The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Social dimensions of bazaar in historical cities of Iran: The Tabriz bazaartheijes
The document discusses the social dimensions of bazaars in historical Iranian cities, using the Tabriz bazaar as a case study. It finds that the Tabriz bazaar:
1) Has a network structure of passages that interconnect different parts of the city and strengthen social cohesion.
2) Promotes social interaction by linking residential areas, public spaces, and different urban functions.
3) Serves as both an economic hub and a center for social and cultural exchange that reinforced community and civic participation.
Determining the Position of Culture-Centered Design in Complementation of Urb...Parisa Aminsobhani
Modern society, according to a single linear view of modernity, is founded upon the concept of
progress in a linear trajectory; it has “backward” on the one side and “civilized, developed society” on
the other. According to this point of view, the societies, whether want it or not, having no choice
except moving away from backwardness towards progress and development. The overall rate of
societies’ civility and urbanization is measured on the extent to which they are similar to the first
developed cities in the world. However, the criticism made are that the legacy of the communities,
mostly formed by culture, is consciously or unconsciously deleted or overlooked through this
measurement. In order to compensate for the loss caused by modernity, the roles of designers as
the critics and promoters of modern perspective, become significant with regard to the profound
attention to culture. It takes a step towards experiencing and culture-making. The present paper has
been prepared based on the results from the research on environmental design project of River
Valley of Maqsood Beyk – Jafar Abad in Tajrish Square; and it aims to provide a procedure to
increase the cultural functions in the environment. The study indicates that the aesthetic and
symbolic functions are neglected in the regional environmental design; and at lower level, the
practical functions are seen as sufficient. Due to the profound attention to culture, the design studies
suggest the image analysis method and Kansei Engineering throughout the present research. The
case study on River Valley Maqsood Beyk – Jafar Abad shows that applying this method has been
successful in experiencing the design of products and environment and systematically leads the
designers’ mind to cultural considerations.
Investigating Factors and Practical Solutions in the Sense of Belonging for t...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: over recent decades, according to historical contexts in the worldwide cities has taken many forms. This movement in Iran has been less of dating. Damaged areas have potential for better use of original residents and other people out of context. This is possible by recognition of problems and challenges. Thus intervention to improve and modernize distressed areas in order to restore the balance of life in the area essential. This study is a qualitative and applied research. Yazd province as case study was chosen to determine factors affecting the design in accordance with originality and identity of the area, according to documents and maps derived from specific detailed plan worn texture of Yazd. Area with common characteristics (in terms of intervention type, Burnout, revitalization and renovation are categorized and studied. SWOT technique was used for data analysis. Finally, with respect to existing burnout and potential, solution is presented.
This paper analyzes the spatial formation of traditional neighborhoods called "mohallas" in Varanasi, India. The author identifies two main types of mohallas - those with a linear or tree-like shape along streets, and those with a broader territorial shape. Field surveys reveal differences in the size, boundaries, facilities, and street patterns of mohallas, reflecting the degree of urbanization when they were established. The paper aims to link mohalla typologies to Varanasi's historical urbanization process under Muslim rule in order to better understand the basic structure of North Indian cities.
Literacy in Theory and Practice by Brian StreetParisa Mehran
In the first section, Street offers a contrast between an "autonomous" model of literacy that views it as a neutral skill versus an "ideological" model that sees literacy as embedded in social and cultural contexts, leading to the concept of multiple "literacies". In studying villages in Iran, Street observed different literacies used, such as religious literacy in maktab schools and commercial literacy among fruit traders. In the third section, Street analyzes literacy campaigns in Tanzania, Nicaragua, and Britain to show how some exemplify the autonomous model while others take an ideological approach.
This document summarizes an article that examines the ornaments and concept of beauty in Iranian architecture, using the large Timcheh of Qom Bazaar as a case study. It provides background on the bazaar and Timcheh, and analyzes the structural elements and ornaments like Yazdibandi and Rasmibandi brickwork that create a coherent atmosphere and demonstrate beauty. The ornaments are discussed as an important part of Iranian architectural tradition and identity, reflecting religious thoughts and nature in their designs.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Social dimensions of bazaar in historical cities of Iran: The Tabriz bazaartheijes
The document discusses the social dimensions of bazaars in historical Iranian cities, using the Tabriz bazaar as a case study. It finds that the Tabriz bazaar:
1) Has a network structure of passages that interconnect different parts of the city and strengthen social cohesion.
2) Promotes social interaction by linking residential areas, public spaces, and different urban functions.
3) Serves as both an economic hub and a center for social and cultural exchange that reinforced community and civic participation.
Determining the Position of Culture-Centered Design in Complementation of Urb...Parisa Aminsobhani
Modern society, according to a single linear view of modernity, is founded upon the concept of
progress in a linear trajectory; it has “backward” on the one side and “civilized, developed society” on
the other. According to this point of view, the societies, whether want it or not, having no choice
except moving away from backwardness towards progress and development. The overall rate of
societies’ civility and urbanization is measured on the extent to which they are similar to the first
developed cities in the world. However, the criticism made are that the legacy of the communities,
mostly formed by culture, is consciously or unconsciously deleted or overlooked through this
measurement. In order to compensate for the loss caused by modernity, the roles of designers as
the critics and promoters of modern perspective, become significant with regard to the profound
attention to culture. It takes a step towards experiencing and culture-making. The present paper has
been prepared based on the results from the research on environmental design project of River
Valley of Maqsood Beyk – Jafar Abad in Tajrish Square; and it aims to provide a procedure to
increase the cultural functions in the environment. The study indicates that the aesthetic and
symbolic functions are neglected in the regional environmental design; and at lower level, the
practical functions are seen as sufficient. Due to the profound attention to culture, the design studies
suggest the image analysis method and Kansei Engineering throughout the present research. The
case study on River Valley Maqsood Beyk – Jafar Abad shows that applying this method has been
successful in experiencing the design of products and environment and systematically leads the
designers’ mind to cultural considerations.
Investigating Factors and Practical Solutions in the Sense of Belonging for t...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: over recent decades, according to historical contexts in the worldwide cities has taken many forms. This movement in Iran has been less of dating. Damaged areas have potential for better use of original residents and other people out of context. This is possible by recognition of problems and challenges. Thus intervention to improve and modernize distressed areas in order to restore the balance of life in the area essential. This study is a qualitative and applied research. Yazd province as case study was chosen to determine factors affecting the design in accordance with originality and identity of the area, according to documents and maps derived from specific detailed plan worn texture of Yazd. Area with common characteristics (in terms of intervention type, Burnout, revitalization and renovation are categorized and studied. SWOT technique was used for data analysis. Finally, with respect to existing burnout and potential, solution is presented.
This paper analyzes the spatial formation of traditional neighborhoods called "mohallas" in Varanasi, India. The author identifies two main types of mohallas - those with a linear or tree-like shape along streets, and those with a broader territorial shape. Field surveys reveal differences in the size, boundaries, facilities, and street patterns of mohallas, reflecting the degree of urbanization when they were established. The paper aims to link mohalla typologies to Varanasi's historical urbanization process under Muslim rule in order to better understand the basic structure of North Indian cities.
Literacy in Theory and Practice by Brian StreetParisa Mehran
In the first section, Street offers a contrast between an "autonomous" model of literacy that views it as a neutral skill versus an "ideological" model that sees literacy as embedded in social and cultural contexts, leading to the concept of multiple "literacies". In studying villages in Iran, Street observed different literacies used, such as religious literacy in maktab schools and commercial literacy among fruit traders. In the third section, Street analyzes literacy campaigns in Tanzania, Nicaragua, and Britain to show how some exemplify the autonomous model while others take an ideological approach.
This document summarizes an article that examines the ornaments and concept of beauty in Iranian architecture, using the large Timcheh of Qom Bazaar as a case study. It provides background on the bazaar and Timcheh, and analyzes the structural elements and ornaments like Yazdibandi and Rasmibandi brickwork that create a coherent atmosphere and demonstrate beauty. The ornaments are discussed as an important part of Iranian architectural tradition and identity, reflecting religious thoughts and nature in their designs.
Attention to heritage area and old texture is very usual in Iran. Since last two decades, revitalization and
renovation of historic cores has begun partly in some of the traditional Iranian cities. Historic centre of
Isfahan is among the most important cases in central part of Iran. The aim of the conservation of
heritage areas in this city is to revive the past image, restoring the ancient parts which still survive, and
to adapt the traditional fabric to use in modern life. In this paper, we try to find the relationship between
population trends, employment structure, marital status and size of the housing units in the 1st and 3rd
municipality district in historic center of the Isfahan city. The result of this present study shows
principles which are considered uneven in distribution of population in heritage textures of Isfahan.
This document discusses the process of urban social change and how cities change over time. It defines urban meaning as the structural performance and role assigned to cities, which determines urban functions. Urban social change occurs when this urban meaning is redefined, often through conflicts between different groups over how cities should be defined and developed. Cities are shaped by processes of social change, where a new urban meaning emerges either through the dominant class reshaping the city, revolution by dominated classes, social movements developing alternative meanings, or social mobilization imposing new meanings against the dominant class.
urban geography is the subdisciple of geographyeshitaakter2
Urban geography is the study of urban areas and cities with reference to their geographical context, examining topics like their spatial distribution and internal structure, as well as how places are defined as urban. It analyzes cities using approaches that have developed from environmentalism to postmodernism. Urban geography is studied at different levels from the neighborhood to the world system of cities to better understand urban places.
This document provides an overview of the development of urban sociology from the Chicago School in the early 20th century to more recent trends. It discusses the key contributions and theories developed by scholars from the Chicago School like Robert Park, Louis Wirth, and Ernest Burgess. Their early studies focused on human ecology and analyzing how the social and physical environment of cities impacted their growth. The document also examines later political economic and postmodern approaches to urban sociology.
Cities have idiosyncratic identities composed of the combination of identity elements which are generated by the natural, social or built environments. Due to globalization, neo-liberal approaches and urban branding, cities have lost their unique identities to a significant extent; and resemblances among cities have gradually emerged. Therefore, some research questions occur such as which urban elements are the identity elements that form the unique identity; what are the problems that threaten the identity elements; and which identity features should be emphasized. The aim of this study is to analyze the unique identity and identity elements, and also determine the positive and negative identity features of an urban district. Central Kadıköy, located on the Asian side of Istanbul, was chosen as the experiment area and 117 questionnaires were conducted. The results have revealed that the most frequently defined unique identity element of Central Kadıköy is the Bull Statue; the second one is İskele Square and the third one is the Moda Coast. According to the focal points of this study, relation with nature is an important identity feature that needs to be emphasized; on the other hand, over-urbanization and deterioration of historical identity are the characteristics that should be prevented.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(1), 21-32.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n1-3
Lewis Mumford provides a definition of what constitutes a city from a sociological perspective, arguing that a city is a collection of social groups and institutions that come together to support a common life and create opportunities for social interaction and cultural experiences. He asserts that limitations on a city's size, density, and area are necessary to support effective social relationships, and advocates for a model of multiple clustered communities rather than massive consolidated urban areas. Mumford's view of the city prioritizes social needs over purely physical planning considerations.
This document provides information about Shireen Mirza, including her educational background, research areas, and proposed contributions to IIIT-Delhi. It summarizes that she has a Ph.D. in Sociology & Anthropology from SOAS University of London and her research focuses on urban studies, infrastructure, waste management, and the intersection of society, environment, and technology. She proposes developing new courses in these areas and applying for grants to collaborate with IIIT-D and the Delhi government on infrastructure projects.
Urban morphology is the study of the physical form and layout of cities. It examines factors like streets, public spaces, and how the built environment interacts with nature. There are several types of urban morphology, including gridiron patterns seen in planned cities like New York, organic patterns from unplanned growth following landscapes as in Barcelona, and radial designs centered around landmarks as in Paris. Urban morphology analyzes how spatial patterns affect accessibility, livability, and sustainability.
............. ..................... OTHER CITIES, OTHER WO.docxhoney725342
............. ..................... OTHER CITIES,
OTHER WORLDS ... ... ......................................... .............. .
URBAN IMAGINARIES IN A GLOBALIZING AGE
EDITED BY ANDREAS HUYSSEN
Duke University Press Durham and London 2008
147 Okwui Enwezor
Mega-exhibitions: The Antinomies of a Transnational Global Form
ASIA
181 Gyan Prakash
Mumbai: The Modern City in Ruins
205 Rahul Mehrotra
Negotiating the Static and Kinetic Cities: The Emergent Urbanism of
Mumbai
219 Yingjin Zhang
Remapping Beijing: Polylocality, Globalization, Cinema
243 Ackbar Abbas
Faking Globalization
MIDDLE EAST
267 Farha Ghannam
Two Dreams in a Global City: Class and Space in Urban Egypt
289 Orhan Pamuk
Huzun-Melancholy - Tristesse of Istanbul
307 Bibliography
321 Contributors
325 Index
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The essays that make up this volume were first presented as formal
lectures in a year-long graduate research seminar in 2001-2002 at
Columbia University, conducted as a Sawyer Seminar and funded
by the Mellon Foundation. All of the essays have been updated
and rewritten since they were first presented. The seminar was
concluded two years later by a follow-up conference which gener-
ated further discussions and several more essays. Both the semi-
nar and the conference featured architects, urban historians and
theorists, anthropologists, sociologists, literary and cultural crit-
ics, curators, and writers, most of whom came from those non-
Western cities they spoke about. Two essays were commissioned
at a later time to round out the volume.
My first thanks go to the Mellon Foundation for the generous
funding and support that made the seminar possible. The Sawyer
Seminar itself was developed in close cooperation between the
Center for Comparative Literature and Society, which I directed
at the time, and the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning,
and Preservation at Columbia University. Special thanks are owed
the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation
and its deans Bernard Tschumi and his successor Mark Wigley,
the Temple Hoyne Buell Center for American Architecture and
its director Joan Ockman, and my colleagues at the Center for
Comparative Literature and Society. I am especially grateful to
Rahul Mehrotra
NEGOTIATING THE STATIC AND KINETIC CITIES
THE EMERGENT URBANISM OF MUMBAI
Cities in India, characterized by physical and visual contra-dictions that coalesce in a landscape of incredible plural-
ism, are anticipated to be the largest urban conglomerates of the
twenty-first century. Historically, particularly during the period
of British colonization, the different worlds-whether economic,
social, or cultural-that were contained within these cities occu-
pied different spaces and operated under different rules, the aim
being to maximize control and minimize conflict between op-
posing worlds.1 Today, although these worlds have come ...
Contemporary architecture as a result of globalisation often moves away from relationships with the culture and tradition of a particular area or country. Simply put, ‘globalisation is the process of weakening the borders (also) the cultural ones dividing nations’. At the same time, globalisation has an impact on architecture such as: the extra-national, continental spread of patterns and parallel localism. This means that, on the one hand, non-culturally sensitive buildings are being constructed without local elements, while on the other hand, the existing traditional architectural solutions are excessively repeated without reference to the modern world. Thus, there is a need to link these two extreme tendencies in favour of a more moderate one promoting the development of contemporary architecture that fits the location by responding to its cultural and historical context, climate, responsive local building techniques and the character of the community. Cultural sensitivity appears to be important especially in countries highly populated, industrialised, undergoing political, economical and social transformations despite their rich cultural heritage.
The article "Civil society is its genesis" analysis and budgeting the principles of zoroastrianism, as well as the views of European philosophers of antiquity, the conceptual views of medieval thinkers, the great thinkers of the East and the philosophers of our time. basis of the principle of "from a strong state to a strong civil society" put forward by Karimov, Sh.M. Mirziyoyev introduced reforms in Uzbekistan on the establishment of a mahalla institute. by Oltmisheva Nasibahon Gulamjanovna and Basharova Gulmira Galimyanovna 2020. THE CONCEPT OF CIVIL SOCIETY AND ITS GENESIS. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 70-72. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.837. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/837/799 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/837
TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY IN UZBEKISTANSubmissionResearchpa
One of the factors in the formation of the digital economy is to increase the country’s competitiveness, increase its economic potential, introduce innovations and use resources efficiently based on the implementation of the Action Strategy adopted in 2017 in our country. Since the widespread use of digital technologies in management, the problem of introducing e-government in our country is based on the recognition of an alternative to social development by Rakhmonzhon Egamberdiev 2020. TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY IN UZBEKISTAN. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 66-69. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.836. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/836/798 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/836
This document discusses the concepts and objectives of urban morphology. Urban morphology is defined as the study of the physical form and development of human settlements. It examines the shape and structure of settlements as well as their transformation over time under various forces. The document outlines different types of settlement patterns, forms, and structures. It also discusses the determinants that influence a settlement's morphology, including physical, functional, social, cultural, economic, and political factors. The objectives of urban morphology include improving comfort, accessibility, diversity and other qualities of urban form.
The Study of Safavi Northern Chahar-Bagh Street of Shiraz, Iran; from the Sta...Dorna Eshrati
The historical urban landscape is a new approach towards the historical city as the product
of human interaction with micro ecosystem over the passage of time that has recently gained a special
position in urban conservation. This paper begins with raising the question that how this approach can
be used to solve the challenges of conservation and development of historical cities. Exploring the
conservation documents indicate that viewpoint to historical city has shifted from ‘the atomistic perspective
to holistic’, ‘static to dynamic’, ‘product-oriented to process-oriented’, ‘conflict with micro-ecosystem
to interact with micro-ecosystem’, and ‘the contrast of conservation and development’ to the integration
of them. The purpose of this paper is to review the northern Safavi Chahar-Bagh street of shiraz in the
city master plan to find out how the street conservation and development is based on historical urban
landscape. The data for this research were collected through observations and documents review and
were analyzed qualitatively. The survey results show that the new doctrines of urban conservation seek
to integrate conservation and development based on historical urban landscape; however, the definition
of the Historical city boundary in the master plan of shiraz is still based on static and atomistic doctrines
that consider historical cities limited to the historical wall. This is while the northern Chahar-Bagh street
of shiraz which was the main historical axis of the city during the Safavi period was located outside the
historical wall of the city. Not paying attention to this street has caused the gradual destruction of this
historical urban landscape, despite the individual protection of some of its elements. Reviewing the case
study based on the historical urban landscape approach reveals the need for a reconsideration and revision
of the developments urban plans.
Modernization and regionalism approaches for sustainableDania Abdel-aziz
This document discusses approaches for sustainably reviving local urban identity. It defines identity as something that gives people a sense of belonging and is shaped by traditions, culture, and needs. Urban identity specifically reflects the traditions of local people and gives character to a place. However, modern design approaches sometimes disregard local identity and culture. The document proposes studying examples that successfully revived identity and developing guidelines to apply in redesigning a public square in Alexandria, in order to emphasize local identity through a blend of traditional and modern design.
This document summarizes and compares several articles about urbanization and the growth of cities outward from their cores to their peripheries. It discusses Edward Soja's analysis of increasing regional urbanization and the contrast between urban and suburban areas. It also examines Steve Pile's discussion of Lewis Mumford's view that both physical and social connections are important in defining cities. Examples are provided of Chicago growing due to its natural resources but then depleting them, and of cities like Tehran and Lahore experiencing uncontrolled urban sprawl, migration to the edges, and exploitation of rural areas.
1) The document summarizes a book written by Kevin Lynch titled "The Image of the City". Lynch was an American urban planner who studied how users perceive and navigate cities.
2) The book analyzes how the built environment can impact a person's physical and mental development. It explores how characteristics of time and history in an urban setting affect children and shape them.
3) Lynch highlighted two important concepts - "imageability" and "wayfinding". The book examines the visual qualities and mental images people have of cities and divides the environmental image of cities into components like identity, structure, and meaning.
The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on Fast-Urbanizing Cities: Applied analytical study on Greater Cairo Region
* 1 MS.c. Mohamed Kafrawy Image result for research orcid , 2 Professor Dr. Sahar Attia Image result for research orcid , 3 Professor Dr. Heba Allah Khalil Image result for research orcid
1, 2 &3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
1 E-mail: en.kafrawy@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: saharattia16@eng.cu.edu.eg , 3 E-mail: hebatallah.khalil@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 16 May 2021
Revised: 25 August 2021
Accepted: 27 August 2021
Available online: 8 September 2021
Keywords:
Transit-oriented Development;
Fast-Urbanizing cities;
Sustainable transportation;
Sustainable development;
Greater Cairo region.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Transportation has always been the backbone of development. Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been theorized, piloted and expanded increasingly in the past few decades. In this regard, this paper investigates the relationship between urban development, the transportation process, and the required implementation guidelines within fast-urbanizing cities, such as Cairo. After reviewing different related sustainable development theories, the study investigates pioneering case studies that have applied TOD and provided adequate implementation frameworks. The authors then extract and compare a set of required policies. The current Egyptian development paradigm is then discussed in relation to these enabling policies, focusing on Greater Cairo Region, Egypt. The authors debate previous development plans, progress, and newly proposed ones, focusing on the transportation process as the means for development. The study concludes with a set of required guidelines to ensure the integration of transportation with land-use planning, thus ensuring a more prosperous and inclusive urban development.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 83-95.
Developing Design Criteria for Sustainable Urban Parks
* Dr. Didem Dizdaroğlu Image result for research orcid
Department of Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design, and Architecture, Bilkent University, Turkey
E-mail: dizdaroglu@bilkent.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 28 February 2021
Revised: 15 August 2021
Accepted: 19 August 2021
Available online: 30 August 2021
Keywords:
Sustainable Cities;
Urban Parks;
Green Spaces;
COVID-19;
Sustainable Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
This study investigates how urban parks can contribute to helping cities become more sustainable through developing a set of criteria for the sustainable design of urban parks. Today, there is no example around the world where all the proposed sustainable design criteria are applied together in a specific urban park. In this context, this study aims to make a novel contribution by systematically reviewing the literature on the sustainable design of urban parks. In the light of research findings, this study contributes to the implementation of a comprehensive sustainable park design practice in our cities in the future. These design criteria may further serve as performance indicators to offer information and know-how to local authorities, practitioners, communities, and other actors in this field to help them assess their success levels and progress over time.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 69-81.
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Attention to heritage area and old texture is very usual in Iran. Since last two decades, revitalization and
renovation of historic cores has begun partly in some of the traditional Iranian cities. Historic centre of
Isfahan is among the most important cases in central part of Iran. The aim of the conservation of
heritage areas in this city is to revive the past image, restoring the ancient parts which still survive, and
to adapt the traditional fabric to use in modern life. In this paper, we try to find the relationship between
population trends, employment structure, marital status and size of the housing units in the 1st and 3rd
municipality district in historic center of the Isfahan city. The result of this present study shows
principles which are considered uneven in distribution of population in heritage textures of Isfahan.
This document discusses the process of urban social change and how cities change over time. It defines urban meaning as the structural performance and role assigned to cities, which determines urban functions. Urban social change occurs when this urban meaning is redefined, often through conflicts between different groups over how cities should be defined and developed. Cities are shaped by processes of social change, where a new urban meaning emerges either through the dominant class reshaping the city, revolution by dominated classes, social movements developing alternative meanings, or social mobilization imposing new meanings against the dominant class.
urban geography is the subdisciple of geographyeshitaakter2
Urban geography is the study of urban areas and cities with reference to their geographical context, examining topics like their spatial distribution and internal structure, as well as how places are defined as urban. It analyzes cities using approaches that have developed from environmentalism to postmodernism. Urban geography is studied at different levels from the neighborhood to the world system of cities to better understand urban places.
This document provides an overview of the development of urban sociology from the Chicago School in the early 20th century to more recent trends. It discusses the key contributions and theories developed by scholars from the Chicago School like Robert Park, Louis Wirth, and Ernest Burgess. Their early studies focused on human ecology and analyzing how the social and physical environment of cities impacted their growth. The document also examines later political economic and postmodern approaches to urban sociology.
Cities have idiosyncratic identities composed of the combination of identity elements which are generated by the natural, social or built environments. Due to globalization, neo-liberal approaches and urban branding, cities have lost their unique identities to a significant extent; and resemblances among cities have gradually emerged. Therefore, some research questions occur such as which urban elements are the identity elements that form the unique identity; what are the problems that threaten the identity elements; and which identity features should be emphasized. The aim of this study is to analyze the unique identity and identity elements, and also determine the positive and negative identity features of an urban district. Central Kadıköy, located on the Asian side of Istanbul, was chosen as the experiment area and 117 questionnaires were conducted. The results have revealed that the most frequently defined unique identity element of Central Kadıköy is the Bull Statue; the second one is İskele Square and the third one is the Moda Coast. According to the focal points of this study, relation with nature is an important identity feature that needs to be emphasized; on the other hand, over-urbanization and deterioration of historical identity are the characteristics that should be prevented.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(1), 21-32.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n1-3
Lewis Mumford provides a definition of what constitutes a city from a sociological perspective, arguing that a city is a collection of social groups and institutions that come together to support a common life and create opportunities for social interaction and cultural experiences. He asserts that limitations on a city's size, density, and area are necessary to support effective social relationships, and advocates for a model of multiple clustered communities rather than massive consolidated urban areas. Mumford's view of the city prioritizes social needs over purely physical planning considerations.
This document provides information about Shireen Mirza, including her educational background, research areas, and proposed contributions to IIIT-Delhi. It summarizes that she has a Ph.D. in Sociology & Anthropology from SOAS University of London and her research focuses on urban studies, infrastructure, waste management, and the intersection of society, environment, and technology. She proposes developing new courses in these areas and applying for grants to collaborate with IIIT-D and the Delhi government on infrastructure projects.
Urban morphology is the study of the physical form and layout of cities. It examines factors like streets, public spaces, and how the built environment interacts with nature. There are several types of urban morphology, including gridiron patterns seen in planned cities like New York, organic patterns from unplanned growth following landscapes as in Barcelona, and radial designs centered around landmarks as in Paris. Urban morphology analyzes how spatial patterns affect accessibility, livability, and sustainability.
............. ..................... OTHER CITIES, OTHER WO.docxhoney725342
............. ..................... OTHER CITIES,
OTHER WORLDS ... ... ......................................... .............. .
URBAN IMAGINARIES IN A GLOBALIZING AGE
EDITED BY ANDREAS HUYSSEN
Duke University Press Durham and London 2008
147 Okwui Enwezor
Mega-exhibitions: The Antinomies of a Transnational Global Form
ASIA
181 Gyan Prakash
Mumbai: The Modern City in Ruins
205 Rahul Mehrotra
Negotiating the Static and Kinetic Cities: The Emergent Urbanism of
Mumbai
219 Yingjin Zhang
Remapping Beijing: Polylocality, Globalization, Cinema
243 Ackbar Abbas
Faking Globalization
MIDDLE EAST
267 Farha Ghannam
Two Dreams in a Global City: Class and Space in Urban Egypt
289 Orhan Pamuk
Huzun-Melancholy - Tristesse of Istanbul
307 Bibliography
321 Contributors
325 Index
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The essays that make up this volume were first presented as formal
lectures in a year-long graduate research seminar in 2001-2002 at
Columbia University, conducted as a Sawyer Seminar and funded
by the Mellon Foundation. All of the essays have been updated
and rewritten since they were first presented. The seminar was
concluded two years later by a follow-up conference which gener-
ated further discussions and several more essays. Both the semi-
nar and the conference featured architects, urban historians and
theorists, anthropologists, sociologists, literary and cultural crit-
ics, curators, and writers, most of whom came from those non-
Western cities they spoke about. Two essays were commissioned
at a later time to round out the volume.
My first thanks go to the Mellon Foundation for the generous
funding and support that made the seminar possible. The Sawyer
Seminar itself was developed in close cooperation between the
Center for Comparative Literature and Society, which I directed
at the time, and the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning,
and Preservation at Columbia University. Special thanks are owed
the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation
and its deans Bernard Tschumi and his successor Mark Wigley,
the Temple Hoyne Buell Center for American Architecture and
its director Joan Ockman, and my colleagues at the Center for
Comparative Literature and Society. I am especially grateful to
Rahul Mehrotra
NEGOTIATING THE STATIC AND KINETIC CITIES
THE EMERGENT URBANISM OF MUMBAI
Cities in India, characterized by physical and visual contra-dictions that coalesce in a landscape of incredible plural-
ism, are anticipated to be the largest urban conglomerates of the
twenty-first century. Historically, particularly during the period
of British colonization, the different worlds-whether economic,
social, or cultural-that were contained within these cities occu-
pied different spaces and operated under different rules, the aim
being to maximize control and minimize conflict between op-
posing worlds.1 Today, although these worlds have come ...
Contemporary architecture as a result of globalisation often moves away from relationships with the culture and tradition of a particular area or country. Simply put, ‘globalisation is the process of weakening the borders (also) the cultural ones dividing nations’. At the same time, globalisation has an impact on architecture such as: the extra-national, continental spread of patterns and parallel localism. This means that, on the one hand, non-culturally sensitive buildings are being constructed without local elements, while on the other hand, the existing traditional architectural solutions are excessively repeated without reference to the modern world. Thus, there is a need to link these two extreme tendencies in favour of a more moderate one promoting the development of contemporary architecture that fits the location by responding to its cultural and historical context, climate, responsive local building techniques and the character of the community. Cultural sensitivity appears to be important especially in countries highly populated, industrialised, undergoing political, economical and social transformations despite their rich cultural heritage.
The article "Civil society is its genesis" analysis and budgeting the principles of zoroastrianism, as well as the views of European philosophers of antiquity, the conceptual views of medieval thinkers, the great thinkers of the East and the philosophers of our time. basis of the principle of "from a strong state to a strong civil society" put forward by Karimov, Sh.M. Mirziyoyev introduced reforms in Uzbekistan on the establishment of a mahalla institute. by Oltmisheva Nasibahon Gulamjanovna and Basharova Gulmira Galimyanovna 2020. THE CONCEPT OF CIVIL SOCIETY AND ITS GENESIS. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 70-72. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.837. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/837/799 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/837
TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY IN UZBEKISTANSubmissionResearchpa
One of the factors in the formation of the digital economy is to increase the country’s competitiveness, increase its economic potential, introduce innovations and use resources efficiently based on the implementation of the Action Strategy adopted in 2017 in our country. Since the widespread use of digital technologies in management, the problem of introducing e-government in our country is based on the recognition of an alternative to social development by Rakhmonzhon Egamberdiev 2020. TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY IN UZBEKISTAN. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 66-69. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.836. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/836/798 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/836
This document discusses the concepts and objectives of urban morphology. Urban morphology is defined as the study of the physical form and development of human settlements. It examines the shape and structure of settlements as well as their transformation over time under various forces. The document outlines different types of settlement patterns, forms, and structures. It also discusses the determinants that influence a settlement's morphology, including physical, functional, social, cultural, economic, and political factors. The objectives of urban morphology include improving comfort, accessibility, diversity and other qualities of urban form.
The Study of Safavi Northern Chahar-Bagh Street of Shiraz, Iran; from the Sta...Dorna Eshrati
The historical urban landscape is a new approach towards the historical city as the product
of human interaction with micro ecosystem over the passage of time that has recently gained a special
position in urban conservation. This paper begins with raising the question that how this approach can
be used to solve the challenges of conservation and development of historical cities. Exploring the
conservation documents indicate that viewpoint to historical city has shifted from ‘the atomistic perspective
to holistic’, ‘static to dynamic’, ‘product-oriented to process-oriented’, ‘conflict with micro-ecosystem
to interact with micro-ecosystem’, and ‘the contrast of conservation and development’ to the integration
of them. The purpose of this paper is to review the northern Safavi Chahar-Bagh street of shiraz in the
city master plan to find out how the street conservation and development is based on historical urban
landscape. The data for this research were collected through observations and documents review and
were analyzed qualitatively. The survey results show that the new doctrines of urban conservation seek
to integrate conservation and development based on historical urban landscape; however, the definition
of the Historical city boundary in the master plan of shiraz is still based on static and atomistic doctrines
that consider historical cities limited to the historical wall. This is while the northern Chahar-Bagh street
of shiraz which was the main historical axis of the city during the Safavi period was located outside the
historical wall of the city. Not paying attention to this street has caused the gradual destruction of this
historical urban landscape, despite the individual protection of some of its elements. Reviewing the case
study based on the historical urban landscape approach reveals the need for a reconsideration and revision
of the developments urban plans.
Modernization and regionalism approaches for sustainableDania Abdel-aziz
This document discusses approaches for sustainably reviving local urban identity. It defines identity as something that gives people a sense of belonging and is shaped by traditions, culture, and needs. Urban identity specifically reflects the traditions of local people and gives character to a place. However, modern design approaches sometimes disregard local identity and culture. The document proposes studying examples that successfully revived identity and developing guidelines to apply in redesigning a public square in Alexandria, in order to emphasize local identity through a blend of traditional and modern design.
This document summarizes and compares several articles about urbanization and the growth of cities outward from their cores to their peripheries. It discusses Edward Soja's analysis of increasing regional urbanization and the contrast between urban and suburban areas. It also examines Steve Pile's discussion of Lewis Mumford's view that both physical and social connections are important in defining cities. Examples are provided of Chicago growing due to its natural resources but then depleting them, and of cities like Tehran and Lahore experiencing uncontrolled urban sprawl, migration to the edges, and exploitation of rural areas.
1) The document summarizes a book written by Kevin Lynch titled "The Image of the City". Lynch was an American urban planner who studied how users perceive and navigate cities.
2) The book analyzes how the built environment can impact a person's physical and mental development. It explores how characteristics of time and history in an urban setting affect children and shape them.
3) Lynch highlighted two important concepts - "imageability" and "wayfinding". The book examines the visual qualities and mental images people have of cities and divides the environmental image of cities into components like identity, structure, and meaning.
Similar to Representing Iranian-Islamic Identity in Iranian Contemporary Cities Structure (20)
The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on Fast-Urbanizing Cities: Applied analytical study on Greater Cairo Region
* 1 MS.c. Mohamed Kafrawy Image result for research orcid , 2 Professor Dr. Sahar Attia Image result for research orcid , 3 Professor Dr. Heba Allah Khalil Image result for research orcid
1, 2 &3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
1 E-mail: en.kafrawy@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: saharattia16@eng.cu.edu.eg , 3 E-mail: hebatallah.khalil@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 16 May 2021
Revised: 25 August 2021
Accepted: 27 August 2021
Available online: 8 September 2021
Keywords:
Transit-oriented Development;
Fast-Urbanizing cities;
Sustainable transportation;
Sustainable development;
Greater Cairo region.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Transportation has always been the backbone of development. Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been theorized, piloted and expanded increasingly in the past few decades. In this regard, this paper investigates the relationship between urban development, the transportation process, and the required implementation guidelines within fast-urbanizing cities, such as Cairo. After reviewing different related sustainable development theories, the study investigates pioneering case studies that have applied TOD and provided adequate implementation frameworks. The authors then extract and compare a set of required policies. The current Egyptian development paradigm is then discussed in relation to these enabling policies, focusing on Greater Cairo Region, Egypt. The authors debate previous development plans, progress, and newly proposed ones, focusing on the transportation process as the means for development. The study concludes with a set of required guidelines to ensure the integration of transportation with land-use planning, thus ensuring a more prosperous and inclusive urban development.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 83-95.
Developing Design Criteria for Sustainable Urban Parks
* Dr. Didem Dizdaroğlu Image result for research orcid
Department of Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design, and Architecture, Bilkent University, Turkey
E-mail: dizdaroglu@bilkent.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 28 February 2021
Revised: 15 August 2021
Accepted: 19 August 2021
Available online: 30 August 2021
Keywords:
Sustainable Cities;
Urban Parks;
Green Spaces;
COVID-19;
Sustainable Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
This study investigates how urban parks can contribute to helping cities become more sustainable through developing a set of criteria for the sustainable design of urban parks. Today, there is no example around the world where all the proposed sustainable design criteria are applied together in a specific urban park. In this context, this study aims to make a novel contribution by systematically reviewing the literature on the sustainable design of urban parks. In the light of research findings, this study contributes to the implementation of a comprehensive sustainable park design practice in our cities in the future. These design criteria may further serve as performance indicators to offer information and know-how to local authorities, practitioners, communities, and other actors in this field to help them assess their success levels and progress over time.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 69-81.
The Role of “Scale” on the Acceleration of Social Interaction in Urban Spaces
1 * Dr. Kaveh Hajialiakbari Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Mohammad Zare Image result for research orcid ,
3 Mitra Karimi Image result for research orcid
1 Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Architecture and urbanism, Tehran, Iran
2 & 3 University of Tehran, Faculty of Fine Arts, Tehran, Iran
1 E-mail: Kaveh.haa@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: zare.md@ut.ac.ir ,
3 E-mail: mitrakarimi@modares.ac.ir
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 8 March 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 8 August 2021
Available online: 18 August 2021
Keywords:
Urban Space;
Obsolescent Neighborhoods,
Social Interaction,
Evaluation Indicators,
Functional Scale.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Rehabilitation projects are interventions that can lead to the transformation of the socio-spatial structure of obsolescent neighborhoods. The main intention of such projects is the creation and/or improvement of social interactions after physical and functional interventions. Urban Renewal Organization of Tehran (UROT) is tasked with identification of target obsolescent neighborhoods, preparation of neighborhood development plans and implementation of rehabilitation projects to improve the quality of space and stimulate social interactions. In this paper, three urban spaces in different scales (“micro” for neighborhoods, “meso” for local and “macro” for trans-local scales), designed and implemented by UROT, were selected as a case study. By designing and filling a questionnaire and after analyzing research findings, the effect of the scale of the urban project on different activities was evaluated based on the Gehl model. Overall, in the expanded model based on the scale of space, an inverse ratio between the scale of space and both optional selective and social activities has been revealed.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 59-68.
Living Space Needs of Small Housing in the Post-Pandemic Era: Malaga as a case study
* Professor Dr. Carlos Rosa-Jiménez Image result for research orcid , B. Arch. Cristina Jaime-Segura Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Institute for Habitat, Tourism, Territory, Edificio Ada Byron, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, University of
Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
1 E-mail: cjrosa@uma.es , 2 E-mail: jscristina@uma.es
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 18 June 2021
Revised: 3 August 2021
Accepted: 10 August 2021
Available online: 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Architectural Design;
Lockdown;
Post-Covid City;
Remote Working;
Terraces;
Hygienism.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The COVID-19 lockdown period has highlighted the ability of housing to accommodate a comprehensive programme typical of the city and its public space. Housing units of under 60 m2 and in blocks of flats are the more vulnerable, as they have a higher percentage of non-community open spaces. That problem was analysed using a methodology based on psychological, urban planning and architectural indicators applied to two coastal cities in the Mediterranean area of southern Spain. The results highlight three aspects in this type of dwelling: the need to consider the orientation of the housing to improve the quality of indoor and outdoor space; the need in public housing policies for a greater number of rooms to facilitate remote working; and finally, the importance of functional terraces overlooking green areas.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 51-58.
Mathematical Model Applied to Green Building Concept for Sustainable Cities Under Climate Change
1 Professor Dr. Md. Haider Ali Biswas Image result for research orcid , 2* M.Sc. Pinky Rani DeyImage result for research orcid
3 Asst. Prof. Md. Sirajul Islam Image result for research orcid , 4 M.Sc. Sajib Mandal Image result for research orcid
1 Mathematics Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
2, 3 & 4 Department of Mathematics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: mhabiswas@gmail.com , E-mail 2: pinkydey.math@gmail.com
E-mail 3: sirajulku@gmail.com , E-mail 4: sajibmandal1997@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 20 May 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 11 August 2021
Available online 16 August 2021
Keywords:
Green Building;
Sustainable Cities;
Climate Change;
Mathematical Model;
Numerical Simulations.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Recently the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is worldwide terrified anxiety to the public and scholars. Even this global problem is one of the great issues that continuously makes worrying the governments and environmentalists, but its solution findings are not out of the image at all. In this study, we have proposed and analysed a mathematical model for the solvable management of GHGs by sowing the seeds of green building dynamic systems. Moreover, in the model, the human community is used to enhance the production power of individuals of green buildings by absorbing the GHGs. The model is analysed by stability analysis at the equilibrium points: trivial and global equilibrium, and also by convincing the stability and instability of the system of equations. The behaviour of the propound model has been developed by numerical simulations which shows the rate of the fruitfulness of GHG components.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 36-50.
Sustainable Construction for Affordable Housing Program in Kabul
1 MSc. Mohammadullah Hakim Ebrahimi Image result for research orcid , 2* Professor Dr. Philippe Devillers Image result for research orcid
3 Professor Dr. Éric Garcia-Diaz Image result for research orcid
1 Construction Faculty, Kabul Polytechnic University, Afghanistan
2 LIFAM, École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Montpellier, France
3 LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, University of Montpellier, CNRS, France
E-mail 1: M.HEbrahimi@kpu.edu.af , E-mail 2: Philippe.devillers@montpellier.archi.fr
E-mail 3: eric.garcia-diaz@mines-ales.fr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 13 April 2021
Revised: 18 July 2021
Accepted: 6 August 2021
Available online 17 August 2021
Keywords:
Earth Construction;
Local Materials;
Sun-Dried Brick;
Compressive Earth Block;
Stabilization;
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Afghanistan has suffered from four decades of war, causing a massive migration of the rural population to the cities. Kabul was originally designed for 1,5 million people, whereas there are now 5 million in the city. The importation of modern western styles housing for rapid reconstruction reveals apparent cultural conflict and a significant environmental footprint. The new drive for sustainable reconstruction should consider the use of local materials combined with modern technologies. Earthen architecture underlies the embodiment of Afghan architecture. This research aims to revisit traditional Afghan earthen construction with the tools of industrial modernity. The three soils of the Kabul region are first characterized. Sun-dried mud brick and compressive earth block, with and without stabilization have been prepared and tested in the laboratory to develop the most suitable earth construction element which is cost-effective and easily available compared to imported modern products.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 23-35.
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the city of Ain-Sukhna, Egypt
* Professor Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Image result for research orcid
Faculty of Architecture, Galala University, Egypt
E-mail: ymahgoub@gu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 June 2021
Accepted 5 August 2021
Available online 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Coastal Tourism;
Sustainable Development;
Cultural Resource;
Ain-Sukhna;
Galala City.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Tourism is a major economic source for Egypt, due to its significant natural and cultural attractions. Yet, rapid development and construction of touristic facilities have a negative impact on the fragile natural and cultural heritage. This paper studies the recent touristic developments of the coastal stretch of Ain-Sukhna on the Red Sea coastal region of Galala Mountain, and their impact on the surrounding natural and cultural attractions. Coral reefs and rich marine life have made this stretch among the prime fishing and scuba diving destinations in the world. The area is also famous for its year-round sunny beaches and the spectacular coastal scenic drive where Galala Mountain reaches the Red Sea. Recently, development has started on the mountains following the construction of Galala Mountain Road. Galala City started with Galala University and several residential, touristic, and commercial facilities. This paper studies the pattern of development in the area during the past 40 years and assesses its impact on natural and cultural resources.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 13-22.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines heritage interpretation practices in Colombo, Sri Lanka and argues for a more inclusive approach. It discusses how current practices in Colombo prioritize potential market values by converting colonial buildings into luxury spaces, displacing communities and failing to engage diverse groups. This has degraded the city's liveability. The document calls for heritage interpretation that facilitates constructive dialogue about the past to change attitudes, strengthen social cohesion, and foster sustainable protection and development of the urban heritage.
Heritage Preservation as Strategy for Recomposing Conflict Territories
Prof. Dr. José Manuel Pagés Madrigal Image result for research orcid
Architecture & Urban Design, German University in Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: jose.madrigal@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 May 2021
Accepted 20 October 2021
Available online 29 October 2021
Keywords:
Conflict territories;
Heritage Preservation;
Cultural heritage;
Reconstruction;
Cyprus;
Kosovo.
ABSTRACT
Heritage admits diverse readings depending on different territorial spaces, contexts, and knowledge fields. The relation between Heritage and the social contexts is one of these knowledge areas. But Heritage accepts a dual perception as a cultural reflection. It may be considered either as the origins of the conflicts or the engine for recomposing disrupted territories. The paper proposes a reflection on the topics related to conflict territories and the roles currently played by Cultural Heritage. The recomposition of conflict territories is based on a continuous intercultural approach with important contributions from human rights, genders equality, intercultural dialogue perspectives and the fact of taking heritage as a territorial stabilization factor. The paper presents specific practical cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region where actions on Heritage religious elements collide with the national sovereign of the respective current countries. A comparative study among these different actions proves that the initial clashes can be progressively transformed into strategies able to become the future guideline for the resolution of heritage regional conflicts. These conflicts reflect two discourses: political (with strong links between national identity and religion) and scientific (with a clash between static concept and dynamic vision) where objects interact with the visitors.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 252-264.
Investigating Built Environment Indicators to Develop a Local Walkability Index
* 1 B.Sc. Menna Tarek Image result for research orcid , 2 Prof. Dr. Ghada Farouk Hassan Image result for research orcid
3 Prof. Dr. Abeer Elshater Image result for research orcid , 4 Dr. Mohamed Elfayoumi Image result for research orcid
1, 2, 3 and 4 Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, Egypt.
E-mail 1: menna.tarek@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 2: Ghadafhassan@eng.asu.edu.eg
E-mail 3: abeer.elshater@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 4: m_fayoumi@eng.asu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 8 June 2021
Accepted 20 August 2021
Available online 29 August 2021
Keywords:
Local Walkability Index;
Pedestrian Walking Behaviour;
Urban Design;
Mixed-use Street,
Cairo.
ABSTRACT
Many studies have been conducted over the last 20 years to determine and measure factors that affect the walkability of city streets. Walkability is an essential factor in deciding whether a city is green or sustainable. This paper creates a comprehensive walkability index by analysing built environmental indicators that affect walkability. This research was conducted on mixed land use streets in Cairo, Egypt, combining the results from an online survey and a walkability assessment model developed by multi-criteria decision analysis techniques. The results were based on a three-pillar approach starting with the theoretical background to frame the walkability indicator, numerical assessment over the Egyptian cases using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique and a qualitative user perception survey. Our results confirm that determining to what extent Cairo’s streets are walkable is crucial to enhancing pedestrians’ perceptions of the walking environment. Furthermore, the results illustrated the essential factors within the built environment indicators that influence pedestrian walking behaviour.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 235-251.
Liveability Dimensions in New Town Developments: An Overview of Senri New Town and Purbachal New Town
* 1 M. Eng. Tahmina Rahman Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Md. Nawrose Fatemi Image result for research orcid
1 Division of Global Architecture, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
2 Department of Architecture, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: ar.tahminarahman@gmail.com , E-mail 2: nawrose@uap-bd.edu
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 April 2021
Accepted 10 August 2021
Available online 15 August 2021
Keywords:
Dimensions of Liveability;
New Town Development;
Satellite Townships;
Osaka;
Dhaka.
ABSTRACT
Since the 1960s, new town developments within large metropolises have been widely adopted to decongest the city centres, especially in Asian cities. This paper provides a brief account of the liveability dimensions of two new townships developed in large metropolitan areas: Senri New Town in Osaka and Purbachal New Town in Dhaka. The study primarily draws on master plans of the two developments to identify how the components of the plans reflect the physical, social, functional and safety dimensions of a proposed liveability framework. The methodology combines a review of masters plans with scholarly and grey literature on the two new town developments. The findings show while the social and functional dimensions are integrated with Senri New Town; Purbachal New Town, though more recent, appears to have missed opportunities for diversifying density, social mix and mass transit. The paper concludes that the comparative case, Senri-New Town provides insights on how public-private people participation can leverage citizen-centred design for more liveable residential living environments in developing cities.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 221-233.
Monitoring and Landscape Quantification of Uncontrolled Urbanisation in Oasis Regions: The Case of Adrar City in Algeria
* 1 Dr. Assoule Dechaicha Image result for research orcid , 2 Assist. Prof. Adel Daikh Image result for research orcid , 3 Prof. Dr. Djamel Alkama Image result for research orcid
1, 2 and 3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, 8 May 1945 University, Guelma, Algeria
E-mail 2: dechaicha.assoul@univ-guelma.dz , E-mail 1: alkama.djamel@univ-guelma.dz
E-mail 3: daikh.adel@univ-guelma.dz
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 March 2021
Accepted 25 July 2021
Available online 12 August 2021
Keywords:
Uncontrolled Urbanisation,
Satellite Images,
Landscape Metrics,
Palm groves,
Oasis Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, uncontrolled urbanisation is one of the major problems facing Algerian oasis regions. The monitoring and evaluation of its landscape transformations remain a key step for any oasis sustainability project. This study highlights the evolution of spatial growth in the city of Adrar in southern Algeria during the period 1986-2016 by establishing a Spatio-temporal mapping and landscape quantification. The methodological approach is based on a multi-temporal analysis of Landsat satellite images for 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016, and the application of landscape metrics. The results show two opposite spatial trends: significant growth of built-up areas against an excessive loss of palm groves. The landscape metrics allowed the identification of a progressive fragmentation process characterising the palm groves. Thus, the findings of this study show the utility of satellite imagery and landscape metrics approach for monitoring urbanisation patterns and assessing their impacts on oasis ecosystems.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 209-219.
Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: The Case of Kaunas
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė Image result for research orcid, Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė Image result for research orcid
a and b Kaunas University of Technology, Civil engineering and architecture faculty, Kaunas, Lithuania
E mail 1: laura.jankauskaite-jureviciene@ktu.lt, Email 2: ausra.mlinkauskiene@ktu.lt
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 29 August 2020
Available online 18 September 2020
Keywords:
Community;
Urban planning;
Spatial planning;
Decision-making processes.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Participation in decision-making processes foreshadows enabling citizens, communities, non-governmental organizations and other interested parties to influence the formulation of policies and laws affecting them. The purpose of this study is not only to review Lithuanian legal documents but also to analyse recent processes in Kaunas city planning. Kaunas city is undergoing various urban processes, which do not always meet the needs of the community. This study presents an analysis of the forms of community involvement in the urban planning processes and survey data on the effectiveness of community involvement. The methodology requires using a sociological survey with representatives of the city community and a comparative analysis between legal obligations and actual urbanization process.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 197-208.
The Impacts of Urban Morphology on Housing Indoor Thermal Condition in Hoi An City, Vietnam
1 * M.A. Thien Huong Luu Image result for research orcid, 2 Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias Image result for research orcid, 3 Dr. Dominique Laffly Image result for research orcid
1and 2 Laboratory of Research in Architecture (LRA), National School of Architecture of Toulouse, France
3 University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, France
E-mail 1: thien-huong.luu@toulouse.archi.fr , E-mail 2: juan-carlos.rojas-arias@toulouse.archi.fr ,
E-mail 3: dominique.laffly@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 July 2020
Accepted 25 August 2020
Available online 14 September 2020
Keywords:
Urban Morphology;
Indoor Thermal Condition; Ancient Town;
Vernacular House;
Modern Terraced House.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Assessing the impact of urban morphology on the indoor thermal condition of housing in a tourism city in central Vietnam — Hoi An City is the main objective of this study. The research process is carried out by a variety of methods including in situ surveys, measuring with temperature sensors, data analysis and map analysis. Four houses, located in two areas with different urban forms, were selected for measurement within one month to investigate the differences in housing indoor temperature. The impact of urban morphology on housing was thereafter determined. Temperature sensors were permanently installed in 4 houses; based on these empirical measurements and data collected, the paper addresses solutions to improve urban morphology and indoor thermal condition.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 183-196.
E-participatory Approaches in Urban Design
* 1 Araf Öykü Türken Image result for research orcid, 2 Assoc. Prof. Dr Engin Eyüp Eyuboğlu Image result for research orcid
1 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
2 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Email 1: araf.turken@gmail.com, Email 2: eyuboglu@itu.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 June 2020
Accepted 20 Augustus 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
E-participation;
Public Participation;
Urban Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The phenomenon of planning involving citizen’s participation in planning literature has been from the second half of the 20th century. Indeed, different methods and techniques have been used in the process. However, participatory practices are time-consuming and negotiations are tiresome. Accordingly, the integration of developing digital technologies into participatory processes has been seen as a potential to reach large audiences and provide time-space independence. Within the scope of this research, a detailed literature review was done regarding e-participation, and ten (10) examples representing the upper levels at the ladder of participation were examined within the context of the project, participation, and socio-technical criteria. SWOT analyzes were structured by grouping similar applications, and current trends for the use of e-participation in urban design have been revealed. The analysis showed that citizens e participation- participation tend to allow citizen design or location-based interaction, playful interfaces and game elements which can be sources for encouragement.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 169-182.
Roles of Drop-in Centers in Street Children Interventions: Design Guidelines and Humanitarian Emergency Architecture Adaptations
* M.Sc. Ruba Azzam Image result for research orcid, Dr. Karim Kesseiba Image result for research orcid, Dr. Ahmed Abdelghaffar Image result for research orcid
Dr. Mennat-Allah El Husseiny Image result for research orcid
a, b, c and d Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering and Building Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Email 1: ruba-azzam90@hotmail.com , Email 2: karimkesseiba@gmail.com , Email 3: amaghaffar@gmail.com
Email 4: mennatallahelhusseiny@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 3 September 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
Street Children;
Drop-in centers;
Child-Rehabilitation centers;
Architecture for Humanitarian Emergencies;
Child Friendly Spaces (CFS).
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
For decades, numerous countries have been witnessing the Street Children phenomenon where millions of children worldwide are subjected to risks. Despite the crucial role of intermediate non-residential interventions - using drop-in centers- in protecting and rehabilitating street children, there is a paucity of research addressing the quality of design of these centers and how architecture might influence their operational process. Those observations invite investigating drop-in centers used in practice from a design perspective and question adapting architectural applications for humanitarian emergencies, focusing on “Child-Friendly Spaces”. The study aims to provide solutions for better quality design, facilitating operational challenges. The methodology undertakes the investigation through primary and secondary axes. This involves conducting literature and international precedents review and secondarily, an Egyptian contextual first-hand documentation and qualitative analysis of selected centers.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 151-168.
This document provides a book review that summarizes the key ideas from the book "Smart City Citizenship". The review discusses 9 intertwined ideas presented in the book: 1) deconstructing extractivist data models, 2) unplugging from constant online connectivity, 3) deciphering alternative approaches to smart cities, 4) democratizing stakeholder representation, 5) moving beyond mechanistic replication of projects, 6) devolving data back to citizens, 7) commoning data and decision making, 8) protecting digital rights through data institutions, and 9) resetting approaches with citizens in control. The review analyzes case studies of different city-regions and their approaches to data governance.
Towards the Egyptian Charter for Conservation of Cultural Heritages
1 Associate Professor Dr. Corinna Rossi , 2 * Sara Rabie
1 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, Politecnico di Milano Cairo, Milan, Italy
2 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
1 E-mail: corinna.rossi@polimi.it , 2 E-mail: sarah.rabie@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 5 April 2021
Accepted 15 June 2021
Available online 25 June 2021
Keywords:
Cultural Heritages;
Conservation;
History;
Value;
Authenticity;
Europe;
Egypt.
ABSTRACT
The notion of “Cultural heritage” is quite modern compared to other humanistic fields developed in the last century. Conservation as a science has emerged and took shape during international conventions and treaties in many places in Europe and developed various frameworks to recognize the heritage and its value but based on “Eurocentric bias” criteria. The fact of sharing universal values and common practices during the age of globalization had a significant impact on conservation actions in contexts utterly different from western societies and don’t share the same historical or cultural dimensions. Therefore, this study traces the history of the evolution of conservation in the west from two perspectives; the historical one and the developing methodologies, and the philosophies behind the main theories in conservation. Cultural heritage is a reflection of the identity of the society and its past; thus, this study outlines the development of conservation practices in Egypt within the international approaches in a chronological order to investigate the social response and the impact of the political and cultural influence of the cultural consciousness of the society and the conservation actions in the Egyptian context. Furthermore, to investigate the contribution of international charters in developing national policies in Egypt.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 101-111.
Enhancing Security in Affordable Housing: The Case of Prince Fawaz Project
Professor Dr. Maged Attia Image result for research orcid
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
Email: mattia@kau.edu.sa
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 March 2021
Accepted 15 May 2021
Available online 30 May 2021
Keywords:
Environmental crime;
Enhancing security;
Crime rates;
Prince Fawaz project;
Saudi Arabia.
ABSTRACT
The present study argues that the urban form of affordable housing projects affects safety and security. The study examines the level of safety and security in the Prince Fawaz project proposing recommendations that enhance it. Theories and approaches concerned with the environmental crime are initially reviewed. Then, urban and architectural features as well as crime rates and patterns are documented. Also, trace and behaviour observations are carried out. The observations monitored urban features and behaviours associated with crime or fear of crime. Residents’ perception for security and fear of crime is extracted through a questionnaire. A Space Syntax is processed and linked with the questionnaire and observation outputs. Observations demonstrate a semblance of fear of crime which is supported by records of car and home theft. Although the questionnaire reflects a suitable level of security, it points to peripheral spaces and areas around mosques and shops as the less secure. However, enhancing security in the Prince Fawaz project requires urban interventions including controlling access to peripheral spaces, reviving areas detected to be unsafe, repositioning elements causing visual obstacles and enhancing appearance by vegetation and sustainable maintenance. Besides, reformulating the movement network so that an appropriate integration between residents and strangers is achieved. On the conceptual level, the study proves that none of the theories of environmental crime can act as a comprehensive approach; but each can partly work.
This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
C:\Users\Hourakhsh\Desktop\CC_By_2020_licnece1.jpg
This article is published with open access at www.ijcua.com
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 85-100.
Urban Land-use and Traffic Congestion: Mapping the Interaction
1 * Ph.D. Candidate James Kanyepe Image result for research orcid, 2 Prof. Dr. Marian Tukuta Image result for research orcid, 3 Prof. Dr. Innocent Chirisa Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Department of Supply Chain Management, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe
3 Department of Demography Settlement & Development, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
E-mail 1: jameskanyepe@gmail.com, E-mail 2: paidamoyo2016@gmail.com
E-mail 3: innocent.chirisa@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 25 October 2020
Accepted 15 December 2020
Available online 19 December 2020
Keywords:
Land-Use;
Peak Hour;
Traffic Congestion;
Transport;
Travel Patterns;
Travel Behavior.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The interaction between transport, land-uses and travel patterns produce diverse transportation problems in urban cities with traffic congestion as the most visible manifestation. Traffic congestion is a frequent phenomenon in most cities around the globe. This paper reviews the interaction between land-use traffic congestion through published literature. The objective of this study is to encourage and provide researchers with future research directions in land-use and traffic congestion. For this purpose, a systematic review was performed analysing 45 articles from the year 2010 to 2020 using a descriptive approach. Subsequently, the results of the study show that although the interaction between land-use and traffic congestion has gained currency in developed countries far less is known on this subject in developing parts of the world, though new evidence is steadily accumulating. Consequently, limitations of this work are presented, opportunities are identified for future lines of research. Finally, the conclusion confirms the need for further research addressing the methodological concerns.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 77-84.
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2. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 55-62 / 2019
Maryam Kamyar, Zahra Jafari Spourezi 56
identity sources of Iranian, Islamic andurbanism
system.
The focus on urbanism system in studying urban
identity in Iran indicates that it has been based
on dividing city into three certain concepts
since the ancient times; Center, surroundings
and communication. The surrounding part in
Iranian-Islamic city which includes the main
element of neighborhood with its specific
structure, not only does not have privileges in
various parts of the city, but also along with
including ethnic diversity, it includes the poor
and the rich. And concepts of north, south, up
and down were not common as they are
considered today. Also, each of the
neighborhoods, due to being located in
directions which had the best and nearest
paths with the villages of the same tribe, in
addition to preserving and improving their
collective identity, would affect the family
relationship which are considered important by
Islam.
Physical system of the establishment of the
outer shell of cities is affected and
representation of the social and cultural system
of the society. The rich Islamic culture was
mixed with the Iranian social ideology after
entering Iran and it was presented in new
physical elements by explaining the current
concept and defined the new overview of
Iranian-Islamic human towards city and urban
communities. Studying and restoring the smart
system governing the traditional structure of
Iranian-Islamic cities is a proper solution in
understanding the principles of success in these
cities in the expression of Iranian-Islamic urban
identity. Due to immortality and
comprehensiveness and universality of Islam,
Islamic principles are constant principles which
are interpreted in certain ways in various
locations and times considering the intellectual
and objective resources, while its results is
emerged as a unity in diversity in the Islamic
geography in Iranian culture.
2. Statement of the Problem
Iran includes cities with a great cultural-
historical significance and full of unique fields
with physical and social representations that
provide a context for Iranian-Islamic identity.
These field are generally ignored by the
researchers or the researches have lacked a
comprehensive view of their Iranian identity
values. However, by reviving, studying and
analyzing an identity based approach, these
values and concepts could be preserved and
improved.
The term “Islamic city” was first coined in the
nineteenth century by the orientalists, and later
expanded by them. (Naqizade (b), 2010;
Falahat, 2011) The approach orientalists have
undertaken in regards to Islamic cities in Iran is
a one-sided view ad related to the Islamic
approach as the only basis for the analysis.
However, based on methodology, this type of
analysis is generally a descriptive analysis of the
physical representation of the city without
analyzing the construction process and the
principles governing them. (Hakim, 2002; cited
by Danesh, 2010) The majority of these studies
tried to compare what is called Islamic cities in
isolation from the Iranian social and cultural
context through a comparative method with a
negative attitude. Such descriptions are based
on presupposed criteria which have their roots
in social culture and their western approach;
this leads to presupposing principles as the
criteria of ideal city and roll-calling these
criteria in their studied cities. (Falahat, 2011).
3. Research Question
Considering the improper copying in historical
analyses of Islamic urbanism in Iran, studying
Iranian-Islamic identity in studying Islamic cities
is neglected. In order to reach research data,
the content is arranged in the main question so
that the question is led the main answer
through this.
How has the role of Iranian-Islamic identity
represented in the culture of Islamic urbanism in
Iranian geography period?
4. The Theoretical Framework of Understanding
Iranian-Islamic City
In analyzing the Iranian urban elements,
elements are divided into categories such as
space, time, economics, power, culture, sign
and expression. (Fakuhi, 2010) After the
entrance of Islam into Iran, an interpretation of
individual and society is provided and its
instances are implemented in urban space with
the current physique. The Islamic-Iranian culture
led to dynamicity of the civil society and
people in the society with the mottos such as
equality, brotherhood and horizontal and
vertical movements, so that there was a close
relationship between the concept of city and
Islamic-Iranian culture, initially. (Ziyari, 2003) that
is, after the entrance of Islam, the concept of
city in Iran reaches a certain organization
which is based on the physical format of the
city in the Sassanid with a new representation.
The Sassanid urbanism system has found a
regular shape based on urban crowd control.
The mechanism for Sassanid cities is designed in
order to fulfill the hidden objectives of
government policies in Sassanid cities and in
accordance with social stratification institution
of Sassanid era which is completely in line with
3. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 55-62 / 2019
Maryam Kamyar, Zahra Jafari Spourezi 57
Sassanid urban crowd control. (Khaza’i, 2015)
During the Islamic era, these cities served as a
basis for social justice school of thought in
Islamic city and flourishes by the residence and
social life in Iranian-Islamic cities.
What is being discussed here as the Islamic
identity of Iranian-Islamic city is not limited to
any special physical structure, since in order to
identify and introduce the Islamic background
of a phenomenon (city, art, clothing, food,
etc.), a certain physical shape, or a unique
physical pattern for all times and location, for it
is in conflict with the universality of Islamic
principles. (Naqizade, 2010)
Islamic city is a constant nature which has its
own physical representation in any special
environment and time; that is, Islamic city is a
potential nature which has its own special
exemplification considering the culture and
identity of each region, technology and
available material under the light of the era’s
sciences and art (that are not in conflict with
Islamic principles and values). (Naqizade, 2010)
Through this view a new analysis could be
presented and with an identity-oriented
approach, a proper structure could be
reached for Iranian-Islamic city.
Any principle and concept (mental and
spiritual) in the core of the city retains a
physical tone. Physical elements which are
produced in this process will have two
dimensions like humans; one is the physical
dimension and the other is the spiritual aspect
which is the nature and spirit of these elements.
Considering these, this question arises that
whether the physical arrangement of the
elements or the spirit governing these structures
and spatial system which leads to Iranian unity
and identity in Islamic city. The other question is
whether by understanding this identity, an
innovative form of physical structure could be
reached which is compatible with time, or the
same forms have to be maintained. Some
believe that the Islamic city concept does not
have a special format; that is, a city could not
be Islamized through presenting a shape. By
considering humans as the most important
members of traditional Islamic cities, they
express that the physical shape of Islamic cities
is not reached through Muslim people. The
derived shape is unique and it could not be
replicated in other spaces and times.
(AhamdiDisfani and ‘Ali Abadi, 2011)
On the other hand, some, such as the
orientalists, try to prepare a constant physical
model for Islamic-Iranian city, the majority of
the descriptions of the Islamic city is limited to a
handful of elements. For instance, elements
such as mosque, bazaar, the shape of the
routes, neighborhoods, etc. These elements
stay in one conceptual level; a level which is
rather physical and has a little tendency
towards conceptual analysis. The designs
prepared by German geographers clearly
presents this attitude. Among their designs,
Dettman schematic design, which was
prepared in 1969, presents an Islamic-Iranian
city.
Figure 1.Islamic City Model (Source: Dettmann 1969, Cited
by Shafaqi 2008).
There is another model of Islamic cities
designed by another German Geographer,
Wirth, which is similar to one of Dettmansn’s.
Wirth not only considers bazaar as the core of
the city, but also he considers it as the
differentiating factor of Islamic-Iranian cities,
from other cities of cultural properties. It is in
fact considered as the main index of these
cities. In Wirth’s model, bazaars are developed
radially from the downtown and the main
routes are developed from downtown and
along with the bazaar centers towards the
gates. These routes are called “Gozar”, and
had a considerable width which included
neighborhood centers.
Figure 2.Islamic City Model (Source: Wirth 2000, Cited by
Shafaqi 2008).
4. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 55-62 / 2019
Maryam Kamyar, Zahra Jafari Spourezi 58
The third design for Islamic-Iranian cities is from
another German geographer, Ehlers, who was
a professor at Bonn University in 1991. In
comparing the Ehlers model with the
aforementioned designs, two new properties
are stumbled upon:
1. Newly constructed streets which cut the
old urban texture in bazaar part and disturb the
integrity of the bazaar.
2. The new outer belt of the city which is
formed by the checkered order and in
accordance with the surroundings, out of the
city walls. (Shafaqi, 2008)
Figure 3.Islamic City Model (Source: Ehlers 1991, Cited by
Shafaqi 2008).
Through comparing these three designs, it is
concluded that some of common physical
elements include mosque, bazaar,
neighborhood, cemetery, castle, and city walls
and there is a common organization among
them. The castle is connected to the city walls
in all of them and bazaar has surrounded the
downtown which mosque and the
neighborhoods with their peripheral centers
build the later layers. These designs and the
majority of similar designs and descriptions
belong to the early centuries of the entrance of
Islam and generally to the certain regions
Islamic geography including the Middle East
and Iran (Falahat, 2011) which have some
cultural, climatic and geographic
commonalities. What is concluded from
studying the three designs above is that they
share the same organization which is observed
in representation of Islamic city and cities
before entrance of Islam to Iran. The designs
overview aside, the details, especially the
descriptions which are provided for
neighborhoods and neighborhood relationships
(Morteza, 2006), the required integrity for such
schemas could not be reached and some
violations could be provided by extensive study
of them.
5.Research Findings; Concepts in
Contemporary Iranian-Islamic City Structure
Although the components of a city are formed
based on materialistic and spiritual needs of
the city residents, some of these components
are necessary for the residents of all cities; such
as buildings, roads and bazaar. Experts express
that some of these elements are specific to
Islamic cities and attribute the impact of
Islamic culture in emergence of city and the
method of its organization to these elements:
The central mosque, bazaar, neighborhood
mosques, schools, monasteries, shrines, religious
site, sect type, endowments (waqf),
encouraging people to construct buildings and
facilities. Four elements of mosque, bazaar,
neighborhood and school are common
among the majority of experts. (Ziyari, 2003;
Rabbani, 2008; Ayazi, 2008) Iranian identity of
sacred spaces in Iranian-Islamic city is
presented in the center of the city. This
component – sacred space – was in the form
of temples or fire temples in the center of the
city.
Considering these elements present themselves
in objective views is presented in widespread
reductions happening in Islamic city definition.
They have summarized the city in a limited set
of elements or limited set of form properties
and this issue has led to emergence of
schematic defections of “Islamic city” (without
considering their Iranian identity; definitions
which are solely derived from its shape without
considering its background and informal
structures of the cities). (Falahat, 2011) Apart
from the physical issues, other effective factors
in forming Iranian-Islamic cities and the factors
governing it could be listed as below:
1. Religious factors 2. Climatic Factors 3.
Economic Factors 4. Communication Factors 5.
Governmental Factors 6. Health Factors 7.
Waqf Factors (Islamic and Sassanid) (Shekui,
1994) On the other hand, the effective factors
in the architecture of Iranian-Islamic cities
elements are four main determining factors:
Climate, local materials, traditional forms, and
Islamic and social lifestyles and values. (Zarabi,
Qolami Bimorq and Hajbande Ofusi, 2008) The
physical shape of Iranian-Islamic cities change
in accordance with nature and under the
impact of any of the abovementioned factors,
while the spirit of the city goes through its
developmental processes. (Ahmadi Disfani and
‘Aliabadi, 2011)
Apart from the categorizations which are
presented for Islamic cities so far, three general
parts in Iranian city could be distinguished
which are compatible with its Iranian identity.
5. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 55-62 / 2019
Maryam Kamyar, Zahra Jafari Spourezi 59
The main components of each set could be
expressed as the parts of center, surrounding,
and the relationship between these two and
other elements of the set. In the city, which
could be considered as a set of relations,
elements and activities, these three could be
distinguished. The properties of these three
fields are explained in the following.
5.1 Center
Some orientalists, who studied Islamic cities
based on the theories of Max Weber, believe
that there is no such entity as city in Islamic
world, but Islamic cities are generally a set of
peripheral and separate communities and not
united communities. Without independent
urban associations and syndicates (similar to
the ones in the cities in the Middle Ages), cities
would be divided into neighborhoods or parts
and each part had its own homogenous
communities and bazaars. (Turner 1976, cited
by Danesh, 2010)
Regardless of Weber’s theories, which are
mostly exaggerated and neglected the
identity merged with current backgrounds such
as Iranian-Islamic identity in their
categorization, the presence of neighborhoods
based on ethnic and tribal divisions could be
interpreted closely related to preservation of
Iranian culture identity and independence in
Islam. (Morteza, 2006) The fluid and variable
aspect of Iranian identity, which includes
various levels of personal identity as the
properties, characteristics and thoughts of a
person and the collective identity which
included various social, economic, cultural,
ethnic, and even political groups, any of the
personal and collective identities is required for
preserving the formation of person’s personality
and in higher levels the personality of the
society. In such an ideology, emergence of a
phenomenon called neighborhood with its
own characteristicsand propertiesis completely
in accordance with the teachings of this
religion and also human nature. However, the
resulted diversity is dissolved in a space called
center and urban society reunion place, and
this proves the unity and constructs urban
identity in higher levels of ethnicity and a link
between various tribes.
However, elements which are related to the
Iranian-Islamic city center, either the center of
the city or more peripheral centers, include
certain elements called public benefit
functions such as mosque, bath, cistern, etc.
5.1.1 Religious Sites (Mosque)
Mosque functions as the main element of
Muslim cities and the center of all activities of
the citizens. Many of the educational, judicial,
and political activities of the society which
would be carried out in mosque initially, are
placed adjacent to the mosque, even after
development and expansion and emergence
of various professions which would the
separation from the environment of mosque,
and they have preserved their relationship with
mosque and its spiritual space. (Naqizade, 2010
a)
Since religious beliefs are the core of the
Iranian cultural identity, temple or mosque had
a significant role in institutional and local
arrangements, due to the various functions
they could have, such as holding religious
rituals, and it is placed in a focal point so that
the public access is provided. Naqizade
considers submission of city center as a religious
elements and material adaptation and control
of life as one of the properties of Iranian-Islamic
cities.
The function of mosque in early Islam was not
limited to religious function, but it was a center
for political, ethical, educational and social
discussions. During early Islam, regulation of
Islamic government affairs with other
governments, negotiation with foreign panels,
addressing the people, declaring the
legitimacy of the caliph, discussing the military
and political affairs, distribution of public funds,
etc., were carried out in the mosque. (Amini
and Montazerolqa’em, 2008).
5.1.2 School
During early Islam, religious sciences were
taught in mosques. Hence, the early mosques
were in fact the first center of Islamic taught
which was quite common in Iran and other
Islamic countries. Gradually, by the
development of Islamic sciences (Kiyani, 2000)
and from the third century AH, schools with
educational functions of teaching religious
sciences, and guiding people, managing the
religious affairs and interpreting jurisprudence,
were constructed. Generally, subsequent to
construction of schools, waqf would be
dedicated to them which would be spent on
the accommodation of students and teachers.
In various Islamic books, the subject of science
and its uses and benefits among Muslims are
addressed and the status ofscholars is
emphasized. Measures undertaken to
accommodate religious scholars and scientists
would provide sacredness for a city; that is,
these scholars would guarantee the
perpetuation and propagation of rationality
and religiosity among the citizens. (Ayazi, 2008)
Before Islam, educational centers were located
near castles, governmental centers or fire
6. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 55-62 / 2019
Maryam Kamyar, Zahra Jafari Spourezi 60
templesand spots far from trace centers. In
ancient communities, administrative, religious,
and commercial institutions were among the
most important educational environments.
Hence, educational centers would educate
their staff along with administrative, religious,
and commercial institutions. (Kiyani, 2000)
After Islam, the spaces dedicated to education
would stay in the center and emerge in
religious spaces. Gradually, along with
expansion and improvement of religious
sciences and elongation of education period
and necessity for accommodation of the
students, the grounds for emergence of schools
were provided. The location of these school
was generally around central mosques,
bazaars, residential neighborhoods and
sometimes squares. (Soltanzade, 1985)
Presence of schools in the center of
neighborhoods and bazaar which were
considered as the foundation of Iranian cities,
shows the significance of education Islamic
teachings. (Gudarzi, Sorushm Aminzade,
Goharrizi and Naqizade, 2012) Through
preserving the relationship of educational
centers with governmental and religious
centers, the scheme of Iranian-Islamic culture
identity is continued.
5.2 Surroundings
In Iranian-Islamic cities, surroundings are not
considered as inferior, margin or even
hierarchy, but it has a new meaning.
Surroundings is a center among various parts,
among villages of the same race and city. It is
a unity factor among the contrast of city and
village. In comparison, the emergence of the
concept of neighborhood and the alternative
concept of surroundings in Iranian-Islamic cities
as mentioned before, crystalizes the spatial
justice in its true concept in city. Sassanid city is
consisted in the physical system in Iranian-
Islamic city. The physiques of Sassanid city
which was designed to protect the city
enforcements. However, here in Iranian-Islamic
city, the physiques would be presented without
the need for excessive enforcement in the city
and also the lack of the need for controlling
the citizens (on comparison with the control
power considered in Sassanid government).
The current city became an element of spatial
justice in Islamic city due to its physical
properties and considering this type of
physiques being borrowed from Sassanid city,
which could be said that in Iranian-Islamic city
the north and south does not have any
meaning, the concept of up and down did not
have any meaning either. Neighborhoods had
their own specifications and facilities and they
were independent. Some general details on
neighborhood are mentioned in the following.
5.2.1 Neighborhood
The residential district of the city is usually
located in the outer belt of bazaar and any
social-economical group creates a special
neighborhood for itself, which is created based
on religions, jobs, race, language, ethnicity and
even social groups. (Shafaqi, 2008)
Establishment of public elements such as
cistern, bath, small markets (at the center of
neighborhoods), small squares, and sometimes
religious sites would create a complex which
could function as the identity factor of the
neighborhood and the city, along with fulfilling
the neighborhood needs as the center of the
neighborhood or center of the city. (Naqizade,
2010 a) The components of the neighborhood
included residential buildings, blind alleys, alleys
and public facilities of the neighborhood
center such as mosques, temples, small
markets, baths, cisterns and sometime
coffeehouses. (Naqizade, 2010 a)
5.3 Communications
Presence of main roads in the neighborhood
and their relation with the center of the city
which had the city-sized services, was a reason
for access of all neighborhood to the city
privileges. The principle of justice, as one of the
principles of Islam, is present in all its aspects.
Hence, the observance of this principle could
be cleared observed in the accesses.
Accessing public centers and urban and
neighborhood services, the access type inside
the neighborhoods to fulfill security, the
proportions of roads in order to observe the
climatic issues is one of the access of the roads
which would branch from the bazaar and
would continue to the core of the
neighborhoods.
5.3.1 Bazaar
The second main factor in formation of Iranian-
Islamic cities is the bazaar (Ziyari, 2003) which is
the economic heart and the backbone of the
city and not only a place for trading goods, but
a place for various professions. (Shafaqi, 2008)
In most Islamic cities, bazaar is in the form of
the core of the traditional and old texture and
it is located as the reviving component in the
urban area.
Commercial, production and workshop
activities which were organized in the bazaar
and various passages, would surround the
mosque and would smooth its partialism with
the presence of mosque. (Naqizade, 2010 a)
Along with this commercial complex, there are
other public places such as baths, schools,
religious sites, Saqqakhanehs, coffeehouses
7. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 55-62 / 2019
Maryam Kamyar, Zahra Jafari Spourezi 61
and in Iran and some Shi’ite countries shrines,
gymnasium, etc. and they have created a
texture all together and they could meet the
needs of the people in relating various parts of
life and economic, social, political, and
religious activities. (Biglari, 1976) In fact, bazaar
was initially formed for producing and trading
good, but subsequently, it found other cultural
and social functions. (Kiyani, 2000) This social
function of bazaar let it to be the center of the
city for the ease of access for the people.
(Sarai, 2010)
It should be considered that the significance of
bazaar is not the main element of Islamic era in
Iran, but the element of bazaar was around
since the Achaemenid era and it has
transformed in shape during time. However,
what is considered as important in bazaars of
the Islamic era are two major points. During this
time: 1. Bazaar is categorized no based on
class, but based on professions, and 2. The
passages of the new bazaars are formed by
the professions which are new and were not
available at the time. (Sarai, 2010).
6. Conclusion
Urban identity is a multidimensional
phenomenon which is based on the distinction
between self and others and it includes a rage
from culture to various levels of urbanism
system; hence, based on the interaction of the
conceptual system, the social and cultural
system of the surroundings is formed which is
always changing and developing; that is, in a
descriptive approach, Iranian-Islamic urban
identity has found its identity among the three
corners of Islamic, ancient or ethnic and
urbanism system identity sources during the
historical development of the city in the
proportion which it has created among
historical and Islamic cities. It should be
considered that Iranian urbanism has had a
physical system during history due to its
geographic situation that is located among
various ethnicities and nationalities, that could
have a social control. Urban order is a
subjective and inferential issue which indicates
the relation type between elements.
What is inferred from studying Islamic city in
retrieving Iranian-Islamic identity is a common
organization which appears in presentation of
Islamic city and cities before it. The structure of
center, surroundings and the relationship
between the components, are considered as
three main elements of Iranian-Islamic city
spatial system and their identification is carried
out beyond the shape properties of Islamic city.
The general physical design of Islamic city is
formed based on the materialistic and spiritual
needs of people’s culture.Hence, the
components of Islamic city were designed
based on the spatial system of Sassanid era city
which was mainly designed to protect the city
enforcements. Yet, it is emerged in Iranian-
Islamic city without the need for social control
(on comparison with the control power
considered in Sassanid government). The
current city became an element of spatial
justice in Islamic city due to its physical
properties and considering this type of
physiques being borrowed from Sassanid city,
which could be said that in Iranian-Islamic city
the north and south does not have any
meaning, the concept of up and down did not
have any meaning either. Neighborhoods had
their own specifications and facilities and they
were independent. This system is considered as
a set of semi-independent components
whoseelements transform the complex to a
united whole in a goal-oriented order.
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