The reproductive systems of males and females are composed of primary sex organs and regulatory centers in the brain. Common male reproductive disorders in dogs include cryptorchidism, brucellosis, and transmissible venereal tumors. Cryptorchidism is when one or both testicles fail to descend, requiring neutering and removal. Canine brucellosis is a contagious infection spread through genital secretions that causes infertility. Transmissible venereal tumors are sexually transmitted cancers that appear as nodules and are treated with surgery and chemotherapy. Common female disorders include pyometra, pseudo-pregnancy, and mammary tumors. Pyometra is a uterine infection requiring emergency spaying. Mammary

1. Reproductive System
Dr. Radhika

2. Reproductive System
Introduction
• The reproductive system is the group of organs that produce offspring.
• In both males and females, the reproductive system is composed of primary sex organs and
primary regulatory centers.
• The primary sex organs in males: testes and genital tract
• The primary sex organs in females: ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus in females.
• The primary regulatory centers are in the brain (the pituitary gland and hypothalamus).

3. Male reproductive disorders in cats and dogs
• Cryptorchidism
• Brucellosis
• Transmissible Venereal Tumors (TVT)
Most Common conditions:

4. Female reproductive disorders in cats and dogs
• Pyometra
• Pseudo pregnancy
• Mammary Tumor
Most Common conditions:

5. Cryptorchidism
• Introduction - Retained Testes
• Cryptorchidism is the medical term that refers
to the failure of one or both testicles (testes)
to descend into the scrotum.
• Normally descend between 2 to 4 months of
age.
Male reproductive disorders in cats and dogs

6. Cryptorchidism
• Cryptorchidism- common in toy breeds- toy Poodles and Pomeranians at higher
risk.
• 75% of cases of cryptorchidism- one retained testicle
• 25% involve failure of both testicles to descend
• The right testicle is more than twice as likely to be retained Cryptorchidism
affects
• affects 1-3% of all dogs.
• Hereditary

7. Cryptorchidism- Signs
• Rarely associated with pain or other signs unless a complication develops.
• One complication of cryptorchidism is spermatic cord torsion -sudden and
severe abdominal pain.
• A retained testicle may turn cancerous.
"If both testicles are retained, the dog may be infertile."

8. Cryptorchidism

9. Cryptorchidism- Diagnosis
• The testicle cannot be felt from the outside.
• Abdominal ultrasound or radiographs (X-rays)

10. Cryptorchidism- Treatment
• Neutering and removal of the retained testicle(s) are recommended.

11. Canine Brucellosis
Introduction-
• Canine brucellosis is a contagious bacterial infection caused by the
bacterium, Brucella canis (B. canis).
• Highly contagious between dogs.
• Brucella canis is zoonotic in nature

12. Canine Brucellosis
Route of Transmission-
• B. canis bacteria is shed in the genital secretions (semen or vaginal discharges)
• Smaller amounts of bacteria shed-in urine or saliva.
• Female dog- aborted material and discharges.

13. Canine Brucellosis
Symptoms in Male Dogs
• epididymitis, an infection in part of the
testicle.
• enlarged scrotum or an enlarged testicle
• The dog may be infertile.
• In chronic cases- testicles will atrophy
Symptoms in Female Dogs
• Female dogs infected with brucellosis
develop an infection of the uterus.
• Infertility
• Abortion in the late stages of pregnancy.
• persistent vaginal discharge.

14. Canine Brucellosis
Diagnosis
• Rapid slide agglutination test or RSAT

15. Canine Brucellosis
Diagnosis
• Rapid detection kits
• ELISA
• PCR

16. Canine Brucellosis
Treatment
• Any dog that has been infected with B. canis should be considered to be infected
for life.
• the dog may shed bacteria intermittently for the rest of its life.
• acute infection can be controlled with antibiotics
• Surgical sterilization of the infected dog will decrease shedding of the organisms
into the environment, thereby reducing the risk to other dogs.

17. • Antibiotic Therapy:
Doxycycline
Doxy Must (10 tab), SkyEC MRP Rs 125
Doxy PET (10 tab), Sava vet MRP Rs 70
@10 mg/kg B.wt o.i.d in cats and dogs
Canine Brucellosis-Treatment
• Acute infection can be controlled with antibiotics

18. Transmissible Venereal Tumor
Introduction:
• Transmissible venereal tumors (TVT) are tumors that arise from the dysregulated
growth of cells called histiocytes.
• Histocytes are a type of immune system cell found in many areas of the body,
including the skin.
• TVTs are malignant (cancerous) tumors.
• Different from other cancers, TVTs can spread between dogs.

19. Transmissible Venereal Tumor
Spread:
• It is sexually transmitted.
• The most common cause of this cancer is direct contact with a dog with TVT, which
includes sexual contact (intercourse), licking, biting, and sniffing the tumor affected
areas.

20. Transmissible Venereal Tumor
Signs:
• Irregular thickening of the –Genitalia- surrounding tissue
• excessively licking the area.
• ‘cauliflower-like’ nodules- discomfort, intermittent bleeding, or bruising.

21. Transmissible Venereal Tumor
Diagnosis:
• Cytology
Samples can be collected either by cotton-tipped swab or by fine needle aspiration (FNA)
• Biopsy
The surgical excision of a piece of tumor.(Histopathology)
.
Neoplastic round cells had a high rate of proliferation with frequent mitotic figures (arrowheads)

22. "TVTs usually continue to grow and can become
increasingly bothersome without treatment."

23. Transmissible Venereal Tumor
Treatment:
• Complete surgical excision and chemotherapy
• Vincristine is the first-line drug for the chemotherapy of canine transmissible venereal
tumor (CTVT).
Vincristine sulfate (0.5-0.7 mg/m2)-IV,
once weekly for 3-6 weeks

24. Transmissible Venereal Tumor
Supplementary Therapy:
•Improves Quality of life in cancer patients
DOGS : 1 ml per 5 kg b.i.d
Rs 1750 for 150ml
.

25. Pyometra
• Introduction - “Pus in the Uterus”
• Pyometra is a secondary infection that
occurs as a result of hormonal changes in
the reproductive tract.
• Following estrus, progesterone is elevated
for up to two months and causes the lining
of the uterus to thicken in preparation for
pregnancy.
• If pregnancy consecutively doesn’t occur the
uterine lining continues to increase in
thickness.
• "
Female reproductive disorders in cats and dogs
https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/pyometra-in-dogs

26. Pyometra
If the cervix is open or relaxed, bacteria can easily enter the
uterus."

27. Pyometra
When does Pyometra occur?
• Pyometra may occur in any sexually intact young to middle-
aged dog; however, it is most common in older dogs.
• occurs two to eight weeks after the last estrus.

28. Pyometra
When does Pyometra occur?
• Pyometra may occur in any sexually intact young to middle-
aged dog; however, it is most common in older dogs.
• occurs two to eight weeks after the last estrus.

29. Pyometra
Classification
• Open Pyometra: Cervix open, Pus drains out
• Closed Pyometra: Cervix closed, distended abdomen
Open Pyoderma Closed Pyoderma

30. Pyometra
Classical Signs
Open Pyometra:
Pus or an abnormal discharge, soiling of skin and surroundings.
Fever, lethargy, anorexia, and depression.
Closed Pyometra:
Distended abdomen
The bacterial toxins – septicaemia.
anorectic, very listless and very depressed.
Vomiting or diarrhea may also be present.

31. Pyometra
Diagnosis
• Based on clinical signs.
• Blood picture: WBC
• Radiography
• Ultrasound

32. Pyometra
Diagnosis
Radiography Ultrasound

33. Pyometra
Treatment
• Ovariohysterectomy (spay).
• Intravenous fluids are required to stabilize the dog before
and after surgery.
• Antibiotics are usually given for two weeks after surgery.

34. • Antibiotic Therapy:
Ceftriaxone
Pyometra
Intacef Pet 500mg ,Intas, MRP Rs 40
@15 mg/kg B.wt o.i.d in dogs
25 mg/kg B.wt o.i.d in cats

35. Pyoderma
Treatment-
Pain Medication :
Carprofen- 4.4 mg/kg b.wt
Meloxicam- 0.2mg/kg b.wt
Melonex by Intas, Rs 77 Carodyl by Savavet, Rs 165

36. Pyometra
Treatment-
Fluid Therapy : (To Stabilize animal- thumb rule DNS, NS- 2-
6ml/kg/hr)

37. Mammary Tumor
Introduction-
• A mammary tumor develops because of abnormal replication of the cells that make up
the breast tissue.
• Can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

38. Canine Mammary Tumor
Introduction-
Mammary Tumor in Dog Mammary Tumor in Cat

39. Mammary Tumor
Why does it happen?.. Who is at Risk?-
• The exact causes for the development of mammary tumors in dogs are not fully
understood.
• Hormonal imbalance- progesterone, increases the risk of developing mammary.
• Risk significantly higher in senior dogs and cats > 7 yr of age.
• Breed predisposition-Chihuahuas, Poodles, Dachshunds, Cocker Spaniels, Boxer
Dogs, and Doberman
"Dogs spayed prior to their first heat have only a
0.5% risk of developing mammary tumor(s)"

40. Mammary Tumor
Symptoms
• One (or more) palpable masses underneath the skin of the abdomen.
• Mass follow along the mammary chain.
• The size of the mass(es) and appearance may vary
• Firm and nodular mass.
• Mass may ulcerate and bleed

41. Mammary Tumor
Diagnosis
• Palpation of nodular growth.
• Fine needle aspiration (FNA)
Variation in cell (anisocytosis) and
nuclear. (anisokaryosis) , mitotic
figures

42. Mammary Tumor
Treatment
• For dogs with solitary mammary tumors, surgery is by far the best treatment
• For dogs with multiple tumors of one or both mammary chains, the associated – or all –
of the mammary glands may need to be removed.
• If intact, an ovariohysterectomy is recommended
• If metastatized- chemotherapy

43. Mammary Tumor
Treatment
• For dogs with solitary mammary tumors, surgery is by far the best treatment
• For dogs with multiple tumors of one or both mammary chains, the associated – or all –
of the mammary glands may need to be removed.
• If intact, an ovariohysterectomy is recommended

44. Thank You