Research Method Review Report ( Experimentation )

Research Method Review Report ( Experimentation )
ICT90003 – Applied Research Methods
Research Method Review Report (Experimentation)
Satyanarayan Killekar – 100053240
Contents
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................
3
1.1 Purpose ....................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Scope ........................................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Brief Description ........................................................................................................................ 3
2. Research Method ................................................................................................................................
4
2.1 Types of Experimental Research Methods ............................................................................ 4
2.2 Advantages ................................................................................................................................ 5
2.3 Disadvantages ............................................................................................................................ 6
3. Philosophical Perspective ..................................................................................................................
7 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1.2 Scope
To give a brief understanding about research in IT using experimental research method to IT experts.
1.3 Brief Description
Experimental methods have been dominantly used in physiology education for over a
century(Cronbach 1957), which was slowly being adopted with the inception of scientific studies,
medical studies and other study areas in the light of which the research was modelled on established
paradigms for the field of their respective studies. This relied on experiments to derive equations
and laws, to come up with thesis and principles. Thus, experimental approach has been influenced in
information technology over the last 3 decades by shifting its focus from conventional survey–based
testing of a proposed theoretical model to experimentation method.
2. Research Method
Research "In which an experimenter having complete mastery can schedule treatments and
measurements for optional statistical efficiency, with complexity of design emerging only from that
goal of efficiency" (Campbell & Stanley 1963, p. 1) relates to experiments.
2.1 Types of Experimental research methods
Experimental research methods are broadly classified into three areas

True Experimental Designs.
Quasi – Experimental Designs.
Non – Experimental or Correlational Design.
This report emphasizes on true experimental designs and few of its
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Conformity Essay
According to Leon Mann, conformity means 'yielding to group pressures'. Everyone is a member of
one group or another and everyone expects members of these groups to behave in certain ways. If
you are a member of an identifiable group you are expected to behave appropriately to it. If you
don't confirm and behave appropriately you are likely to be rejected by the group.
Like stereotypes, conforming and expecting others to conform maintains cognitive balance.
There are several kinds of conformity. Many studies of conformity took place in the 1950's which
led Kelman to distinguish between compliance, internalisation and identification. Compliance is the
type of conformity where the subject goes along with the group view, but privately ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the group sessions it became apparent that the subjects reports strarted to converge much
nearer to an average of what their individual reports had been. If a subject who had said that the
light didn't move very far when tested individually said 'I think it is moving 2 inches to the left' then
another who had reported movement of 4 inches, when tested individually, might say 'I think it may
have been 3 inches'.
As the number of reported movements continued the more the members of the group conformed to
each others reports. This spot of light was in fact stationary so whatever reports were made was the
consequence of the subject imagining they saw something happen. So they were not certain about
the movement they observed and so would not feel confident about insisting that their observations
were wholly correct. When they heard other reported judgements they may have decided to go along
with them.
The problem with this study, for understanding of conformity, as one aspect of social psychology is
that it is a total artifical experimental situation – there isn't even a right answer. Requested reports of
imaginary movements of a stationary spot of light in a darkened room when alone, or with two
others, hardly reflects situations we come accross in our every day

Optimization Of Different Cutting Prameter For Aluminum 6351
OPTIMIZATION OF DIFFERENT CUTTING PRAMETER FOR ALUMINUM–6351
S.K.Aher1,R.S.Shelke2
1.P.G.Student ,2.Professor ,S.V.I.T.College of Engg.,Chincholi,Nashik
1. Introduction
CNC Vertical End Milling Machining is a widely accepted material removal process used to
manufacture components with complicated shapes and profiles. During the End milling process, the
material is removed by the end mill cutter. The quality of the surface plays a very important role in
the performance of milling as a good–quality milled surface significantly improves fatigue strength,
corrosion resistance, or creep life. The surface generated during milling is affected by different
factors such as vibration, spindle run–out, temperature, tool geometry, feed, cross–feed, tool path
and other parameters. During finish milling, the depth of cut is small. The most important
interactions, that effect surface roughness of machined surfaces, are between the cutting feed and
depth of cut, and between cutting feed and spindle speed. Surface Roughness is affected negatively
if the applied force is increased. Surface roughness at the same feed rate becomes higher when a
small nose radius is used. Technological parameter range plays a very important role on surface
roughness. There is a need of a tool that should allow the evaluation of the surface roughness before
the machining of the part and which, at the same time, can easily be used in the production–floor
environment contributing to the minimization of

The Design And Analysis Of Computer Experiments
Introduction
According to the case study, the design and analysis of computer experiments (DACE) were applied
as a tool to identify the risks associated with laser welding in an electronic welding process for
developing the substrate product development effort. This process, DACE, used the computer
simulations to easily predict the stresses and warp of the sample with varying factor levels. The
main advantage here is instead of making eight different samples, the whole work was finishing
with a computer, and it saves a lot of time and money.
In general, the DFSS project having two steps such as first to identifying critical parameters (Y's)
that are strongly associated with success of the project, as well as to identify the controllable ...
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So, the team uses only 25–2 fractional factorial designs through computer simulations.
However, the team uses finite element analysis software along with DOE to predict two responses
from each run such as the stress and the deformation. In the case study, we observe the images that
show the stress and deformation due to a temperature change. The high stress and deformation areas
are shown by the red color. The low stress and deformation areas are indicated by the dark blue
color. At last the deformation of a single layer was imported into MATLAB (a matrix computing
environment) to calculate the radius of curvature or warp.
The immediate step in this sequential experimentation was enhancing the factorial experiment with
a center point and star–points i.e. a central composite design (CCD), fully explores the extremes of
the factor levels. It goes beyond the +1/–1 levels to get a better understanding of the effects the
factors on the results. The CCD consisted of a center point and six–star points. The star points
represent the +/– 2 alpha levels of the factors. Here the dots are connected to one another through
the center; the resulting shape is a star. There are six dots because there are two extreme cases for
each important factor. This analysis helps to provide a better understanding of the effects on results
such

The Experimental Design Proposed By Taguchi Method
Introduction The Taguchi method involves reducing the variation in a process through robust design
of experiments. The overall objective of the method is to produce high quality product at low cost to
the manufacturer. The Taguchi method was developed by Dr. Genichi Taguchi of Japan who
maintained that variation. Taguchi developed a method for designing experiments to investigate how
different parameters affect the mean and variance of a process performance characteristic that
defines how well the process is functioning. The experimental design proposed by Taguchi involves
using orthogonal arrays to organize the parameters affecting the process and the levels at which they
should be varies. Instead of having to test all possible combinations like the factorial design, the
Taguchi method tests pairs of combinations. This allows for the collection of the necessary data to
determine which factors most affect product quality with a minimum amount of experimentation,
thus saving time and resources. The Taguchi method is best used when there are an intermediate
number of variables (3 to 50), few interactions between variables, and when only a few variables
contribute significantly. 4.1.2 Taguchi's Philosophy Taguchi's comprehensive system of quality
engineering is one of the great engineering achievements of the 20th century. His methods focus on
the effective application of engineering strategies rather than advanced statistical techniques. It
includes both upstream and

Essay on Project Design Plan Int1 Task 3
INT1 Task 3 Page 2
Project Design Plan
This experiment asks the question, "What paper towel is more absorbent for the price per sheet?"
Will the more costly paper towels absorb a bigger spill therefore giving the consumer reasoning on
buying the higher priced paper towel? This experiment will examine the absorbency of three
different brands of paper towels and then compare the results to the price of the product to find the
absorbency value. First, we will purchase one roll from three different brands of paper towels from
the same store at retail price. It's important to purchase the products at full cost or note what the
normal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One experiment was done by Sissy Rodriguez where she took 4 brands of paper towels and tested
how absorbent each brand was. Her findings were the generic brand absorbed more than the leading
brands (Rodriguez, 2013). Another study was done by Amber Sainz. Her experiment was on how
absorbent three major brands of paper towel were. Her findings were out of three major brands
(Brawny, Bounty and Scott) Scott absorbed the most (Sainz, A. 2012).
Experimental Procedure * Purchase three rolls of different brands of paper towels. * Get a Notebook
or piece of paper for data recordings. * Record the three brands of paper towels on you data sheet. *
Cut equal pieces from each brand. All three sheets must be exactly the same size. * Fill a medicine
or eye dropper with water. * Place paper towel over clear glass bowl with rubber band holding it in
place. * Now squeeze one drop of water at a time onto the paper towel. * Count the number of drops
the paper towel would absorb before starting to drip into the clear glass bowl. * Record your results.
* Repeat with the other two brands.
INT1 Page 4
Design Reasoning
The reason for the plan of this experiment is not only to find out which brand has better absorbency,
but

Results of a Memory Study
The results of the experiment indicate that recall is more accurate and easier when a set of numbers
are smaller chunks as opposed to larger chunks. The mean recall of the control group was 8.81
compared to a mean of 4.69 in the experimental group. These findings are consistent with David W.
Fendrich and Raina Arengo's (2003) findings which indicate that the length of a string of numbers
does affect the ability to recall. Although the participants found it significantly harder to remember
the numbers in larger chunks, the results do indicate that it is difficult for participants to recall
chunks when the number of chunks surpass the "Magical Number Seven" plus or minus two based
on Miller's (1956) findings. This supports the hypothesis of this experiment and confirms the
findings of the original experiment. However, the results may have occurred because of the
overwhelming amount of numbers in the experimental group as opposed to the minor amount of
numbers in the control. This experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions which contains
many values and limitations. Conducting a laboratory experiment allows the experimenter to freely
manipulate the independent variable which demonstrates cause and effect relationships. Lab
experiments allow for an increased control of extraneous variables and accurate measurement of
findings. The standardized procedures also allow for replication to occur. However, total control of
variable is impossible. The only participant

The Destructive Nature of Man Depicted in Keyes' Flowers...
Imagine how you would feel if you were always being treated as though you were not human, or if
people acted as though they created you. Well this is how you would feel if you were the subject of a
science experiment. Science experiments should not be performed on humans or animals because of
the unknown outcome. Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes shows a destructive nature of man
through stereotypes, absence of family, and the various IQ levels needed to mature. Scientific
experimentation shows a destructive nature of man through stereotypes. Stereotypes are cruel and
heartless. "He makes the same mistakes as the others when they look at a feeble–minded person and
laugh because they don't understand there are human feelings involved. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He wants to see them but is unable to find them at this point. This is a destructive nature of man
because of the science experiment. After the surgery Charlie will expect his family to love him again
because he will be smarter than he is now. Charlie will basically have a false hope of his family after
the surgery. When there is an absence of family there is a destructive nature of man, "Lack of family
bonds can lead to forever seeking that something that is missing." (D, Kathy) When there is a lack of
family that person will always be searching for the missing piece in their life. The person searching
will ultimately end up disappointed. Therefore, absence of family leads to a destructive nature of
man. A destructive nature of man is shown through IQ versus maturity. Scientific experimentation
leads to a destructive nature of man. "Their is a lot of werk to catch up. They dint have anyone to
clean out the place because that was my job. (Keyes, 22) Even though Charlie is still in his mental
state he still understands and is mature enough to know that he has work that needs to be done. This
is a destructive nature of man because if the surgery does not work Charlie would have been given a
false sense of intelligence. Later on Charlie becomes more mature which ultimately means he is
more intelligent. "But I still have

Evoking Freedom Study
The Effects of "Evoking Freedom" Technique on Compliance Social influence and the power of
social situations have always been central topics of inquiry for psychologists due to their impact on
our everyday lives. Social influence refers to the ways in which people alter their attitudes,
emotions, and behaviors of others. Every day, we encounter countless attempts by other people to
influence us. Likewise, we try to influence others. Compliance is a kind of social influence in which
an individual modifies his or her behavior in response to an appeal made by another person. Many
studies have investigated effective means of increasing compliance rates.
Gueguen, Silone, David, and Pascual (2015) were interested in exploring the effects of the ... Show
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Also, if the cost of the request plays an important role as predicted in determining the compliance
rate, we should see a higher compliance rate in a low–stakes request in the presence of the "evoking
freedom" technique than in a high–stakes request in the presence of the "evoking freedom"
technique, and a higher compliance in a low–stakes request in the absence of the "evoking freedom"
technique than in a high–stakes request in the absence of the "evoking freedom" technique. If we
had seen these effects, it would have also meant that we support the idea that when one is given the
freedom to accept or refuse a request, he or she will be more likely to comply even with a request
that is costlier for that

Research Design
Describe some of the important research designs used in experimental hypothesis testing research
study.
Research design is needed because it facilitates the smooth sailing of the various research
operations, thereby making research as efficient as possible yielding maximal information with
minimal expenditure of effort, time and money. Different research designs can be conveniently
described if we categorize them as:(1) Research design in case of exploratory research studies;(2)
Research design in case of descriptive and diagnostic research studies, and(3) Research design in
case of hypothesis–testing research studies.
1. Research design in case of exploratory research studies
Exploratory research studies are also termed as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this way the researcher should review and build upon the work already done by others, but in
cases where hypotheses have not yet been formulated, his task is to review the available material for
deriving the relevant hypotheses from it. Besides, the bibliographical survey of studies, already
made in one's area of interest may as well as made by the researcher for precisely formulating the
problem. He should also make an attempt to apply concepts and theories developed in different
research contexts to the area in which he is himself working. Sometimes the works of creative
writers also provide a fertile ground for hypothesis formulation and as such may be looked into by
the researcher.
(b) Experience survey
This means the survey of people who have had practical experience with the problem to be studied.
The object of such a survey is to obtain insight into the relationships between variables and new
ideas relating to the research problem. For such a survey people who are competent and can
contribute new ideas may be carefully selected as respondents to ensure a representation of different
types of experience. The respondents so selected may then be interviewed by the investigator. The
researcher must prepare an interview schedule for the systematic questioning of informants. But the
interview must ensure flexibility in the sense that the respondents should be allowed to raise issues
and questions

Essay on Science I-search
Science I–search
When the word scientist is mentioned, the public most commonly accepts this word in a positive
sense. Scientists are known to find the cure for diseases and heal people through their research. Not
until the genetic revolution have scientists been shunned and viewed as malevolent to the
community. When the term genetic revolution is used, I am pertaining mainly to the issue of
cloning. After the new discovery by Scottish researchers, who were responsible for creating the
sheep that captured the attention of the world, the society's reproduction and moral issues have taken
a different meaning in life. Since this new discovery of cloning scientists now have more power than
ever and along with this power comes great ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If our government doesn't control the research and laboratory experiments that are occurring around
the world, I am almost certain chaos will spread world spread. When dealing with such an enormous
discovery, the positive arguments may be great, however, what always comes with the good is the
bad. The search: Starting the search, I found myself on the telephone asking all my family and
friends who called that day, what topic I should do for my research paper. Since our class spent a
great deal of time exploring articles that pertained to creation of man and science progression, I
thought cloning would be a great topic. The issue of cloning pertains to both creation and the
progression of science, making this topic perfect for what this class has been covering. After reading
the articles assigned in class, I was introduced to other people's views about how they feel and what
direction society should take with science. The excerpts, from Mary Shelly's Frankenstein talks
about how Frankenstein feels after creating his monster. He knew what he had done because his
work was his whole life. Frankenstein was so driven by science, that he could not realize the
consequences when he produced the creature, and ultimately allowed it to cause destruction
throughout the entire community. Also in the article from writer, Michael Bishop, we see how

The Effect Of Scientific Information On The Explanation Of...
Previous research has shown the effect of neuroscience information in the explanation of
psychological phenomena. This study aimed to replicate such findings and what effects other
superfluous scientific information had on the perceived quality of explanations. 340 university
students were instructed to read and evaluate a brief description on a psychological phenomenon
followed by explanation of varying quality and superfluous information of various types. Good
explanations were rated with a significantly higher perceived quality of explanation in comparison
to bad explanations. Explanations containing neuroscience information showed significantly higher
ratings of quality in comparison to explanations containing hard science and social science
information. There were no significant differences between bad explanations containing
neuroscience and social science information or between conditions which contained social science
and hard science information. As our findings demonstrate the seductive effect of neuroscience, it
can be concluded that there is something about the brain in relation to the theory of mind that makes
it the most alluring explanation for psychological phenomena.
Public interest in psychological phenomena is evidenced in news articles and other forms of social
media reporting neuroscientific findings and hence implications on how people evaluate information
and make decisions has been an ongoing area of research. Previous research has shown

Essay about The Stroop Effect Experiment
METHODS Participants There were nine participants in this study, five in the first group and four in
the second group. The first group included Daina Berry, Justin Quintrell, Paige Govey, Natalie
Campbell, and Jared Flannery, while the second group included Megan Powell, Kyle Sugonis,
Abigail Mrozek, and Vanessa Landgrave. These participants are undergraduate students from Dr.
Kelling's 11:00AM Experimental Psychology course. The students partook in the study in order to
receive a passing grade for the class assignment. Equipment This experimental research was
conducted in a laboratory setting. The necessary equipment for each group included a stack of
twenty squiggle cards, a stack of twenty word cards, and a stopwatch. On the back ... Show more
After the participant said the color, the flipper quickly positioned that card in one of two piles on the
desk, thus revealing another card to the participant. One pile held correct responses; the other pile
contained incorrect responses. This routine continued until the last color was identified. At that time,
the timer stopped the stopwatch and announced the time. Each participant then recorded this data.
This small procedure was then repeated using the Word Cards. When the first participant had
identified the colors of both the Squiggles Cards and the Word Cards, the flipper shuffled each deck.
The second participant was announced, and the cycle continued. This process was repeated until
each participant had a turn with the cards. This completed Trial One. Trial Two was conducted
exactly the same way as Trial One: Squiggle Cards and then Word Cards. The second group. To
begin, the group members determined that students would exchange roles. When Megan Powell was
the participant, Abigail flipped and Kyle timed. When Abigail Mrozek was the participant, Megan
flipped and Kyle timed. When Kyle Sugonis was the participant, Megan flipped and Vanessa timed.
Finally, when Vanessa Landgrave was the participant, Kyle flipped and Megan timed. Participant
order was chosen by consensus. Then the repeatable part of the procedure began. The first
participant was determined. On the timer's command, the flipper pulled a Squiggle Card so that it
was facing

Summary Of The Research. In Their Article, “Differences
Summary of the Research
In their article, "Differences in Mouse Maternal Care Behavior – Is There a Genetic Impact of the
Glucocorticoid Receptor," Chourbaji et al. (2011) report a 2*2 factorial research design to determine
the effect of mutations in Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) on the maternal behaviors in two different
strains of inbred mice. The experiment was conducted in three main stages. The first stage was the
production of GR heterozygous mice of both lab strains under study. The next step was the
controlled mating and delivery of the pups for knowing the effect of this mutation. The third step
was the observation of the maternal behavior in two strains. No significant differences in the
behaviors of two strains were observed and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The soundness of theoretical reasoning
Chourbaji et al. (2011) described their hypothesis clearly in the introduction. They first justified the
possible role of GR abnormalities in the postpartum depression by describing the effect of this
receptor in other stressful stimuli. They next described the differences in the emotional responses of
different strains that were used in this study and the reason for their use. They then described their
hypothesis as the "emergence of a depression–like behavioral profile in GR heterozygous animals,
specifically an increase in maternal neglect and/or a reduction of caring behavior" (Chourbaji et al.,
2011). Overall, the research is based on sound theoretical reasoning.
The appropriateness of the experimental design
The experimental design lacks some significant factors that could have resulted in the prominent
observation of the emotional changes in the maternal behavior of mice. While it has been confirmed
that home–cage observations can be the appropriate ways of knowing the physical or emotional
reactivity in mice, there are other ways to analyze the emotional response in mice. Some of these
observational strategies also used invasive stimuli but have been used to confirm the respective
emotional responses under study.
The soundness of mathematics and/or statistical tests The use of General Linear Models (GLM) has
not been justified in the paper. Additionally, two–way ANOVA for strain and GR genotype has been

Factorial Design Experiments Involvling Combinations of...
Factorial research designs are experiments that involve factorial combinations of independent
variables. Factorial combinations involve pairing each level of one independent variable with each
level of a second independent variable. Factorial combinations make it possible to determine the
effect of each independent variable alone (main effect) and the effect of the independent variables in
combination (interaction effect). The simplest possible experiment involves one independent
variable manipulated at two levels. Similarly, the simplest possible factorial design involves two
independent variables, each with two levels. Factorial designs are identified by specifying the
number of levels of each of the independent variables in the ... Show more content on
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They were supplied with information about their partner so that they could get a sense of his
personal characteristics. In the identity–threat condition, their partner held sexist views. For
instance, they would strongly agree with statements such as "I could not work for a female boss
because women can be overly emotional and sensitive". In the identity–safety condition, the partner
was presented as nonsexist and strongly disagreed with sexist statements. The second independent
variable in their 2 x 3 design was word type with three levels: 1) social–identity threatening; 2)
illness threatening; and 3) nonthreatening. This variable was manipulated using a repeated measures
design; thus, all participants were tested with all three–word types in a completely counterbalanced
order. The social–identity threatening words were sexist in content, such as hooters and ho. The
illness–threatening words (mono, Alzheimer's, cancer) were included as a control condition to
determine whether women in the identity–threat condition would pay attention to threatening words
in general and not just social–identity threatening words. The nonthreatening words, also a control
condition, described household objects such as curtains and broom. In on part of Kaiser et al.'s
study, all three–word types were presented subliminally in different colors, and participants' task

Using Reading Materials And A Free Recall Test
College students typically have poor study habits between procrastinating to the night before the big
exam and then only rereading over the material. Most of these habits stem from high school were
most learning is done inside the classroom with a teacher and little time is needed to spend at home
to review. In contrast, college has a largely reduced amount of learning in the classroom setting, and
instead requires a lot of studying to be done by the student independently. Study methods such as
study and retesting has been proven to be the most beneficial when it comes to retaining the
information in memory and further more improving comprehension. An experiment completed by
Roediger and Karpicke (2006) examined the testing effect using reading materials and a free–recall
test to replicated a conditioned educational setting. They further explored the learning benefits of
retesting. They hypothesized that the more study opportunities allowed would increase higher
performance ratings on immediate retention tests. However, taking recall tests after studying would
increase retention on delayed testing unlike restudying only. They conducted a total of two
experiments. The first experiment had a total of 120 undergraduate participants and used a 2 x 3
mixed factorial design. The first independent variable was the learning conditions with two levels,
restudy and testing, within subjects; the second independent variable was the delay of final tests, 5
minutes, 2 days, and 1 week,

Science and Investigatory Project
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
1. Get an idea. All of the following steps will base on your idea. Make sure it doesn't break any rule
or else you might get disqualified. You can search for it if you don't have any idea. 2. Form a title.
Usually titles are in a form of a question. This are examples. The question can start in how, does and
many other. Does temperature affect the growth of molds?
Does salt affect the density of water?
3. Research your idea. You have to know your idea more. You can do this by reading, surfing the
Internet or discussing it. Knowing your idea more will help you construct your work. 4. Form a
hypothesis. Hypothesis will be your prediction in the idea that you choose. You don't need to
research for this. You just have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has an objective or purpose. It should not be written too long or too short. By just reading the title,
you can determine what the investigative study is all about.
Abstract
The Abstract should be one or two paragraphs only. It includes your research problems, the method
or procedure that you used and the findings or conclusion of the study.
Chapter I
1. Introduction and Its Background
The Introduction is about one page only wherein it includes the background of the study and its
rationale. It usually leads into the research problem.
2. Statement of the Problem
The Statement of the Problem has two categories namely: the general problem and specific
problems. Usually, one general problem and three specific problems which derived from the general
problem. The research problems should be specific, reliable,valid, measurable, objectively stated. It
can be a question form or in a declarative statement.
3. Formulation of the Hypothesis
The Formulation of the Hypothesis has two types namely: the null hypothesis and affirmative
hypothesis. Hypotheses is a scientific guess which intends subject for thorough investigation. It is
recommended to use null hypothesis in your research project.
4. Significant of the Study
The Significant of the Study indicates how important is your investigatory project for the people,
environment and community as a whole. It is really relevant in the changing world or global impact
into the field

A Study Of Piaget's Concepts
The Spatial Relations Test has also been used in the study of Piaget's concepts in their application to
art education.
Studies performed by Morra (2005) in Italy determined the differences in drawing flexibility in
four– to nine–year–olds and the main causes for the disparities. In the study, Morra conducted three
separate, interrelated experiments on children in northern and southern Italy to form a conclusion on
the factors that affect their drawing abilities. In the first experiment, 225 children in an urban
environment in northern Italy from the ages of five to nine were divided into five groups that were
assigned to different experimental conditions. The groups varied on the presence of a visual model
(photograph) and in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The groups were divided by the order the drawings were instructed and the presence of a visual aid.
The children were tested in very similar conditions as in the first experiment, with variation in the
drawing requirements and scoring. They were individually instructed to draw a human standing, one
walking, and one running with or without the assistance of three photographs displaying a person
doing the related action. An assessment with eleven distinguishing criteria and same two tests, the
digit span and Mr. Cucumber, followed the completion of the drawing activity. Morra then
performed a third experiment to conclude this study on drawing development.
In the third experiment, 240 children in southern Italy from the ages of four to eight were assessed,
this time without the assistance of a visual aid during the drawing exercise. These children were also
from an urban environment, but associated with a notably lesser economic status than the previously
included subjects. The children were, like the others, tested in a quiet, private environment with no
time limit. First, they were instructed to draw the image of a human being. Days later, they returned
and were shown four pictures of different kangaroos for a total of fifteen seconds each. They were
promptly instructed to draw a picture of a kangaroo without a photograph present. Their drawings
were

Outline Of Experimental Design Procedure
OUTLINE OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN PROCEDURE
Experiments are carried out by researchers or engineers in all fields of study to compare the effects
of several conditions or to discover something new. If an experiment is to be performed most
efficiently, then a scientific approach to planning it must be considered. The statistical design of
experiments is the process of planning experiments so that appropriate data will be collected, the
minimum number of experiments will be performed to acquire the necessary technical information,
and suitable statistical methods will be used to analyze the collected data. The statistical approach to
experimental design is necessary if we wish to draw meaningful conclusions from the data. Thus,
there are two aspects to any experimental design: the design of the experiment and the statistical
analysis of the collected data. They are closely related, since the method of statistical analysis d
depends on the design employed. An outline of the recommended procedure for an experimental
design is shown in Figure 3.1 and briefly explained below. Figure : outline of experimental design
procedure
Experiments are carried out by researchers or engineers in all fields of study to compare the effects
of several conditions or to discover something new. If an experiment is to be performed most
efficiently, then a scientific approach to planning must be considered. The statistical design of
experiments is the process of planning experiments so that

The Relationship Between Body Image And The Media
In comparison to the time span of history, the media is a relatively new presence in the world.
Despite its rather contemporary status, the media is a wide–spread entity in modern society. From
television to the internet, and from social media to online news sources, almost every modern
American has access to the media in some way. Media has affected the way of life in many ways,
including the way people view themselves. Body image and the media have formed a relationship,
and this relationship effects many people. It becomes particularly important to focus on this
relationship, especially when it comes to how it is changing the way people feel about themselves.
Several studies have been done over this topic, and there is a multitude of data that analyzes the
relationship between body image and the media. In one study, researchers wanted to know whether
or not they could lessen the effects of the media on body image. Their main hypothesis was that if
the women were not given psychoeducational materials that were designed to make them disregard
the importance of imitating women in the media, their personal body image would be negatively
impacted by images of beautiful women in the media (Yamamiya, Cash, Melnyk, Posavac &
Posavac, 2004). The sample that was tested consisted of 123 white female students at Old Dominion
University who volunteered to earn extra credit in their psychology classes. The participants were
divided up into four groups that all had different

Facial Electromyography Analysis
The purpose of this experiment was to test the validity of using facial electromyography (EMG) as a
physiological measure of the valence of radio listeners' emotional responses to advertisements and
to explore the effects of message valence and listener arousal on attention and memory. This study
attempts to clearly differentiate between the concepts of emotional tone and emotional response and
explore the usefulness and validity of EMG as a real–time, physiological measure of the valence of
radio listeners' emotional responses to messages. This study also addresses three questions in
understanding the relationship between emotional media messages and audience member's response
to those messages. The researchers submitted four hypotheses. The first hypothesis predicted that
zygomatic muscle activity would be significantly greater during positive ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The final hypothesis predicted that if the positive and negative advertisements were perceived as
equally arousing, then the positive radio advertisements would be more memorable than the
negative advertisements. Results demonstrated the validity of using facial EMG to assess the
valence of emotional response to media messages. Heart rate data suggest that negative messages
receive more attention than positive ones. It also shows that how arousing a message is appears to be
a better predictor of memory than message valence. The main effect for Valence on zygomatic
muscle activity and corrugator muscle activity was significant. Corrugator muscle activity increases
and then levels off over the course of negative messages but is significantly lower and slightly
decreases over the course of positive messages. Heart rate was significantly slower during negative
messages compared with positive messages. The results indicate that valence predicts facial EMG,
whereas arousal predicts

Effects of Alcohol on Coordination Essay examples
BIO103 Environmental Biology – Effects of Alcohol on Human Coordination
Introduction:
Alcohol is known to produce many chronic abnormalities that are attributable to parietal lobe
dysfunction. The self becomes aware of the body being a distant object but it feels a strange
attachment feeling (Miller et al, 1991). Considerable laboratory research indicates that different
levels of alcohol consumption contributes to overall behavioural and cognitive functions and
therefore the reason for carrying out this study is to test the effects of alcohol on human
coordination. According to Allum et al (1998) Alcohol effects information received by brain
receptors causing the working ones to compensate for the defective information processed by ...
Although this is the case, the investigation was poorly set out. Only one standard alcoholic drink
was consumed which, as shown in the data, isn't enough to lose coordination unless the subject had
extremely low tolerance to alcohol. Subjects were not discriminated by age gender and body weight
which would have shown different results if these points were discriminated against and would have
displayed a stronger correlation between the effects of alcohol on human coordination. The sample
was not large enough to show a strong enough correlation between alcohol and coordination in the
data therefore making the test inaccurate. Overall it seemed that as the subjects had more practice at
the game, the better they became.
In a past investigation carried out by Patel et al (2010), three groups of adults were assessed at
0.00%, 0.06% and 0.10% blood alcohol concentration to assess if alcohol affected body
coordination. Subjects were asked to rate their drunkenness on a scale from 1 to 10 for each group.
Results had shown that their score had no effect on body movement coordination patterns but those
who consumed a higher amount of alcohol experienced a more significant effect on their
coordination due to blood alcohol concentration. In this experiment, the groups showed a larger
correlation between effects of alcohol on human coordination and therefore more accurate

Essay about Birthmark
The Mark of Ugliness
In Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Birthmark, there is indeed a representation of a submerged
personality in Aylmer. Although the other underlying personality is not represented within himself, it
is rather portrayed through his assistant Aminadab. Since Aylmer is lacking so much within himself,
he is unable to appreciate his wife even ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aylmer was
most certainly scientifically based; he wanted to use her as an experiment. Since he has basically
brought his wife into great shame of having the birthmark, she considers removing it, and
instantaneously we see that Aylmer says, "I have spent much thought upon the subject" ; there is no
way he is going to give up this opportunity to bring science into their relationship.
In the lab where they begin to work on Georgiana is where we are introduced to the idea that there is
a polarity between the spiritual and earthly sides of Aylmer and Aminadab. Aminadab is " a man of
low stature, but bulky frame, with shaggy hair hanging about his visage. This personage had been
Aylmer's underworker during his whole scientific career, and was admiably fitted for that office by
his great mechanical readiness, he executed all the details of his master's experiments." He was
basically making the whole lab run and doing all the work. Although he did was " incapable of
comprehending a single principal" he represented what Aylmer lacked. While Aylmer was " slender,
and had a pale, intellectual face" representing the spiritual element

Summary Of Princess Alice Is Watching You
Princess Alice is Watching You Summary In the article titled "Princess Alice is watching you:
Children belief in an invisible person inhibits cheating by Jared Piazza, Jesse Bering, and Gordon
Ingram the experimenters describe an experiment to test the prediction that children would be less
likely to cheat if there is an invisible person watching them. Within this experiment there were 2
children groups, one group was of 39 children between the ages of five and six. While the other
group consisted of 29 children with the age of eight or nine. One of the six year olds was omitted
from the study due to the fact he could not comprehend the task at hand. Within this experiment the
children were asked to complete a task and were told either a) they were in the presence of a
watchful invisible person, b) they were being observed by a real adult or c) they were unsupervised.
This was a three x two factorial, with the three meaning condition while the two meaning age group.
The experimenters introduced both Princess Alice (invisible person) and the real observer as
friendly. The game consisted of children having to throw a Velcro ball at a target and get it to stick
and if they completed a take they received a prize. But the task was nearly impossible due to three
rules the children had to follow. These rules were placed to cause the children to cheat. The
procedure they followed for the children was: First the children arrived with their parents and played
the game with the

Examining How Affectionate Writing Can Reduce Cholesterol...
1. Purpose: To examine whether affectionate writing can reduce cholesterol levels.
2. Participants:
a. Study 1: 22 female and 12 male students in an undergraduate, upper–division communication,
ages 20 – 31; 77.8% Caucasian, 8.3% African American, 8.3% Hispanic, 5.6% Asian/Pacific Island,
2.8% Native American, 5.6% Other. Two married, others single.
b. Study 2: 22 female and 8 male students, ages 19 – 31, also from upper–division communication
courses; 90% Caucasian, 10% Hispanic, 3.3% African American, 3.3% Native American, 3.3%
Other. Two married, others single.
3. Sampling: Both studies used a non–probability convenience sample by choosing students enrolled
in college classes.
4. Concepts:
a. Random assignment: Both studies used randomizer software used to achieve stratified random
assignment, hoping to ensure an equal sex distribution across conditions in experimental and control
groups. Participants had equal chance of being in treatment or control group.
b. Matching: In both studies, participants were prescreened for history of diagnosis/treatment for
hypercholesterolemia and use of blood–thinning agents. Only one participant failed to meet the
qualifications. This ensured that no participants contained these abnormalities, which could
otherwise influence results.
c. Double–blind procedure/technique: To engage in double–blind, researchers would have to be
unaware of which subjects engaged in affectionate letter writing (treatment group) and which

Exercise 11 and 16 Essay
Workbook Exercises11 & 16
Grand Canyon University
1.
Complete Exercises 11 and 16 in Statistics for Health Care Research: A Practical Workbook, and
submit as directed by the instructor (e.g., as a Microsoft Word document in the LoudCloud
classroom).
In order to receive full credit on calculated answers, please show your work. (Use Word's equation
editors, etc., and/or provide a short written description as to how you obtained the final result.)
Exercise 11 (4 points per question) 1. What demographic variables were measured at least at the
interval level of measurement?
Age, Income, Length of labor, Return to work, and Number of hours working per week. 2. What
statistics were used to describe the length of labor in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
6. What was the marital status mode for the subjects in the experimental and control groups?
Provide both the frequency and percentage for the marital status mode for both groups.
The mode for both the experimental and control groups is married with 25 and 78.1% of the
experimental group being married and 31 and 86.1% of the control group being married. 7. Could a
median be determined for the education data? If so, what would the median be for education for the
experimental and the control groups? Provide a rationale for your answer.
For the education data, I must say to calculate the median, from high school to college graduate, the
median would be the some college portion since it would be the middle. The median for the
experimental group would be 11 and 34.4% and for the control group it would be 15 and 41.7%. 8.
Can the findings from this study be generalized to Black women? Provide a rationale for your
answer.
No, because the mode in this study shows to be White women. There is only 1 Black woman in the
experimental group and none in the control group, therefore statistically, it could not be generalized
to Black women. 9. If there were 32 subjects in the experimental group and 36 subjects in the
control group, why is the income data only reported for 30 subjects in the experimental group and
34 subjects in the control group?
Because of missing data,

The Effects Of False Memory On Word Association
False Memory
Cammie Wires
George Mason University
False Memory
Introduction
Multiple studies have been conducted that investigate false memory in humans focusing on word
recall, processing and retention interval, and auditory imaging. Roediger and McDermott (1995)
suggest that individuals who participated in their study are more likely to recall the critical words
and lures if the list of words presented were closely associated to them. Critical lures are the
tendency to recall words that are associated with presented information (Kreiner, Price, Gross,
Appleby, 2004). Roediger and McDermott (1995) also suggest that the same individuals will be
more familiar with the critical lures compared to the words actually presented (Roediger,
McDermott 1995), while other studies suggest similar conclusions. This paper will discuss the effect
of false memory with word association, the ability to retain the words, and auditory learning and
testing with research done by Roediger, McDermott, Gallo, Pilotti, Jacoby, and Thapar.
Literature Review In Thapar and McDermott's (2001) study, they wanted to measure how false
recall and recognition change does over a period of time. They also studied the effects of the level of
processing and retention intervals on false recall (Experiment 1) and false recognition (Experiment
2) of critical lures. Thapar and McDermott's (2001) hypothesis states there will be an increase in
false recall compared to actual recall. To test this

Essay about Bio 101 Evolution Lab
Evolution Lab
BIO/101
Pooja Thakur
7–23–12
Evolution Resulting From Natural Selection
INTRODUCTION The Evolution Lab simulates environmental situations to determine effects on
evolution over periods of time. This lab experiments with the evolution of finches on two different
islands over 100, 200, and 300 years. By manipulating parameters that influence natural selection,
the effects that natural selection have on the evolution process can be studied.
HYPOTHESES The size of the island will influence the population. The amount of precipitation
will influence beak size. Variances in beak size will influence beak size.
MATERIALS The materials needed for this experiment consist of a computer and ... Show more
This test was also run for 300 years then the data was collected.
DATA Test 1
|Parameter |Darwin Island |Wallace Island |
|Initial Beak Size |12 mm |12 mm |
|Heritability |0.7 |0.7 |
|Variance |1 |1 |
|Clutch Size |10 eggs |10 eggs |
|Precipitation |20 cm |20 cm |
|Population |200 birds |200 birds |
|Island Size |0.5 km |1 km |
| |Results | |
|Year |Darwin Island |Wallace Island |
|2096 |578 |1107 |
|2196 |632 |1236 |
|2296 |689 |1458 |
[pic]

Research Design Essay: Evaluation of the Design of an...
Research Design Essay: Evaluation of the Design of an Experiment The ability to describe and
critically assess a design of any research trial can be beneficial in many various aspects. Firstly, it
can assist in maintaining current knowledge through reading other empirical researches, developing
critical and analytical thinking skills and to practice the research process in order to carry out further
studies (Christensen et al., 2014). In the current trial, similar techniques will be employed to
critically describe and assess the design in terms of raising any issues related to the experimental
design. The present trial consists of an environmental psychologist hired to assess a data entry
company's employees work stations. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Accordingly, Accuracy is also a continuous variable that can be measured by the number of word
errors per minute. To operationalize health symptoms, a questionnaire was administered to measure
how many work–related health symptoms they had experienced since the last assessment.
Extraneous variables are important to control because they provide another explanation for the
dependent variable changing that is not due to the independent variable. Extraneous variables take
two forms; Systematic Error and Random Error (Ghilani, 2010). In the present trial, a number of
systematic errors have been identified. Since all the independent variables are manipulated between
groups they yield their own unique set of extraneous variables. The obvious problem with between
groups design is that they are tested between groups. Two groups of people differ in various things
and it is difficult to control both relevant and irrelevant factors. Random assignment has been used
to control this confound; however this does not prevent other systematic errors that comes with
individual differences. This could possibly be resolved by using a repeated measures design, which
consequently eliminates the problem of group differences arising from individual differences
(Christensen et al., 2014). Pre–existing skills of the workers may have an impact on the result that
may be difficult to control. Each worker may have different levels of expertise that contributes to the

Essay on Blue Death Questions
PART I QUESTIONS
1. Models are analogies that allow us to clarify hypotheses–proposed explanations of relationships
between causes and effects. What roles do models play in testing hypotheses?
Models provide the physical testing and proof of a hypothesis by exploring the extent to which the
two factors relate within the given hypothesis. It puts a theory into action, to see if the theory is
correct.
2. What did the humoral model of disease propose as the cause for cholera?
The humoral model of disease said that disease was caused by an imbalance in one or more of four
"humors" or fluids in the body: blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. Physicians would decide
on a treatment based on what they thought was the cause of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
7. When was the germ theory of disease proposed, and on what basis?
The germ theory was proposed by Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur in the 1870s, on the basis that
microorganisms were the cause of many diseases.
PART III
1. Why was it useful to be able to verify the source of the water?
Verifying the source of water was the only way to prevent its spread. Since it is an epidemic, it
affects many people at the same time, and it is very important to stop the spreading into more
communities to prevent further death and the expansion of the disease. Verification allowed
companies using that source to change where they obtained their water, and allowed water treatment
to take place.
2. Why would a neighborhood served by two different water companies be more useful for testing
Snow's hypothesis than two neighborhoods each with their own source?
A reviewer in the London Medical Gazette suggested that Snow find people living side by side with
lifestyles similar in all aspects except of their water source. He made this suggestion because this
would ensure that the neighbors breathe the same air and resemble each other more in variables
other than the water source. This would guarantee that the water is the source, and not other factors
that is causing the cholera.
3. Epidemiologists often draw causal webs to illustrate the

Testing And Experimentation Isn 't A Buzz Term
Introduction Testing and experimentation isn't a buzz term, a lot of astute marketing and designs are
incorporating it to step–up the conversion rate and also gain insights into customer's behavior [3].
The advantage the web has over other channels is the capability to test and fail at a reduced cost [7].
A test is defined as a procedure for critical evaluation carried out to achieve good, measurable
results in a short time frame [10]. Most people think of experiments as restricted to chemistry lab or
by cross breeding plants in the name of biology, but marketing experiment has been around for a
long time, from testing concept stores in various geographies before the product is launched to
showing different television curriculum in a particular state at different time for different audience
[10]. In order for the business to scale through magnificent height, a testing program should be
adopted for every business regardless of its size [7]. The following are the benefits of experimenting
and testing for every organization: Guess work is eliminated; you no longer have to presume what
will work on the website [7]. The website goals can be easily identified and measured [7]. The web
analyst is less concerned about analytics for reporting or building multivariate or regression
platforms, every testing tool comes with various analytics reports [7]. Experimenting can be
conducted for free using tools such as Google website optimizer [7]. The customers can participate
in

The Influence of Context and Perceptual Clues on Memory...
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY TO ASSESS THE INFLUENCE OF CONTEXT AND PERCEPTUAL
CUES ON MEMORY RECALL.
Abstract The influence of context and perceptual clues on memory recall.
The influence of context on memory recall was examined in an experiment based on Godden and
Baddeley's (1975) Context Dependent Memory study. Previous research suggests that memory recall
is improved when learning and recall occur in the same environment. The current experiment
examined the importance of context and perceptual clues in memory recall by manipulating the
learning and recall environments for a memory task using a list of 30 random words tested on three
groups of participants: each group learnt a list of words in one environment and recalled them in ...
The results can then be analysed and compared in line with Godden and Baddeley's findings.
5. Briefly explain the rationale for your research
This study will attempt to replicate the findings of Godden and Baddeley (1975) by examining the
importance of context in learning and recall. In addition, we will examine whether lack of
perceptual cues in the environment affects recall.
Method Between–participants experiment 75 adult participants (15 for each project member) – 35
males – 40 females
Independent variable – Context – Condition 1 – learning and recall environment are the same –
Condition 2 – learning and recall environment are different – Condition 3 – learning and recall
environment are the same, but participants eyes are closed for recall
Dependent variable – Number of words correctly recalled
The 75 participants were randomly allocated to three groups. Condition 1 – 25 participants were
given a printed grid of 30 random words and given 2 minutes to memorise them. Participants were
seated at a table/desk in a quiet room. After learning there is then a 2 minute pause after which
participants were given a further 2 minutes in which to recall the words. Condition 2 – 25
participants are given a printed grid of

Psy 270 Week 5 Experimental Studies
The proposed experiment would be a 2x2x5 factorial design with pre–testing that would be
conducted to investigate each participant's previous medical history and how it may affect their
results. The experiment would use 120 adult participants who have been diagnosed with ADHD. For
the purposes of the proposed experiment, an adult is an individual who is at least age 18 or older.
There would be eleven groups with ten patients in each group, treated over a ten week period: a
modafinil group with medication, modafinil group without medication, dexmethylphenidate group
with CBT, dexmethylphenidate without CBT, methylphenidate group with CBT, methylphenidate
group without CBT, an atomoxetine group with CBT, a CBT group, and a placebo–control group.
The experiment will measure the reduction of ADHD symptoms in adults 18 years or older. ... Show
Each therapy experimental group will be treated by a psychiatrist who will use cognitive behavioral
therapy in combination with the assigned medication for that group. One psychiatrist will be
assigned to each therapy experimental group, a total of six psychiatrists used, so as to reduce the
potential stress if only one psychiatrist was used for the entire experiment. Over the ten week period,
the patients will be presented with the base level of their assigned medication and participate in
therapy sessions three times each

Research Critique Essay
Research Critique
According to Petrofsky et al. (2010) obesity has become a predisposition to numerous chronic
diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. Women tend to have additional factors that promote
being overweight such as pregnancy, overall decreased muscle mass, and hormonal factors in
comparison to men who have increased muscle mass and lack the hormonal and pregnancy impact
that may cause weight gain. In addition to the factors previously mentioned, recent studies have
shown that women who are overweight going into a pregnancy tend to remain, or become even
more overweight following pregnancy. The authors of the Petrofsky et al. study also look at the
changes in posture and the alignment of the skeleton during pregnancy that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The women in the intervention and control groups were between the ages of 21 and 53 years and
had a child within the last 18 years, while the pre–pregnancy group consisted of "younger women
who did not have children" (Petrofsky et al., p. 42). The intervention group participated in the diet
and exercise program, while the control group participated in all measurements, and the pre–
pregnancy group only participated in the initial measurements. The intervention included a diet and
exercise program that was specifically designed to allow for weight loss over the 2 month period of
the study and the exercise program consisted of a specifically designed program to focus on areas of
the body that are affected during pregnancy. The primary focus was on increasing muscle mass and
increasing overall strength. The exercise program was clearly outlined and consisted of 30 minute
exercise periods, which would increase each week, and was taken from a program of videos
consisting of a combination of core training and aerobic and strength exercise. In addition, the
workout schedule is clearly identified in Table–2 on p. 43 of the Petrofsky study for the entire 2
month period. The diet was clearly defined as well, consisting of a mild caloric restricted diet
balanced between carbohydrates, proteins, and fats established by a nutritionist to further ensure
proper balance of vitamins and minerals, while promoting a moderate

Quality Of The Software Engineering
This paper mainly speaks about the study of quality of the Software engineering papers and is
related to the topic "Quality" in our present syllabus. Quality can be expressed in different way or
aspects by different set of people. In this paper, they define about human–centric software
engineering experiments to be studies of software engineering methods, techniques, and procedures
that depend on human expertise. The trial configuration and factual strategies to programming
specialists undertaking empirical studies. Nonetheless, performing a similar study based on papers
from International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE) and Empirical Software
Engineering and Measurement (ESEM) may be a fascinating point for future ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
And they have restricted themselves to assessing the quality of journal papers and there were 14
papers appearing in the International Conference of Software Engineering (ICSE) in a specific time
period. This has expanded the homogeneity of our arrangement of papers to the detriment of
decreasing the consensus of our decisions. This paper is about to explore whether are there any
increase in the quality of the papers in the field of software engineering which discovers the quality
of the software engineering papers and are there any increase in the quality of human–centric
experimental and quasi–experimental journal papers over the time period (1993–2010). And here the
quality of software engineering papers are mainly based on three points. They are: a) The use of
random allocation to experimental conditions, b) The use of single–blind versus double blind
procedures, c) How dropouts were analyzed.
Summary of the Paper: The quality of the software engineering papers was calculated by answering
10 questions where nine questions are about the human–centric experiment/quasi–experiment and
the last question is about the overall subjective assessment of the quality of the study. The scoring
for the questionnaire vary from 0–3 for every question. Below are the list of the nine questions that
are analyzed and marked for the quality of the paper. After a further research

Determination Of Biomass, Protein, Carbohydrate And Lipid
Determination of biomass, protein, carbohydrate and lipid For the estimation of dry biomass, 2 ml
culture was removed on 10th day from each flask, and absorbance measured at 750 nm
spectrophotometrically (Shimadzu UV mini 1601, Japan) and converted to dry biomass using the
regression equation Dry biomass (mg ml–1) = Abs750+0.0378/0.0009 (R2 =0.995; P< 0.001) based
on a standard curve constructed depending on Abs 750 vs dry biomass. To determine dry biomass 10
ml microalgal culture with known Abs750 ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 were filtered through pre–
combusted (100oC, 4 h) and pre–weighed glass microfiber filters (GE Healthcare, UK) and rinsed
with 5 ml of 0.5M ammonium formate. The filters were dried at 100oC for 4 h, cooled in a ... Show
Optimization of medium composition and culture conditions Experimental design Selection of
significant variables by Plackett–Burman design The screening of significant variables influencing
biomass production of Chaetoceros muelleri was accomplished by Plackett–Burman experimental
design using the statistical software Design Expert (version 6.0.9, Stat–Ease Inc, Minneapolis, MN).
Three nutritional parameters (nitrate, phosphate, and silicate) and four physicochemical parameters
(temperature, pH, salinity, and agitation speed) were screened, having each variable tested at two
levels, as minimum (–) and maximum (+). The minimum and maximum limits of the variables were
nitrate (A):7.5–150 mg l–1 ; phosphate (B): 0.5–10 mg l–1; silicate (C): 3–60 mg l–1; temperature
(D): 20–30oC; pH (E): 6–9; salinity (F): 15–40 ppt and agitation speed (G): 100–200 rpm. For
screening the above variables, microalgal culture having absorbance of 0.2 at 750 nm was
inoculated to a final concentration of 10% (v/v) to 100 ml medium in 250 ml conical flasks having
varying composition as formulated by Plackett–Burman design. The design matrix, consisted of 11
variables with 12 runs (N), with D1 to D4 as the dummy variables was used to evaluate the standard
errors (SE) (Table 1) . The experimental cultures were incubated in triplicate for 10 days in a shaker

Essay on miss
Q 1. In this practical exercise you will be using biuret reagent. Why is biuret reagent used in this
practical?
The biuret reagent is used to assess the concentration of the protein because peptide bonds occur
with the same frequency per amino acid in the peptide. The intensity of the colour, and therefore the
absorption, is directly proportional to the protein concentration.
Q 2. What is the experimental reason for constructing a standard curve?
Multiple samples with known properties can be measured and graphed, which then enables the same
properties to be determined for the unknown samples, in this case the concentration, by interpolating
the graph which depicts the relationship between the absorbance and concentration. ... Show more
(2 and 4 sentences)
One way in which the experimental procedure could be modified is diluting the sample. This
involves decreasing the volume of BSA Protein solution and increasing the buffer volume by the
same amount. As a result the absorbance would be lower and fit on the graph. Another way may be
to extend the curve by increasing the concentration of the BSA Protein solution which would
provide a greater range.
Q 7. Do your results support your hypothesis regarding these tissue samples? (2–3 sentences)
The hypothesis regarding the tissue samples was supported. The absorbance of the sun raised
silverbeet plant was found to be 0.801, which was greater than the shaded silverbeet plant with an
absorbance of 0.369.
Q 8. One possible reason for the results not supporting your experimental hypothesis is experimental
error. List three examples of possible sources of error that may have occurred in your work in this
practical class. (2–3 sentences)
A possible error may be adding inaccurate amounts of buffer between samples, causing them to
dilute either excessively or insufficiently, resulting in an inaccurate standard curve. Another error
could be leaving the sample solutions for over 25 minutes, which could cause the protein to start
degrading. Not zeroing the spectrophotometer or cleaning the tube properly can affect the
absorbance value.
Q 9. Even if your results do support the experimental hypothesis, give three major possible

The Sexual Function Of Laboratory Animals
Abstract
Castration in males may be the result of disease or injury. It is expected that after a castration
procedure, the males will lose sexual function. In this experiment there were seventeen male rats
randomly distributed into three groups; sham group (N = 5), castrated and oil group (N = 4) and
castrated and testosterone group (N = 7). The control group received a sham operation and bi–daily
injections of oil to show that it was not a surgical procedure or bi–daily injections that caused the
lowered production of testosterone. As expected sexual function was able to be restored in the
castrated males by giving bi–daily supplementation of testosterone hormone at the same rate that
testicles would normally produce this hormone. The castrated males that did not receive the
testosterone injections but had received the bi–daily injections of oil, did not have successful
restoration of their sexual function. Studying sexual function in laboratory animals is important to
be able to develop ways to supplement hormones in humans and to restore sexual function in those
who have suffered an injury or disease that resulted in a castration procedure. Introduction
Sexual function is dependent on the testosterone levels produced by the interstitial cells of the
testicle. The role of testosterone deficiency in sexual function can be directly linked to diseases of
reproductive organs, injury, certain medications and aging factors. Males and females face this
problem more

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