This doctoral thesis examines the influence of computer and internet use in classrooms on the development of high school students' information and communication technology skills in Lima, Peru. The study used a quasi-experimental design comparing an experimental group that used computers and the internet in classrooms to a control group that did not. Results showed that students who used computers and the internet in classrooms developed better skills in obtaining information, teamwork, and learning strategies compared to the control group. The thesis concludes that classroom computer and internet use helps improve students' information and communication technology skills.

1. DOCTORAL THESIS By : Raul Choque (raul.choque@pucp.edu.pe) Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Cristobal Suarez (cristobalsuarez@hotmail.com ) Peru, 2009 “ Use of computers and Internet in classrooms and skills development in information and communication technologies of high school students” Lima, Peru UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS SCHOOL OF EDUCATION

2. “ Mind is not a recipient to be filled, but a fire to be excited” Plutarco

3. Problem statements Research aims and objectives Theoretical framework Methodology Results Conclusions Recommendations Index

4. Research problem

5. In Lima, capital of Peru, 35% of houses have a computer and 23% have access to Internet (INEI, 2008). In Lima 95% of young people from 12 and 17 years of age, use Internet every day (APOYO, 2008). 89% of high school students use Internet to get information, 76% to communicate, 42% for entertainment and 19% for education (INEI 2008). In high schools of Lima, since 2002 the integration of computer and Internet has been developed in some high schools. This project was called “Huascaran” and now it is called “Aulas de Innovacion Pedagogica”, where students use the Internet more or less 150 hours during each academic year. There is no information about the effects of study with computers in high schools in Lima. How is the influence of the study with computers and Internet in the students skills of information and communication technologies? Research problem

6. The research was developed in the poorest district of Lima, San Juan de Lurigancho. This district has the most population in South America with 812,000 habitants. 80% of the population in this district is poor. There are 50,008 high school students in public schools in 12 educational networks. EDUCATIONAL NETWORK 11 07 public high schools 3,685 students Location of research

7. Objectives

8. Objectives General objective To determine the influence of the use of the computer and the Internet in the students’ skills in information and communication technologies. Specific objectives To determine if students improve the skills about getting information from Internet for school activities. To determine if students improve the skills about team work with Internet for school activities. To determine if students improve the skills about learning strategies with Internet for school activities.

9. Hypothesis General hypothesis The use of computers and Internet in classrooms allow the development of students´ skills in information and communication technologies . Specific hypothesis To determine if students improve the skills when getting information from Internet for school activities. To determine if students improve the skills about team work with Internet for school activities. To determine if students improve the skills about learning strategies with Internet for school activities.

10. Variables Dependent variable Development of student´ skills in information and communication technologies. Independent variable Study with computers and Internet in the classroom.

11. Theoretical framework

12. Theoretical framework Agricultural society Industrial society Digital society 1750 1955 8000 B.C. Electronic society Information society Knowledge society Virtual society Network society Pre figurative society

13. Abacus 3000 B.C. Mechanical calculator 1500 A.C. Compasses 1579 Electronic speech synthesizer 1937 Electro mechanical computer 1940 Computer 1950 Personal computer 1981 Wall painting Newsletter 59 B.C. Chinese Paper 105 A.C. Printing press 1450 News paper 1502 Radio Broad-casting 1918 Color TV 1968 INFORMATICS INFORMATION Smoke and fire signals Trumpets 100 B.C. Chappe Telegraph 1794 Internet 1969 Trans-atlantic Cable 1856 Telephone 1876 Cellular 1984 Electro-magnetic Telegraph 1837 COMMUNICATION TV Trans-mission 1927 Theoretical framework Source: M. Hilbert

14. Written information Written information Linguistic information Linguistic information Language revolution Writing revolution Printing revolution Electronic revolution Linguistic information Written information Print information Electronic information Theoretical Framework Linguistic information Print information Source: Y. Masuda

15. Theoretical framework for ICT skill development DISTRIBUTED COGNITION Salomon Cognition is not just in the head, cognition is distributed over other people and tools The learning is between a person and technology There is a cognitive residue that is an effect of learners interacting with media SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH Vigotsky iBrain Gary Small The brain´s plasticity allows that the brain can change in response to stimulus from the environment Even using a computer for Web search for just an hour a day changes the way the brain processes information The current explosion of digital technology not only is changing the way we live and communicate, but also is altering our brains Cultural tools may include (1) Real tools: computers and Internet (2) Symbolic tools: numbers, maps, signs, codes, hypertext language Higher order mental processes are mediated by psychological tools Everything in life is derived from the environment

16. Cognition of the person Distributed cognition Distributed cognitions Distributed cognition

17. Subject: students Object: ICT skills Outcome: good perform Rules: schedules Community: teachers, parents Division of labor Tools: computer, Internet, hypertext language Activity theory Source: Engeström, 1987 Reorganization of brain function Effects With: Courses Effectos Of: Cognitive residue

18. Information and Communication Technologies Skills The ICT skills are the cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects that allow students to use ICT to access, get, organize, communicate and assess information. Also these skills help students to have a better performance. Theoretical framework

19. Theoretical framework International Society for Technology in Education 2008 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OCDE) 2005 Carlos Monereo Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB) 2005 Ministerio de Educacion del Peru (MINEDU) 2007 Basic operations and concepts Social, ethical and human issues Technology productivity tools Technology communications tools Technology research tools Technology problem-solving and decision-making tools Competences for use language, symbols ant text interactive Competences for use knowledge and information interactive Competences for use technology interactive Search information and learning Learn for communicating Learn for team work Learn for participating in the public life To get information for research To work in teams To learn with technology tools

20. Methodology

21. DESIGN The research was quasi experimental with post test, nonrandomized control group, quantitative. G 1 = Experimental group G 2 = Control group X = Study with computers and Internet O 1 = Post test experimental group O 2 = Post test experimental group Methodology NR G 1 X O 1 NR G 2 - O 2

22. Hypothesis test Student’s t-test of difference of means was used to test the significance of the difference between two sample means. Student’s t-Test was used to compare the sample means between two independent samples . For this activity we used the software SP SS v15.0© We reject a null hypothesis if the p-value is less than 0.05, corresponding to a 5% chance.

23. Population and sample Experimental group Control group Grade I.E. 0087 José María Arguedas I.E. 0132 Toribio de Luzuriaga y Mejía I.E. 0137 Miguel Grau Seminario Sub Total 4to. 75 91 120 286 5to. 67 106 122 295 TOTAL 142 197 242 581 Grade I.E. 100 I.E. 0119 Canto Bello I.E. 0161 Moisés Colonia Trinidad I.E. 0169 Sub Total 4to. 109 61 27 76 273 5to. 132 60 27 68 287 TOTAL 241 121 54 144 560

24. Population and sample INCLUSION CRITERIA Male and female that are studying in the 4 th and 5 th grade of high school Students from public high schools Students that are from 11th Educational Network of Lima

25. Instrument We elaborated an instrument about the ICT skills The instrument was validated by expert judgment and analyzed by Aiken coefficient of validity We had a pilot group, where the Alpha Cronbach was ACCEPTABLE

26. Homogeneity of the groups Variables Experimental group Control group x 2 (gl) Value p N=581 N=560 % N % N Gender Male Female 45.6 54.4 265 316 47.5 52.5 266 294 x 2 (1)=0.409 0.522 Grade repetition Yes No 5.3 94.7 31 550 4.8 95.2 27 533 x 2 (1)=0.156 0.693 Socio economic level High Medium Low Very low 1.7 81.8 15.7 0.9 10 475 91 5 2.0 78.8 18.0 1.3 11 441 101 7 x 2 (3)=1.778 0.620 Educational level of household head University High school Primary school Without education 18.6 70.7 10.3 0.3 108 411 60 2 19.3 66.3 13.6 0.9 108 371 76 5 x 2 (3)=4.829 0.185

27. Homogeneity of the groups Variables Experimental group Control group x 2 (gl) Value p N=581 N=560 % N % N Activities after school To study To work Other 57.8 12.9 29.3 336 75 170 57.7 13.4 28.9 323 75 162 x 2 (2)=0.063 0.969 Have a computer at home Yes No 25.0 75.0 145 436 24.1 75.9 135 425 x 2 (1)=0.111 0.739 Have access to Internet at home Yes No 15.5 84.5 90 491 14.5 85.5 81 479 x 2 (1)=0.236 0.627 Average SD Average SD t(gl) Value p Age 15.34 0.9319 15.36 0.999 t(1139)=1126.30 0.748

28. Results

29. Place where students use Internet

30. Person that teaches about the use of Internet

31. Main activities when using Internet

32. * * * Skills to get information * * * * * *

33. * Skills for team work * * * * * * * *

34. * Skills to learn with Internet * * * * * * * *

35. Conclusions

36. Conclusions When students use computers and Internet in classrooms, they develop more skills to get information. The significant differences were the use of educational website, the differences about the kinds of information, use advanced search and the use of information for school tasks. When students use computers and Internet in classrooms, they develop more skills to work in teams. The significant differences were the use of e-mail, use of discussion boards, use of weblogs and use of Wikipedia. When students use computers and Internet in classrooms, they develop more skills for learning. The significant differences were the use of power points, conceptual map, mind map, database, electronic dictionary, digital library and elaboration of texts for schools tasks.

37. The students learned the use of Internet mainly from their peers, family member or by themselves. The main activities with Internet are to get information, communication and the use of different tools for learning. The access to Internet is mainly in booths. Conclusions

38. Recommendations

39. Recommendations When students use computers and Internet, they not only should get information, they should transform information in knowledge. This is an important activity especially with students. There are several tools for communicating, but the ICT tools are used for social activities. It is very important that schools should promote the use of these tools for academic goals. For learning skills with ICT there are a lot of resources and tools that should be used frequently. Therefore teachers should promote the use of the digital library, digital educational radio, television, etc.

40. Teachers should learn more about computers and the Internet. Students are learning from their peers and by themselves. Students and teachers should transform information in knowledge, therefore they need to know more about the use of different techniques and tools for knowledge construction. The majority of students access to Internet from public booths, there is a necessity to put more attention on these booths and to promote the adequate use to make educational activities with Internet. Recommendations

41. Appendix

42. Validation by experts in ICT

43. Pilot test with students

44. Instrument application

45. Students that partcipated in the research

46. Publication Journal: SIGNO EDUCATIVO N° 167, July 2008.

47. Journal: SIGNO EDUCATIVO N° 168, August 2008. Publication

48. “ ...[I]f a new technology extends one or more of our senses outside us into the social world, then new ratios among all of our senses will occur in that particular culture. It is comparable to what happens when a new note is added to a melody. And when the sense ratios alter in any culture then what had appeared lucid before may suddenly become opaque, and what had been vague or opaque will become translucent”. Marshall McLuhan