This PPT describe the basic research strategies and designs. survey Research correlational research, Ex-Post Facto Research and experimental research

1. RESEARCH STRATEGIES:
DESCRIPTIVE, CORRELATIONAL
AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
DR. SURENDRA PAL SINGH
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHER EDUCATION
DHARM SAMAJ COLLEGE ALIGARH.

2. WHAT IS RESEARCH:
Scientific Research is a systematic, controlled,
empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical
propositions about the presumed relations among
Natural Phenomena
F.N.Kerlinger

3. STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
• Research Problem (Research Topic/Question)
• Hypothesis(Background/Previous Researches)
• Data Collection (Population And Sampling Tool)
• Analysis and Interpretation of Data.
• Conclusion and Discussion of Results.

4. TYPES OF RESEARCH
• According to Purpose-Theoretical Research, and Applied
Research
• According to Depth of Scope-Exploratory, Descriptive,
Explanatory and Correlational Research
• According to the Type of Data Used-Qualitative, Quantitative
Research
• According to the Manipulation of Variables-Experimental, Non-
Experimental, Quasi-Experimental Research
• According to the Time- Longitudinal Study. Cross-Sectional
Study
• According to The Sources of Information-Primary Research
Secondary research

5. RESEARCH METHODS

6. RESEARCH STRATEGIES:
A research strategy refers to a step-by-step plan of
action that gives direction to the researcher’s
thought process. It enables a researcher to
conduct the research systematically and on
schedule

7. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
• A Descriptive Study describe and interpret what is? It is concern with
conditions and relationships that exists,
• opinions that are held.
• Process that are going on.
• Effects that are going on.
• effects that are evident or trends that are developing .
• It is primary concern with the present although it often consider past
events and influences as they related to current conditions.
J.W. Best

8. TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
• Survey Research
• Casual Comparative research
• Correlational Research

9. SURVEY RESEARCH
Survey is the most popular form of research which studies the
properties of the population with the help of a sample., it is also
known as Normative research because it studies the present
parameters Survey research is used cross sectional approach.
There are two types of survey research :
1. Sample survey
2. Census survey

10. MEANING AND DEFINITION OF SURVEY RESEARCH
• John Howard first time use Survey Research in England for jail Reform in England.
“Survey Research is that branch of social scientific investigation, that studies large
and small population (Universe) by selecting and studying sample chosen from the
population to discover the incidence, distribution and interrelations of sociological
and psychological variables”
F.N. Kerlinger

11. CHARACTERISTICS OF SURVEY RESEARCH
1. Survey research involves a structured approach to collecting data.
2. Quantitative Approach: It primarily deals with gathering data and statistical analysis to
draw conclusions.
3. Sample Selection: Surveys use sampling to select a representative subset of the
population being studied.
4.Standardization: Surveys rely tool to ensure consistency in data collection across
respondents.
6.Large-Scale Data Collection: Surveys are collecting data from a large number for broader
generalizations.
7. Variety of Administration: Surveys can be administered in various ways, providing
flexibility in data collection.
8. Descriptive or Explanatory: Surveys can be designed to describe or to explore
relationships between variables,

12. STEPS OF SURVEY RESEARCH
• To specify and clarify the problem
• Sampling Plan
• Construction of research tool
• Collection of data
• Analysis of the data
• Presentation of the Report
F. N.Kerlinger

13. STEPS OF SURVEY RESEARCH
• I. First Step- Research Problem. Hypothesis, Response, Design.
• II. Second Step- Population. Area, Sampling (Frame, Technique, Selection)Tool
Preparation.
• III. Data collection- Administration of Tool. Scoring Tabulation, edition.
• IV. Statistical Analysis-Data feeding, checking and Analysis
• V. Testing Hypothesis, presentation of Results
• VI. Preparation or Research Report

14. CASUAL COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
• Causal-comparative research is a methodology used to identify
cause-effect relationships between independent and dependent
variables. Researchers can study cause and effect in retrospect.
This can help determine the consequences or causes of
differences already existing among or between different
groups of people.

15. MEANING OF CASUAL COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
• It is also known as Ex-post facto Research
• D'Amato called this Research correlational Research
• Matron and Max Beber called this research Hypothetical
Research
• Chaplin and Greenwood called this research Quasi Experiment

16. DEFINITION OF EX-POST FACTO RESEARCH
• Ex-Post Facto Research may be defined as that research in which
The Independent variables have already occurred and in which the
researcher started with the observation of dependent variables.
He then studies the independent variable in respect for their
possible relations and effect on the dependent variables.
Kerlinge

17. STEPS OF EX-POST FACTO RESEARCH
1. Identifying the Research Question
2. Review of Existing Literature
3. identification and Selection of Variables
4. Selection of Participants
5. Data Collection. Data Analysis
6. Interpretation of Findings
7. Discussion and Conclusion
8. Report Writing

18. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
• Francis Galton started correlational research in England.
• It has much more important in comparative psychology.
• Correlational Research study the Concomitant variation in two variables
• Concomitant variation is of three types-
• 1. Positive
• 2. Negative
• 3. Zero

19. MEANING AND DEFINITION OF CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
Correlation technique are used to ascertain the extent to which two
variables are related that is extent to which the variation in one
factor correspondent with the variation in the other.
In the correlational Research researcher try to find out the causes
of variation of variables but due to the lack of manipulation in
independent variables researcher can not determine the cause and
effect relationship.
The Fundamental weakness of correlational research is to inability
to specify cause and effect.
The Prediction of correlation is based on the magnitude and
direction of correlation.

20. STEPS OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
• Identify problem/ / Variables
• Formulate Hypotheses
• Select Participants
• Measure Variables
• Collect Data and Analyze Data
• Interpret Results:
• Draw Conclusions:
• Report Findings:

21. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• Experiment is a method of testing a Hypothesis- Jahoda
• Experiment is an observation under controlled conditions-chaplin
• It is most important method in the field of educational psychology

22. CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENT
1.Objectivity 2. Definiteness
3. Verifiability 4. Reliability
5. Validity 6. Casual relation
7. Predictability 8. Universality
9. Generalization

23. AIMS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• Discovering exact relationship among variables
• Testing hypothesis
• Theory construction
• Efficient Prediction
• Establishing Internal Validity
• Application and applied promotion

24. STEPS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (A.P.A.)
1.Title (Problem of the experiment)
2. Name and affiliation (the experimenter)
3.Introduction (about variable)
4. Method- Subjects, Apparatus-design ,Process
5. Result (Findings)
6. Discussion (validation of Results)
7. References
8. Abstract

25. DESIGNS OF THE EXPERIMENT

26. DESIGNS OF THE EXPERIMENT

27. VARIABLES
• Any measurable Attribute of objects. Things, or being is called variable.
• There are three types of variables:
• 1. Independent variables – E-Type and S-Type
• II. Dependent Variables- Behavioural variables
• III. Intervening or relavant variables- Subject, Situation and Sequence
Related

28. VARIABLE CONTROL
• Elimination
• Consistency
• Balancing
• Counterbalancing
• Randomization

29. OVERVIEW:
1. Research process(Meaning, types and steps)
2, Research strategies
3. Descriptive Research (Meaning and types)
4. Survey Research (Meaning and process)
5.Ex-post facto research(Meaning and process)
6. Correlational research (meaning and process)
7. Experimental research (Meaning and Process)
8. Variable and variable control

30. क
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