conclusions follow from the study design and results.
3. The guidelines are intended to help critically evaluate how well a research paper is designed and conducted.
The document outlines the 8 key elements that should be included in a research proposal:
1) Background of the study which establishes the context and area of research.
2) Statement of the problem which describes the research question or problem being addressed.
3) Objectives which state what the research aims to accomplish.
4) Significance which explains why the research is important.
5) Limitations which specify the boundaries and scope of the research.
6) Definition of terms which explains key concepts.
7) Literature review which shows awareness of previous related work.
8) Methodology which describes the data, procedures, and justification of methods.
This document provides guidance on writing a health research proposal. It discusses key components such as the problem statement, objectives, methodology, variables, study design, data collection procedures, and ethics. A well-written proposal clearly explains the research question and plan to answer it. The methodology section should provide operational definitions of variables and detail how the study will be conducted and data analyzed. Considering ethics is important when researching human subjects. Overall, a strong proposal demonstrates the value and feasibility of the proposed research.
This document provides an overview of scientific writing and research proposals. It discusses types of scientific publications such as journal articles, books, and conference posters. It emphasizes using clear, precise language and proper structure for scientific papers, including titles, introductions, methods, results, and references sections. The document also outlines the key elements of a good research proposal, such as stating the problem, reviewing previous literature, describing the methodology, presenting a timeline and budget, and listing references. Researchers are advised to write proposals that are coherent, informative, and clearly structured to convince readers of the significance and merit of the proposed research.
This document provides instructions for writing an effective research proposal in 14 sections:
1. The title should attract the reader's interest while being precise and descriptive.
2. The abstract should be 1 page summarizing the background, aims, methods, results, and conclusions.
3. The introduction states the research problem, rationale, questions, and delimitations.
4. The background information identifies the problem, economic importance, and research location.
5. The literature review ensures the research is novel, demonstrates knowledge, and convinces the reader of its significance.
6. The methods section outlines the research design, experiments, data collection, and statistical analysis.
7. The results section outlines expected findings even though
Lecture-1 Epistomology and Scientific methods of InqueryShankor Paul
This document summarizes a lecture on epistemology and scientific methods of inquiry. The lecture covered key concepts in epistemology like rationalism, empiricism, inductive and deductive reasoning. It defined science as a way of understanding the unknown through organized evidence and exploration. The scientific method was discussed as a process involving asking questions, forming hypotheses, experimentation, analysis and conclusions. Limitations of scientific knowledge like its empirical basis and inability to make value judgments were also noted.
1. The document provides guidelines for critiquing a research paper, outlining major sections to evaluate such as the problem statement, literature review, hypotheses, sample, research design, instruments, data analysis, and conclusions.
2. Key areas to assess include whether the relationships between variables are clearly defined, the sample and design are appropriate, reliability and validity of instruments is reported, and statistical analysis and conclusions follow from the study design and results.
3. The guidelines are intended to help critically evaluate how well a research paper is designed and conducted.
The document outlines the 8 key elements that should be included in a research proposal:
1) Background of the study which establishes the context and area of research.
2) Statement of the problem which describes the research question or problem being addressed.
3) Objectives which state what the research aims to accomplish.
4) Significance which explains why the research is important.
5) Limitations which specify the boundaries and scope of the research.
6) Definition of terms which explains key concepts.
7) Literature review which shows awareness of previous related work.
8) Methodology which describes the data, procedures, and justification of methods.
This document provides guidance on writing a health research proposal. It discusses key components such as the problem statement, objectives, methodology, variables, study design, data collection procedures, and ethics. A well-written proposal clearly explains the research question and plan to answer it. The methodology section should provide operational definitions of variables and detail how the study will be conducted and data analyzed. Considering ethics is important when researching human subjects. Overall, a strong proposal demonstrates the value and feasibility of the proposed research.
This document provides an overview of scientific writing and research proposals. It discusses types of scientific publications such as journal articles, books, and conference posters. It emphasizes using clear, precise language and proper structure for scientific papers, including titles, introductions, methods, results, and references sections. The document also outlines the key elements of a good research proposal, such as stating the problem, reviewing previous literature, describing the methodology, presenting a timeline and budget, and listing references. Researchers are advised to write proposals that are coherent, informative, and clearly structured to convince readers of the significance and merit of the proposed research.
This document provides instructions for writing an effective research proposal in 14 sections:
1. The title should attract the reader's interest while being precise and descriptive.
2. The abstract should be 1 page summarizing the background, aims, methods, results, and conclusions.
3. The introduction states the research problem, rationale, questions, and delimitations.
4. The background information identifies the problem, economic importance, and research location.
5. The literature review ensures the research is novel, demonstrates knowledge, and convinces the reader of its significance.
6. The methods section outlines the research design, experiments, data collection, and statistical analysis.
7. The results section outlines expected findings even though
Lecture-1 Epistomology and Scientific methods of InqueryShankor Paul
This document summarizes a lecture on epistemology and scientific methods of inquiry. The lecture covered key concepts in epistemology like rationalism, empiricism, inductive and deductive reasoning. It defined science as a way of understanding the unknown through organized evidence and exploration. The scientific method was discussed as a process involving asking questions, forming hypotheses, experimentation, analysis and conclusions. Limitations of scientific knowledge like its empirical basis and inability to make value judgments were also noted.
This document discusses the principles of scientific research. It defines research as a detailed study to discover new information or reach a new understanding. It describes the key components of a research proposal, including the purpose, aims, methods, timeline and budget. It outlines the steps of the scientific method as developing a question, formulating a hypothesis, and designing experiments to test the hypothesis. The document also discusses how to write a research thesis, including sections for the abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion and references. It emphasizes statistical analysis of results and the roles of the supervisor in advising the researcher.
This document provides guidance for starting PhD research, focusing on reviewing previous related studies and developing the research proposal. It outlines frameworks for reviewing related literature (REST) and developing the research proposal (REQUEST). The REST framework involves searching for, downloading, reviewing, summarizing, and thematizing previous related studies based on 9 components. The REQUEST framework involves developing the research questions, sample, data collection methods, data analysis techniques, and relevant theories. The document advises PhD students to begin their research by using the REST framework to thoroughly review previous related studies in order to inform the statement of the problem and research questions for the proposal in line with the REQUEST framework.
To know different types of research methods
To identify different parts of a research report
To Identifying research questions
To know Web-based searches
This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal for health research. It outlines 12 chapters covering key aspects of developing a proposal such as formulating the research problem, reviewing relevant literature, developing objectives and hypotheses, describing the research methodology and implementation plan, preparing a budget, and including appendices and a title page with abstract. The purpose of a research proposal is to communicate the topic of interest and demonstrate the researcher's ability to identify an interesting research question to potential supervisors and donors to obtain approval and support for the study.
This document outlines the key steps in the research methodology process. It defines research as a systematic effort to gain new knowledge. The main steps include: reviewing existing literature, identifying problems, setting objectives and hypotheses, planning the methodology, executing the research, analyzing data, drawing inferences, and disseminating findings. It also discusses defining the research problem precisely, formulating objectives, conducting a literature review to learn from past studies, and concluding the research by summarizing the findings and their significance.
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review, including selecting research questions, choosing relevant sources and search terms, running searches in bibliographic databases, and screening results. Key steps include breaking the research question into concepts, identifying subject headings and text words for each, running searches and combining results, and applying practical and methodological screening criteria to identify the most useful studies. The goal is to synthesize current knowledge on the topic to support new research.
The document provides guidance on writing an effective research proposal in 3 sentences or less:
The research proposal outlines the key components of a study such as the introduction, problem statement, objectives, literature review, methodology, and limitations. It establishes the purpose and justification of the research and provides a plan for conducting the study. An effective proposal clearly defines the research problem, questions, variables, methodology, and intended outcomes of the study.
This document outlines the contents and structure of a research report. It discusses that a research report is a detailed account of a disciplined study conducted to solve problems or reveal new knowledge. The key sections of a research report include an introduction stating the purpose and significance of the study, a literature review, methodology, data interpretation, conclusions and suggestions, bibliography, and appendices. Characteristics of a good report are that it is attractive, has a clear topic, uses balanced language, avoids repetition, and describes difficulties and shortcomings. The methodology section explains how primary and secondary data was collected and analyzed.
Lecture-2 Scientific Research and Research MethodsShankor Paul
The document provides an outline for a lecture on scientific research and research methods. It defines scientific research as a rigorous process of testing theories through objective methods and findings. It discusses key principles of scientific research including asking empirical questions, linking to relevant theory, using appropriate research designs and methods, providing a replicable chain of reasoning, and publicly reporting results. It also covers common conceptions of scientific research, the scientific method involving observation, hypothesis, testing, and predictions. Finally, it discusses research methodology, quantitative and qualitative methods, and factors that influence method choice.
This document provides guidance on identifying research gaps for a PhD dissertation literature review. It defines a research gap as an unexplored area that has potential for further study. It recommends identifying a motivating research question, reviewing literature keywords, and analyzing what issues have not been sufficiently addressed. Methods to find gaps include checking journal websites, using digital tools to analyze popular topics, and noting questions that arise while reading literature. Studying questions in-depth and discussing them with advisors can help prevent duplicating existing work and find gaps suitable for an original dissertation topic. Maintaining records of questions and gaps found is also suggested. The document stresses the importance of selecting a gap that genuinely interests the researcher and can be feasibly studied within time and resource
This document provides guidance on writing a PhD research proposal. It discusses the key components and structure of a proposal, including the front matter (title page, abstract, table of contents), main part consisting of three chapters (introduction, literature review, methodology), and back matter (references, appendices). The introduction chapter should provide background on the research problem/questions and significance. The literature review critically analyzes related work to identify gaps. The methodology specifies the research design, data collection/analysis plans, and ethics considerations. Common mistakes are failing to properly frame the research or cite relevant studies. Overall, the document aims to help students develop clear, well-structured proposals that convince reviewers of the research merits and feasibility.
The document provides guidance on writing an effective research proposal. It discusses establishing the status of current research, familiarizing oneself with statistics, identifying the essential characteristics of a researcher, and considering basic ideas like questions and doubts. It defines key terms, outlines the main elements and components of a research proposal, and provides tips for writing an introduction, statement of the problem, research objectives, literature review, definition of terms, and research methods section. The document aims to equip readers with the necessary knowledge and skills for developing a strong research proposal.
The document discusses key concepts in research including:
- Research involves systematically collecting and analyzing data to increase understanding of a phenomenon.
- It begins with identifying a problem and reviewing literature, then specifying a purpose and interpreting information.
- Common methodologies are quantitative, which tests theories through large samples and standardized instruments, and qualitative, which builds theories through small samples, observations and interviews.
The document discusses research idea generation and question formulation. It describes that generating research ideas is one of the most difficult aspects of research. Ideas can come from rational thinking such as examining strengths and interests or creative thinking such as keeping an idea notebook. Techniques like brainstorming and SCAMPERR can help stimulate new ideas. Once an idea is generated, it needs to be narrowed into a focused research topic and then further refined into a clear research question to guide the study. The research question should be feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, and relevant.
This chapter discusses selecting and defining a research topic. It covers identifying a topic through various sources like theory, personal experience, and reviewing literature. Topics should be narrowed to a manageable size. Both quantitative and qualitative studies are addressed. Developing hypotheses is also covered, including the difference between quantitative hypotheses aimed at testing theories and qualitative hypotheses generated through inductive research. Key aspects of reviewing literature and properly developing and stating hypotheses are emphasized.
Research methodology for research in englishAbha Pandey
This document provides an overview of research methodology for research in English literature. It discusses the meaning of research, objectives of research, types of research approaches, and significance of research. It also examines various research methods and outlines the typical research process from formulating the research problem to preparing the final research report. Key aspects covered include reviewing relevant literature, developing hypotheses, designing the research, collecting and analyzing data, and testing hypotheses. Literary research methods are also distinguished from those used in social sciences.
The document outlines the key components and structure of a research proposal. It discusses the purpose of a research proposal, which is to present the research question and importance, discuss previous related work, and suggest necessary data. It then describes the typical sections included in a research proposal, such as the executive summary, problem statement, research objectives, literature review, research design, data analysis, qualifications, budget, and schedule. The document emphasizes that the proposal allows the researcher to plan the project and serves as a guide throughout the investigation.
This document provides an overview of the typical structure and components of a research paper, including:
1) An abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion section.
2) Guidance on what information should be included in each section, such as stating the objectives in the introduction and only reporting objective results in the results section.
3) Examples of how to write certain parts, like indicating the limitations of a study in the discussion rather than providing an excessive list.
The research process involves 7 key steps: (1) defining the research problem; (2) reviewing relevant literature; (3) formulating hypotheses; (4) preparing the research design; (5) collecting data; (6) analyzing data; and (7) interpreting findings and writing the report. These steps make the research process more manageable by breaking it down into clear stages that provide feedback and criteria for evaluation between steps.
This document discusses research questions and the process of formulating research problems. It begins by defining research and different types of research. It then covers developing research questions, including originating questions from prior literature and formulating questions that are feasible, interesting, novel, ethical and relevant. The document outlines steps for formulating a research problem, including selecting a broad subject area and narrowing it to specific questions. It stresses reviewing literature throughout the process and considering available data, resources, and ethics. Finally, it discusses writing research protocols that specify predictors, outcomes, populations and study plans to address potential problems.
Here are potential research questions that could be formulated for each setting:
A. Rural community and available health facilities:
What are the barriers to accessing primary health care services among residents in rural communities?
B. Urban primary health care facility:
How does wait time in the emergency department impact patient satisfaction at an urban primary health care clinic?
C. Primary schools:
What is the association between screen time (time spent on digital devices) and obesity among primary school children?
This document discusses the principles of scientific research. It defines research as a detailed study to discover new information or reach a new understanding. It describes the key components of a research proposal, including the purpose, aims, methods, timeline and budget. It outlines the steps of the scientific method as developing a question, formulating a hypothesis, and designing experiments to test the hypothesis. The document also discusses how to write a research thesis, including sections for the abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion and references. It emphasizes statistical analysis of results and the roles of the supervisor in advising the researcher.
This document provides guidance for starting PhD research, focusing on reviewing previous related studies and developing the research proposal. It outlines frameworks for reviewing related literature (REST) and developing the research proposal (REQUEST). The REST framework involves searching for, downloading, reviewing, summarizing, and thematizing previous related studies based on 9 components. The REQUEST framework involves developing the research questions, sample, data collection methods, data analysis techniques, and relevant theories. The document advises PhD students to begin their research by using the REST framework to thoroughly review previous related studies in order to inform the statement of the problem and research questions for the proposal in line with the REQUEST framework.
To know different types of research methods
To identify different parts of a research report
To Identifying research questions
To know Web-based searches
This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal for health research. It outlines 12 chapters covering key aspects of developing a proposal such as formulating the research problem, reviewing relevant literature, developing objectives and hypotheses, describing the research methodology and implementation plan, preparing a budget, and including appendices and a title page with abstract. The purpose of a research proposal is to communicate the topic of interest and demonstrate the researcher's ability to identify an interesting research question to potential supervisors and donors to obtain approval and support for the study.
This document outlines the key steps in the research methodology process. It defines research as a systematic effort to gain new knowledge. The main steps include: reviewing existing literature, identifying problems, setting objectives and hypotheses, planning the methodology, executing the research, analyzing data, drawing inferences, and disseminating findings. It also discusses defining the research problem precisely, formulating objectives, conducting a literature review to learn from past studies, and concluding the research by summarizing the findings and their significance.
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review, including selecting research questions, choosing relevant sources and search terms, running searches in bibliographic databases, and screening results. Key steps include breaking the research question into concepts, identifying subject headings and text words for each, running searches and combining results, and applying practical and methodological screening criteria to identify the most useful studies. The goal is to synthesize current knowledge on the topic to support new research.
The document provides guidance on writing an effective research proposal in 3 sentences or less:
The research proposal outlines the key components of a study such as the introduction, problem statement, objectives, literature review, methodology, and limitations. It establishes the purpose and justification of the research and provides a plan for conducting the study. An effective proposal clearly defines the research problem, questions, variables, methodology, and intended outcomes of the study.
This document outlines the contents and structure of a research report. It discusses that a research report is a detailed account of a disciplined study conducted to solve problems or reveal new knowledge. The key sections of a research report include an introduction stating the purpose and significance of the study, a literature review, methodology, data interpretation, conclusions and suggestions, bibliography, and appendices. Characteristics of a good report are that it is attractive, has a clear topic, uses balanced language, avoids repetition, and describes difficulties and shortcomings. The methodology section explains how primary and secondary data was collected and analyzed.
Lecture-2 Scientific Research and Research MethodsShankor Paul
The document provides an outline for a lecture on scientific research and research methods. It defines scientific research as a rigorous process of testing theories through objective methods and findings. It discusses key principles of scientific research including asking empirical questions, linking to relevant theory, using appropriate research designs and methods, providing a replicable chain of reasoning, and publicly reporting results. It also covers common conceptions of scientific research, the scientific method involving observation, hypothesis, testing, and predictions. Finally, it discusses research methodology, quantitative and qualitative methods, and factors that influence method choice.
This document provides guidance on identifying research gaps for a PhD dissertation literature review. It defines a research gap as an unexplored area that has potential for further study. It recommends identifying a motivating research question, reviewing literature keywords, and analyzing what issues have not been sufficiently addressed. Methods to find gaps include checking journal websites, using digital tools to analyze popular topics, and noting questions that arise while reading literature. Studying questions in-depth and discussing them with advisors can help prevent duplicating existing work and find gaps suitable for an original dissertation topic. Maintaining records of questions and gaps found is also suggested. The document stresses the importance of selecting a gap that genuinely interests the researcher and can be feasibly studied within time and resource
This document provides guidance on writing a PhD research proposal. It discusses the key components and structure of a proposal, including the front matter (title page, abstract, table of contents), main part consisting of three chapters (introduction, literature review, methodology), and back matter (references, appendices). The introduction chapter should provide background on the research problem/questions and significance. The literature review critically analyzes related work to identify gaps. The methodology specifies the research design, data collection/analysis plans, and ethics considerations. Common mistakes are failing to properly frame the research or cite relevant studies. Overall, the document aims to help students develop clear, well-structured proposals that convince reviewers of the research merits and feasibility.
The document provides guidance on writing an effective research proposal. It discusses establishing the status of current research, familiarizing oneself with statistics, identifying the essential characteristics of a researcher, and considering basic ideas like questions and doubts. It defines key terms, outlines the main elements and components of a research proposal, and provides tips for writing an introduction, statement of the problem, research objectives, literature review, definition of terms, and research methods section. The document aims to equip readers with the necessary knowledge and skills for developing a strong research proposal.
The document discusses key concepts in research including:
- Research involves systematically collecting and analyzing data to increase understanding of a phenomenon.
- It begins with identifying a problem and reviewing literature, then specifying a purpose and interpreting information.
- Common methodologies are quantitative, which tests theories through large samples and standardized instruments, and qualitative, which builds theories through small samples, observations and interviews.
The document discusses research idea generation and question formulation. It describes that generating research ideas is one of the most difficult aspects of research. Ideas can come from rational thinking such as examining strengths and interests or creative thinking such as keeping an idea notebook. Techniques like brainstorming and SCAMPERR can help stimulate new ideas. Once an idea is generated, it needs to be narrowed into a focused research topic and then further refined into a clear research question to guide the study. The research question should be feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, and relevant.
This chapter discusses selecting and defining a research topic. It covers identifying a topic through various sources like theory, personal experience, and reviewing literature. Topics should be narrowed to a manageable size. Both quantitative and qualitative studies are addressed. Developing hypotheses is also covered, including the difference between quantitative hypotheses aimed at testing theories and qualitative hypotheses generated through inductive research. Key aspects of reviewing literature and properly developing and stating hypotheses are emphasized.
Research methodology for research in englishAbha Pandey
This document provides an overview of research methodology for research in English literature. It discusses the meaning of research, objectives of research, types of research approaches, and significance of research. It also examines various research methods and outlines the typical research process from formulating the research problem to preparing the final research report. Key aspects covered include reviewing relevant literature, developing hypotheses, designing the research, collecting and analyzing data, and testing hypotheses. Literary research methods are also distinguished from those used in social sciences.
The document outlines the key components and structure of a research proposal. It discusses the purpose of a research proposal, which is to present the research question and importance, discuss previous related work, and suggest necessary data. It then describes the typical sections included in a research proposal, such as the executive summary, problem statement, research objectives, literature review, research design, data analysis, qualifications, budget, and schedule. The document emphasizes that the proposal allows the researcher to plan the project and serves as a guide throughout the investigation.
This document provides an overview of the typical structure and components of a research paper, including:
1) An abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion section.
2) Guidance on what information should be included in each section, such as stating the objectives in the introduction and only reporting objective results in the results section.
3) Examples of how to write certain parts, like indicating the limitations of a study in the discussion rather than providing an excessive list.
The research process involves 7 key steps: (1) defining the research problem; (2) reviewing relevant literature; (3) formulating hypotheses; (4) preparing the research design; (5) collecting data; (6) analyzing data; and (7) interpreting findings and writing the report. These steps make the research process more manageable by breaking it down into clear stages that provide feedback and criteria for evaluation between steps.
This document discusses research questions and the process of formulating research problems. It begins by defining research and different types of research. It then covers developing research questions, including originating questions from prior literature and formulating questions that are feasible, interesting, novel, ethical and relevant. The document outlines steps for formulating a research problem, including selecting a broad subject area and narrowing it to specific questions. It stresses reviewing literature throughout the process and considering available data, resources, and ethics. Finally, it discusses writing research protocols that specify predictors, outcomes, populations and study plans to address potential problems.
Here are potential research questions that could be formulated for each setting:
A. Rural community and available health facilities:
What are the barriers to accessing primary health care services among residents in rural communities?
B. Urban primary health care facility:
How does wait time in the emergency department impact patient satisfaction at an urban primary health care clinic?
C. Primary schools:
What is the association between screen time (time spent on digital devices) and obesity among primary school children?
This document outlines a course on research methodology for year II health science students at Arsi University in Ethiopia. It provides details on the course credit hours, facilitators, learning objectives, evaluation criteria, and an overview of topics to be covered including defining research, identifying research problems, developing hypotheses, literature reviews, and avoiding plagiarism. The course aims to equip students with skills in writing research proposals, study designs, sampling, data analysis, and critically assessing research papers. Reference materials are also listed.
This document provides an overview of a training module that aims to teach students skills in academic writing, research, and publishing according to international standards. The module covers topics like writing structure, research designs, ethics, and publishing standards. It emphasizes developing skills like critical thinking, writing concisely and objectively, and following guidelines like the APA format. The document also discusses developing a research proposal and selecting a feasible research topic, designing studies, and publishing research results in different types of academic articles.
This document provides an overview of a training module that aims to teach students how to write reports according to international standards. The module covers topics such as academic writing, research design, publishing ethics, and avoiding plagiarism. It emphasizes the importance of clear and logical writing using the APA style guide. The document also discusses critical thinking, research methodology, different types of research articles, and principles of ethical research practice.
This document provides an overview of research writing skills training. It discusses the objectives of the training which are to teach students international standards of report writing, APA style guidelines, research ethics, and how to write qualitative and quantitative theses. The training covers topics such as academic writing, research designs, publishing standards, and plagiarism. It emphasizes that writing should be clear, precise, and follow logical structure. Critical thinking and developing a questioning attitude are important skills covered.
The 10 Strategic Points for the Prospectus, Proposal, and Disserta.docxarnoldmeredith47041
This document outlines the 10 strategic points that should be addressed in a research prospectus, proposal, or dissertation. It provides examples of how to structure each of the 10 strategic points for both a quantitative correlational study and a qualitative study. The 10 strategic points include the topic, literature review, problem statement, sample and location, research questions, hypotheses/phenomena, methodology and design, purpose statement, data collection, and data analysis. Developing clear, concise statements for each strategic point helps ensure the research is well-defined, aligned, and feasible to complete.
This document provides guidance on developing an effective research proposal. It outlines the key components that should be included such as an introduction describing the research topic and objectives, a literature review, research questions/hypotheses, methodology, resources required, and work plan. Important elements are identified such as ensuring objectives are SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and time-bound). The proposal should be well-organized, clearly written in simple language and provide all necessary information to describe the proposed research.
The document provides an overview of research methodology in 9 steps:
1. Identifying an area of interest or problem to study.
2. Conducting a literature review to understand previous work.
3. Defining clear objectives based on gaps in knowledge.
4. Developing a methodology to achieve the objectives, including study design.
5. Stating a hypothesis or research question.
6. Establishing the importance and rationale of the study.
7. Creating a detailed methodology plan involving statistics experts.
8. Ensuring valid conclusions can be drawn from the methods.
9. Determining feasibility considering time, resources, and necessary approvals.
designing proposal for research projects budget and funding schemesabhisrivastava11
This document provides information about writing a research proposal for funding. It begins with the aim and objectives of making participants proficient in writing research proposals. It then discusses key elements like the title, introduction, literature review, methodology, expected outcomes, facilities, budget, funding agencies and eligibility. The document provides guidance on writing each section of the proposal, including defining problems, objectives, hypotheses and significance. It also outlines the budget, time schedule and reviewers' expectations for funding approval.
Paula ThompsonThe Week 2 assignment refers writing the problem.docxdanhaley45372
Paula Thompson
The Week 2 assignment refers writing the problem and purpose statements in the GCU format. Follow the guidance in the attached 10 Strategic Points Template and Instructions, which can also be downloaded from the DC Network. For example, the problem statement must be one sentence in the "It is not known" phrasing. Similarly, the purpose statement "provides one sentence statement of purpose including the problem statement, sample, methodology, and design."
The attached slides from Residency 1 will also be helpful to both the assignments in this class and your own dissertation’s 10 Strategic Points.
All the best,
Paula
The 10 Strategic Points for the Prospectus, Proposal, and Dissertation
Introduction
In the Prospectus, Proposal and Dissertation there are ten key or strategic points that need to be clear, simple, correct, and aligned to ensure the research is doable, valuable, and credible. These points, which provide a guide or vision for the research, are present in almost any research. They are defined within this 10 Strategic Points document.
The 10 Strategic Points
The 10 strategy points emerge from researching literature on a topic, which is based on, or aligned with, the defined need in the literature as well as the learner’s personal passion, future career purpose, and degree area. The 10 Strategic Points document includes the following ten key or strategic points that define the research focus and approach:
1. Topic – Provides a broad research topic area/title.
2. Literature review - Lists primary points for four sections in the Literature Review: (a) Background of the problem/gap and the need for the study based on citations from the literature; (b) Theoretical foundations (models and theories to be foundation for study); (c) Review of literature topics with key theme for each one; (d) Summary.
3. Problem statement - Describes the problem to address through the study based on defined needs or gaps from the literature.
4. Sample and location – Identifies sample, needed sample size, and location (study phenomena with small numbers and variables/groups with large numbers).
5. Research questions – Provides research questions to collect data to address the problem statement.
6. Hypothesis/variables or Phenomena - Provides hypotheses with variables for each research question (quantitative) or describes the phenomena to be better understood (qualitative).
7. Methodology and design - Describes the selected methodology and specific research design to address problem statement and research questions.
8. Purpose statement – Provides one sentence statement of purpose including the problem statement, methodology, design, population sample, and location.
9. Data collection – Describes primary instruments and sources of data to answer research questions.
10. Data analysis – Describes the specific data analysis approaches to be used to address research questions.
The Process for Defining the Ten Strat.
This document outlines the key components of developing a research proposal, including research design, methodology, and structure. It discusses developing a purpose statement, objectives, and significance of the study. It also covers determining appropriate research questions and hypotheses, considering limitations and delimitations, and addressing ethical considerations. Finally, it provides guidance on structuring a proposal, including an introduction to justify the problem and significance, and an outline of the required sections. The overall goal is to provide researchers with a plan for conducting their proposed study and guidelines for writing their proposal.
This document provides guidance on writing a health research proposal. It discusses key components such as the problem statement, objectives, methodology, and ethics. The methodology section should define the study design, variables, participants and sampling. It emphasizes that proposals require clear objectives, detailed methodology, and consideration of ethics. Well-defined proposals are needed to obtain funding and regulatory approval, and to allow other researchers to replicate the study.
Module 3.2Review the Prospectus Template, Dissertation Proposa.docxraju957290
Module 3.2
Review the Prospectus Template, Dissertation Proposal Template, Milestone Guide, and Milestone Table in the DC Network and discuss how these documents have been helpful to you in completing your ISP. What challenges have you encountered while developing your ISP? How will you work with your chair to address these challenges so that you can meet the goals in your ISP?
After reviewing the Content Expert presentation, what steps have you taken to identify a content expert to serve on your committee?
The 10 Strategic Points for the Prospectus, Proposal, and Dissertation
Introduction
In the Prospectus, Proposal and Dissertation there are ten key or strategic points that need to be clear, simple, correct, and aligned to ensure the research is doable, valuable, and credible. These points, which provide a guide or vision for the research, are present in almost any research. They are defined within this 10 Strategic Points document.
The 10 Strategic Points
The 10 strategy points emerge from researching literature on a topic, which is based on, or aligned with, the defined need in the literature as well as the learner’s personal passion, future career purpose, and degree area. The 10 Strategic Points document includes the following ten key or strategic points that define the research focus and approach:
1. Topic – Provides a broad research topic area/title.
2. Literature review - Lists primary points for four sections in the Literature Review: (a) Background of the problem/gap and the need for the study based on citations from the literature; (b) Theoretical foundations (models and theories to be foundation for study); (c) Review of literature topics with key theme for each one; (d) Summary.
3. Problem statement - Describes the problem to address through the study based on defined needs or gaps from the literature.
4. Sample and location – Identifies sample, needed sample size, and location (study phenomena with small numbers and variables/groups with large numbers).
5. Research questions – Provides research questions to collect data to address the problem statement.
6. Hypothesis/variables or Phenomena - Provides hypotheses with variables for each research question (quantitative) or describes the phenomena to be better understood (qualitative).
7. Methodology and design - Describes the selected methodology and specific research design to address problem statement and research questions.
8. Purpose statement – Provides one sentence statement of purpose including the problem statement, methodology, design, population sample, and location.
9. Data collection – Describes primary instruments and sources of data to answer research questions.
10. Data analysis – Describes the specific data analysis approaches to be used to address research questions.
The Process for Defining the Ten Strategic Points
The order of the ten strategic points listed above reflects the order in which the learner does the work. The fir ...
The document discusses research methodology for a study on improving 4th grade students' ability to solve math word problems. It proposes using action research with both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Quantitative data will be collected before and after an intervention to measure students' growth. Qualitative data, such as an anonymous survey, will gather students' responses about the benefits of methods taught. The research aims to effectively improve students' understanding of word problems and determine the perceived benefits of using a graphic organizer strategy.
The document provides templates for critiquing quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research studies. The quantitative template includes sections for evaluating the research problem, hypotheses, literature review, theoretical framework, population and sampling, measurement instruments, data collection and analysis, results, discussion, limitations, implications, and recommendations. The qualitative template contains similar sections tailored for qualitative research, and the mixed methods template combines both quantitative and qualitative elements. The templates are intended to help nurses critically evaluate research to inform their practice.
A 15-step model for writing a research proposal.pdfSophia Diaz
This document provides a 15-step model for writing a research proposal. It begins by outlining the purpose of a research proposal and provides examples of key components to include such as an abstract, introduction with literature review, aim and research questions, methodology, and references. The bulk of the document then details each of the 15 steps in the model to developing a strong research proposal, including providing a title, personal details of researchers, abstract, keywords, introduction/literature review, aim and questions, methodology, setting and participants, data collection instruments, data analysis plan, ethics considerations, timetable, resources, and references. The 15-step model is intended to guide researchers, particularly midwives, in systematically planning and writing up their
Research, Writing, and Publishing in High Impact JournalsDr. Abdul Mujeebu M
This is compilation of my presentations in a recent workshop at AMU Aligarh, India. Interested institutions can contact me for conducting similar workshop.
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Research Methodology Literature review
1. 3/8/2021
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Training Workshop :Research Methodology
(08th – 13th March 2021)
MGM Allied Health Sciences Institute (MAHSI)
MGM Medical College-Indore (M.P.)
Patron : Dr.D.K. Taneja, Founder Director-MAHSI
Co-ordinator :
Dr.Sneha Joshi, Assoc.Prof.- MAHSI
Convener:
Dr.Mrs.P.Taneja, Retd. Prof.& Head,
Physiology
dr.ramhariphysio@gmail.com
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2. 3/8/2021
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MAHSI – VISION
Provide global standards skilled health care professionals to
the nation
Enhance health services for faster growing country
Reach global standards in allied health care by 2023
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MAHSI – MISSION
Allied health professionals support to various hospitals of
MGM Medical College & associated hospitals society
To become allied health partner in projects of MGM MC like
super- specialty hospital, center for excellence (Eye) , dentistry assistant
etc.
To provide qualified allied health professional for newly
opening 10 medical colleges in M.P. state
To enhance allied health services in critical care, diagnostics ,
curative and rehabilitative health sectors
To provide variety of allied health courses for ambitious youngster for the
country and abroad as their carrier opportunities
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MAHSI – STRATEGIES
Plan & create new courses according to global health needs
Collaborate with various foreign universities / institutes
Development of clinical & Research exchange
programme
Exchange programme for faculties & Students
Rural training for all students to support health care services in
periphery
Organize various awareness , educational , evaluation & training
camp for community
9 dr.ramhariphysio@gmail.com
“Leader of allied health training in central India”
I keep six serving men,
They taught me all I
knew;
Their names are What
and Why and When,
And Where and How and
Who. – Rudyard Kipling
Research is key to our long-term position. – Bill Gates
Failing to plan is planning to fail . – Allen Lakein
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What are the requirements for a
successful research career?
Motivation and innate interest in the topic of his
research pursuit are the requirements for a
successful research career. If a person takes the
research not by compulsion but by his own
choice, then he will not feel it as a burden but
pursue it as a hobby. Science is at its best when
it is a part of a way of life - this is the inscription
that is found on the foundation stone of Institute
of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai and truly
describes the correct aptitude for a successful
research career.
Eminent Scientist
Professor V. Devanathan
Univ. of Madras
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
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Literature Review
An objective, Concise , critical
summary of published
research literature relevant to
a topic being researched in an
article
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Review of Related Literature :
Need & Importance
A source of Research Question
Establishing a theoretical context
and rationale of study
Understanding what has already
been done ( What, When,
Where,Who, How)
Methods & instrumentation
Assumptions & Limitations
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Second opinion is necessary
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EBP
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Quality of Good Literature Review
Order articles & books to focus on unresolved debates ,
inconsistencies, tension and questions in a research field
Summarize the most relevant important aspects of
scientific literature related to your area of research
Synthesize past and current research on the topics and
show how your research fits in.
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Literature Review should include -
1. Historical background of research
2. Current research context –questions, issues, debates etc.
(showing the trends in development of research)
3. Relevant theories & concepts
4. Definition of Relevant terminology
5. Research (your) work expands on /or gaps that your work
fills
6. Supporting evidences for practical problem issues
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Types of Literature Review
Selective Comprehensive
Stand alone work
Part of Broader work
Journal Studies/ Articles
Course Assignments
Dissertation/ Thesis
Literature
Analysis(Review)
Literaturereview can take different forms and serve slightly different purposes
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Primary & Secondary Sources
Index , Abstracts and
databases
Index medicus
Bibliography of medical
reviews
Hospital Literature Index
Books, Monographs,
Yearbooks
Journals, Dissertations,
Thesis
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Categorization of review of related literature
Trend Reports : How to write
Name, Year, Objective(s)
Hypothesis(es)
Sample (Size, methods/Techniques,sampling)
Tool (name, reliability and Validity)
ExperimentalDesign (Name, Treatment duration, methods of control )
StaticallyTechnique, Findings
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Do’s & Don’ts
While reviewing , keep constantly in mind your objectives
Prepare a bibliographic card for each book/article that seems
relevant to your study
Begin with examining the more recent of the important studies
in the area
Don’t rely too heavily on the secondary sources
Don’t concentrate only on findings rather concentrate on
methods, tools, procedure, data analysis too
First go through the summary of the articles
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Never carry out research , if findings are generalized
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Read every day something
No one else is reading
Think every day something
No one else is thinking
It is bad for the Mind
to be always part of
unanimity
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Literature back up related to
Research Topic
I : Specific purpose served
II : Locating, selecting & utilizing- sources
III : Organizing related literature collected
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Specific purpose served
- Important step of research process
To plan systematic study
To find reasons & solutions
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Need & Purpose
To acquaint with current knowledge in the field or
area of interest
Research is Extension of thinking and Investigation
that has gone before it
The Research contributes to the knowledge and
stimulates further Research
Review of Literature, is standard and essential
component of every research
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Aims - Specific purpose served by review
Extensive and Systematic Examination of
Resources in Specific area of research problem
To discover
What has been studied
What is known and what is not
Used for planning and interpretation of study
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What does a Researcher get from review?
Existing knowledge regarding his topic
Whether others have investigated
similar/variables/parameters/ methods
/ Result
Update of both conceptual & research material & latest
research trends related to problem.
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Functions of Review of Literature
Initial source of research questions and ideas
Establish a theoretical context and rationale of study.
Understanding what has been done regarding
Variables studied,
Problems addressed.
Populations or Geographic region studied
It helps in avoiding unnecessary replication and modifying it;
to move ahead.
It enable researcher to define the limits of his field, also delimit &
define his problem.
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Use of Review of literature :
1. Help to define & redefine- statement of research problem as well as
aims/objectives
2. Useful to identify & fix study variables and conceptualize their
relations & possibilities in the study.
3. Helps in selection & formulation of
Research Hypothesis
Methodology
Materials & Methods
4. Help to find out – what others have reported
on same topic –(similarities & differences)
what fields are untouched- to be searched more.
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Use of Review of literature :
5.Help in giving authenticity of:
our work
Our observations
Our results
by supporting older references
6. Help to familiarize with various methods that might be useful
in research
7. According to older studies-
Newer Demands/ changes and targeting a specific group area
we can modulate our research motive.
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USES: Methods and instrumentation
Researcher know useful tools & instruments from other studies:
Difficulties experienced, Steps to avoid
Variables and concepts defined by them
Approaches successfully
Research Strategies & Scale of measurements
Techniques - statistics and Comparison
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USES: Determining Potential for successful outcome
oTo attain objectives
oPrevent wastage of time and efforts & money
towards unsuccessful outcome
oTo Choose alternative: approaches /questions
measurement / devices & target population ; if
previous studies show poor reliability and
variability
Previous studies Plans -
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Assumptions and Limitations of Study
Provide validity for scientific assumptions for
conclusions there by validity to research outcome
And potential effects of limiting factors in
discussion of article
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Scope of Review of Literature
o Researcher's familiarity with the topic
o How much research has been done in that area
o How many relevant references available
o One must select References (from journal, abstracts, reports), those
are relevant, With same/similar variables-from updated
classical work (Quoted much) . Even contradictory to
our topic but relevant
How much Extensive Review I s necessary depends on-
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Phases of Review of Literature
1. Preliminary Phase- for General
Understanding in area of interest
2. Extensive Detailed phase- for deep
understanding of all that has been
preceded
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Important Steps For Review
Understand how to utilize Resources Library/Data
base/internet
Understand how Libraries organize their collections
Basic knowledge of Bibliography and Research
Material
How to use Medical Oriented Websites/e-libraries
Search download, printout, subscribe email contacts.
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IDENTIFICATION OF RELATED
LITERATURE
Locating, selecting & utilizing- sources
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Types of Sources of information
Primary Sources - Report/Document by Author (Research
Article/Abstract / oral presentation/publicationin reputed Journals/Diary/
interview/eye witness)
Secondary Sources- Review Article, Studies by other than
Author. (Less relevant, less accurate Insufficient and biased).
Both Primary and secondary sources are important as
secondary sources provide references of primary sources
Secondary source more useful for bibliography for primary
source.
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Strategies to use Sources
Library :- Department/ Institution/university and National Medical
Library (Ansari Nagar Delhi)
- Contact reference Librarian
- Use Cards, Catalogues of books in Library
Use Bibliographies & References – At the end of books & Journals
Use Special Material –
Reputed Journals
Periodicals
News-Letters
Year books & Reference Books
StatisticalReports
Library skills required- Library seeking guidelines should be acquainted
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Library Classification System:
(I) Dewey Decimal (DDC)
System-(numbers001-999.99)
• Uses 10 main Subject Categories
• Used by medium to small Libraries
(II) Library Congress (LC) System-
-21 Broad Subject Category
- used letter of alphabet (I,O,W,X &Y are
not used) for principle headings &
numerals for sub grouping
(III) Superintendent of Document
System (SuDocs) - Grouped by
issuing agency
Way of systematicplacement & location of books
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CARD-CATALOGUES : Index Cards in Library
Features of card catalogue
- First source of getting related literature
material
- Contain details about- Author, Subject,
Title
- Arranged alphabetically – according to 1st
word of card
- All works of an author is filled
alphabetically by titles under his surname
- To find publication of author in card
catalogue, One should know –
1. Name & Surname of author
2. Title of study
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Information Provided by card
A. Name & surname of Author
(specific identification)
B. Title of book/ Journals
C. Place of publication &
publisher
D. Date of publication
E. Number of pages & other
information
To get photocopy or print materialor email- we have give above whole information&
specificationwe want from page to page.
Date of publication – give regency of information
Name of author / publisher –give authenticity& reliability
Call number ( at left corner of card)- give information to locate the prescribed book
in library shelves
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How to read Information from call number
First letter :- 3 of 322 denote
000-Medicine,100-Surgery,200-Obs & Gyn.
,300-PSM,400-Pathology,500-Physiology
Second letter :- 2 of 322 denote
300-Epidemiology,310-Enviromental, 320-
Sociology, 330-Nutrition,340-Health
Education
Third letter give further subdivision
320-Principles of Society,321-Family,322-
Society,323-Community,324-Demography
Thus In 322 3 for PSM-next 2 for Sociology &
Last 2 for Society.
Key to locate books in library shelf
322 : Society –Divyesh Kothari-
Role of Society in Health &
Disease-Paras Publisher
Hyderabad- 1982,133-138
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Bibliographies and References
At the end of Books and Articles of
Journals/thesis.
Use to locate name & address of
person/ periodics /publisher &
organization
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Special Materials
Reputed Journals & abstract
Periodicals( best source of recent research)
News letters, Year books and Reference books.
Statistical Reports/dictionary/ diary/ directory
Bibliography
Thesis & dissertations
Computer generated research material
Pamphlets, govt., documents, monograph
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Indexes & Bibliography
Provide Bibliography of
Articles, Books, medical
review, Conferences
proceeding, gives Author
Name, title-date & pages
Title, Journal, Date, and Pages .
Learn how to visualize and
utilize indexes
Examples of Indexes
Index Medicus :
Most widely used
Exerpta medica(Hospital
Literature Index)
International/Nursing index
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Electronic Libraries
Now established in every research institute
E-Book
E-Lecture
E-Journals
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Computer based literature search
Pubmed
Medlab
Medline
CINAHL
PeDro
- References also
available in
database of
computer search on
websites
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Databases:
Pubmed
Medline
SCOPUS
CINHAL
EMBASE
SPORTdiscus
Sciencedirect
PeDro
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https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/journal/Physio
therapy_Research_International
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Journal indexed by MEDLINE
Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly
American Journal of Sports Medicine
Brain Injury
Clinics in Chest Medicine
Clinics in Sports Medicine
Developmental Neurorehabilitation
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
Disability and Rehabilitation
Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology
Ergonomics
European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy
Gait and Posture
Health Care for Women International
Healthcare for Women International
Hip International
Hong Kong Medical Journal
Human Movement Science
Human Movement Science
Indian Journal of Medical Sciences
Injury Prevention
International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance
International Journal of Injury Prevention and Safety
Promotion
International Journal of Obesity
International Journal of Pediatric Obesity
International Journal of Sports Medicine
International Journal of Sports Physiology and
Performance
Joint Bone Spine
Journal of Adolescence
Journal of Adolescent Health
Journal of Aging and Health
Journal of Diabetes and its Complications
Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology.
Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
Journal of Pain and Symptom Management.
Journal of Pediatric Health Care.
Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health
Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community
Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness
Movement Disorders
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10. 3/8/2021
10
MultipleSclerosis Journal
MusculoskeletalCare
NeuromuscularDisorders
Neurorehabilitation
Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair
Obesity
Pain Medicine
Pain Practice
Pediatrics International
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Clinics of North America
Physical Therapy (Phys Ther)
PhysicalTherapy in Sport (Phys
Ther Sport)
Research Quarterly for Exercise
and Sports
ScandinavianJournal of Medicine
and Science in Sports
Sports Medicine
The Knee
Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation
Women and Health
Women’s Health Issues
Journal indexed by MEDLINE
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Journal indexed by SCOPUS
ACSM’s Health and Fitness Journal.
Acute Pain
Advances in Medical Sciences
American Journal of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation
Archives of Osteoporosis
Biology of Sport
Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy
Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine
Clinical Rehabilitation
European Journal of Pain Supplements
European Journal of Sport Science
European Review of Aging and Physical Activity.
Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews
Family and Community Health
Foot and Ankle Clinics
Foot and Ankle International
International Journal of Adolescence and Youth
International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries
International Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation
Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness
Journal of Men’s Health.
Journal of Musculoskeletal Research
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
Journal of Stroke and CerebrovascularDisease
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
Neurorehabilitationand Neural Repair.
Obesity and Weight Management
Obesity Research and Clinical Practice
Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences
Pain Research and Management
Physical and Occupational Health in Geriatrics
PhysiotherapySingapore
Sports Biomechanics (International Society of
Biomechanics in Sports)
Sports Medicine and ArthroscopyReview
Strengthand Conditioning Journal
The Foot
The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation
The Open Pain Journal
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Electronic E-materials for Literature
May be purchased & projected in library
Specialcameras are used to prepare material
e.g. Microfilm (microfiche-Reduction ration 24X, 98 pages), super fiche (reduction
ratio-75X 1000 pages), Ultra fiche ( Reduction ratio 150X 3200 pages)
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Organizing related literature collected
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Categorization of Review of Related
Literature- How to write
Name, year, objectives
Hypothesis
Sample(size/method/technique of sampling)
Tool (Name / reliability/validity)
Experimental Design- Name-method of
Control-Duration
Statistical Techniques
Findings
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Recording the essential References material
Arranging it in accordance to proposed out line of study
1. Recording reference information
2. Recording content of informative references
3. Prepare related Literature Report
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Recording reference information
Record essential information on 3×5” index card(bibliography
card) for locating the material
Wancour method of bibliography- Card should include
1. Name of author with last name first
2. Title of book or article
3. Name of publication(for article)
4. Name of publisher
5. Date of publication
6. Volume Number, Page Numbers & Library card
number for books.
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Recording content of informative references
1. Arrange Bibliography cards according to location of materialin library
2. Make systematicReview of-materiallocated- in a specific section of library
3. All information likely to be used in final report should be recorded in 4”×6”=
content card
Information for Primary source should have
A. Authors last name
B. Brief title of report
C. Specificpage numbers on which information is located
D. Sentencestatement of problem
E. Brief description of study
F. Statementof findings /conclusions / both
G. A card code ( as a aspect of research to which material related)
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Provide brief bibliographic information
Record only those statement related to some topic
Para phrase – complete statement of most relevant ideas.
direct quotations it stated concisely & effectively.
Place a page number & paragraph Number after each separate
statement indicating location
Code of cards –in upper right hand corner
(According to topic to which it most closely relates).
Recording content of informative references
(Tume & Robb 1971)
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Preparation of related Literature Report
Report of related literature prepared with help of card codes
after arranging bibliographic & content cards
It should begin with introductory paragraph
After this research should present studies most relevant to
each aspect of proposed problem outline
Studies with similar & contradictory results to be reported
side by side without closing excessive space
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Plagiarism
Steal and pass off (the ideas or words of
another) as one's own
Use (another's production) without crediting
the source
Commit literary theft
Present as new and original an idea or
product derived from an existing source
- Plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both
stealing someone else's work and lying about
it afterward.
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