Representation
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JHk This document discusses representation and stereotypes in TV dramas. It notes that stereotypes are socially constructed and can be reinforced or challenged through media representation. Stereotypes may become countertypes if they are used to subvert previous negative portrayals, though countertypes could eventually become stereotypes themselves if overused. The document also discusses how representations of gender are often encoded with stereotypical characteristics and how audiences decode these messages. It provides examples of stereotypical portrayals of masculinity and femininity in both past and current TV dramas.
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The document discusses representations and stereotypes in media. It makes the following key points:
1) Stereotypes are socially constructed and reflect dominant ideologies, which can be reinforced or challenged by media representations.
2) Two 1990s sci-fi blockbuster films featured black heroes who went against previous negative stereotypes, creating new "countertypes." Countertypes oppose existing stereotypes but may become stereotypes themselves if too popular.
3) Representations in media are someone's version of reality, not reality itself, and the audience decodes the media's encoded messages differently based on their own perspectives.
Lesson 4 misogyny and feminism
This document discusses representations of gender and stereotypes in media. It examines how music videos typically portray men and women according to cultural norms of masculinity and femininity. It also defines and discusses the concepts of misogyny and how misogynistic lyrics are present in some hip hop music. Different perspectives are presented on whether certain music videos and lyrics empower women or are degrading towards them. The document concludes by defining stereotypes and examining their role in representation, as well as introducing the related concept of the "countertype".
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This document discusses the representation of ethnicity in media and its effects. It defines key terms like dominant group and hegemony. It outlines common stereotypes portrayed for different ethnic groups like Asians being quirky or Middle Eastern people being religious or terrorists. It discusses theories like cultivation theory that show how media representations can influence viewers' perceptions of race. It also discusses the potential implications of racial stereotypes in media like perpetuating social myths and prejudices, especially in children.
Narrative theory
Todorov's narrative theory describes narratives as having a cycle of equilibrium, disruption of equilibrium causing disequilibrium, attempts to restore equilibrium, and a new found equilibrium. Propp's narrative theory identifies character roles like hero, villain, and donor that carry out functions to restore order. Levi-Strauss' binary opposition theory sees narratives as reflecting opposites like good/bad and male/female. These theories relate to the film in some ways, such as showing disruptions to equilibrium and portraying characters as villains, but do not fully define the film's narrative structure.
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This document discusses stereotypes of people with disabilities that are commonly portrayed in media. It defines disability as a physical or mental condition that limits a person's movements, senses or activities. Then, it lists several stereotypes that are often depicted, including that people with disabilities are burdens, super cripples, objects of ridicule, sinister or evil, sexually abnormal, their own worst enemies, pitiable or pathetic, objects of violence, incapable of full participation or curiosities.
Lesson 3 - Representation - Misogyny and feminism
The document discusses representation of gender and stereotypes in media. It notes that stereotypes are often oversimplified, exaggerated, generalized portrayals that present cultural attributes as natural. Stereotypes can be used negatively and to justify discrimination. The document examines how gender and other groups have been inappropriately depicted in past TV, movies and ads. It discusses the need for stereotypes to change and notes some are changing. It also discusses positive stereotypes known as "countertypes" and references research showing more equal gender representation in recent media. The document raises questions about whether recent portrayals are truly positive representations or if misogyny remains an issue, discussing examples of misogynistic lyrics in hip hop and debates around their
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This document pitches a thriller short film about a man who smuggles himself into a prison cell to seduce and obtain evidence shavings from a paedophile occupant. The target audience would be young adults who watch films online or on YouTube and Vimeo. The film would feature a middle-aged male protagonist, old male antagonist, supporting brother character, and young female victim. It proposes using a plot twist, seduction scene, sinister soundtrack, and desaturated blue filter for visual style.
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This document discusses media representations of disability and explores 10 common stereotypes. It begins by defining key terms like representation, point of view, and ideology. It then contrasts ability and disability, noting the prefix "dis" means negative. The document lists 10 stereotypes of disabled people in media, such as victims, pitiable, laughable, burdens, and incapable of relationships or life. It concludes by providing examples of these stereotypes in media.
Representation of gender 2014
This document discusses gender representation in TV dramas. It begins by having students identify common gender stereotypes. It then explains how stereotypes are socially constructed and can be reinforced or challenged through media representation. Several activities are described where students analyze gender stereotypes and how they are depicted through characteristics, objects, and use of camerawork, editing, sound, and mise-en-scene. Common stereotypes of feminine and masculine representation and genres are outlined. Excerpts from Sherlock, Desperate Housewives, and Strike Back are presented for analysis of how gender is portrayed.
Silent scream script
Marc, a middle-aged haggard man, walks through an isolated forest near the coast while carrying a shovel. In a voiceover, Marc explains that about 1 in 100 people are psychopaths who don't care what others think of them and will lie, cheat, steal, and violate social norms without remorse. At the beach, Marc buries part of a body with his shovel, admitting that he is a psychopath with no concern for others.
AS Media - Lesson 6 - Male gaze
The document discusses the concepts of look and gaze. It defines gaze as implying a psychological relationship of power where the gazer is superior. It then discusses Laura Mulvey's concept of the "Male Gaze" and how women are objectified for visual pleasure in film. The Male Gaze relegates women to the status of objects viewed through a man's reaction. The document outlines different types of gazes and provides examples of the Male Gaze in film and advertising where women are sexualized even when unrelated to the product. It discusses criticisms of Mulvey's theories and Goffman's research on gendered facial expressions and body language in media.
Stereotype countertype lesson
The document discusses stereotypes in TV drama and how they have changed over time. Stereotypes are often used as shorthand for stock characters but some now seem inappropriate or awkward. For example, minorities like homosexuals and ethnic groups were depicted in ways that would not be tolerated today. The document also examines stereotypical characteristics assigned to different sexes and whether those stereotypes are still relevant. It considers whether stereotypes simplify, exaggerate or generalize groups and if this matters. The implications of stereotypes, both positive and negative, are discussed.
Laura mulvey the malegaze theory
Laura Mulvey's Male Gaze theory argues that in film and media, the camera lens represents the perspective of the heterosexual male viewer who objectifies female characters. This denies women their subjectivity and reduces them to objects for the male gaze. Mulvey suggests this reinforcement of patriarchal ideals through media can influence societal norms by making female objectification seem normal or desired. The theory is exemplified through common techniques used in films like James Bond to highlight women's physical features from the male perspective.
Representation sexuality
This document discusses the representation of sexuality in television drama. It outlines several common stereotypes seen in portrayals of gay, lesbian, and other non-heterosexual identities, such as the feminine gay man, the closeted gay man, and the lesbian with masculine traits. It also notes that media often rely on stereotypes that associate gay men with femininity and lesbians with masculinity. However, the document states that representation has begun to shift with increased gay rights and acceptance, allowing for more diverse portrayals.
The Male Gaze Laura Mulvey
This document discusses Laura Mulvey's concept of the "Male Gaze" in film. It explains that the Male Gaze refers to how women are viewed from the perspective of a heterosexual male in films. Specifically, the camera will linger on a woman's body and events involving women are presented in the context of a man's reaction. This relegates women to the status of objects for the male gaze rather than active subjects. The document also discusses how the Male Gaze concept has been applied to areas like music videos and advertising.
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How does your media product represent particular social
How does your media product represent particular social
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This document discusses the representation of disabilities in TV and film. It begins by outlining the objectives to understand stereotypes in media and develop skills in textual analysis. It then asks the reader to consider examples of disabled characters and how they are portrayed. Several common stereotypes are listed, such as being pitiable, a victim of violence, sinister or evil, an atmosphere, a "super-crip", vengeful, or a burden. The document notes that disabilities are often underrepresented or misrepresented in media by not showing disabled people as fully participating in society and focusing only on their impairments. It concludes by asking how the four codes of film (cinematography, mise-en-scene, editing, sound
Narrative take 2
The document provides information about narrative structure and theories of narrative from theorists such as Roland Barthes. It discusses the different types of narrative structures including open/closed, linear/circular/episodic. It also summarizes Barthes' theory that narratives can be analyzed using five codes: the hermeneutic code, the action code, the symbolic code, the semantic code, and the cultural code. The document instructs the reader to apply these narrative and coding concepts to their own music video or opening sequence project.
Editing
1. Editing is the stage in filmmaking where sound and images are organized and assembled to construct a narrative. It is how filmmakers communicate a story to audiences through techniques like cuts, transitions, and special effects.
2. Continuity editing aims to create a sense of reality and smooth progression of time through techniques like matching shots, maintaining the 180-degree rule, and eye-line matching between shots. This style of editing is meant to be "invisible" and not draw attention to itself.
3. Other editing techniques include cross-cutting between parallel scenes to build tension, using inserts to emphasize specific actions, implementing different transitions and speeds of time, and manipulating factors like character shot allocation and special effects.
Regional Identity
The document discusses regional and national identity in the UK. It provides stereotypes for different regions, including Northerners, Southerners, Scousers, Geordies, etc. It examines characteristics like dialects, costumes, class/status. It also discusses how TV and film help construct identities through stereotypes, setting, characters. Key theorists like Higson and Anderson are summarized, who argue that media plays a role in imagining communities and identities within a nation or region.
Representation of Sexuality
The document discusses representation of sexuality in media, including stereotypes of homosexuals, bisexuals, heterosexuals, and transgender individuals portrayed in television dramas. It notes that stereotypes are often used because they provide a broad overview but can give the wrong impression. While stereotypes may be based on some real people, they tend to be inaccurate and unfair generalizations. The discussion considers whether media representations should move beyond rigid stereotypes and typecasting to better reflect contemporary societal values of non-discrimination and inclusion regardless of sexual orientation.
A2 Media Studies Audience theory
This document provides an overview of three key audience theories:
1. The Effects Model views audiences as passive recipients who are directly influenced by media texts. It has been criticized for ignoring audience agency.
2. The Uses and Gratifications Model positions audiences as active, using media to fulfill needs like diversion, escapism, and social comparison. It suggests consumption can help address personal issues.
3. Reception Theory recognizes that meanings encoded by producers may be decoded differently by audiences, who can have dominant, negotiated, or oppositional readings of texts. It acknowledges multiple possible interpretations.
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Representation - The Basics
1) According to Stuart Hall, stereotypes are socially constructed reflections of dominant ideologies that can be reinforced, challenged, or constructed by media representation.
2) Two 1990s sci-fi blockbuster films, Independence Day and Mars Attacks, featured black heroes who challenged previous negative stereotypes by portraying them as strong and heroic. These "countertypes" could eventually become new stereotypes themselves if too popular.
3) Traditional representations of femininity in media highlight beauty, physique, sexuality, emotion, relationships, and portray women as part of a context rather than independent. Masculine representations focus on strength, power, independence, and portray men as isolated heroes who don't rely on others.
Representation of gender
This document discusses the representation of gender in media. It begins by defining representation and explaining how media representations provide artificial versions of reality that influence audience perceptions. It then discusses how gender is commonly portrayed, with women often depicted based on their beauty, physique, and relationships, while taking passive roles. Men are typically shown as strong, powerful, independent, and physically fit. The document also covers concepts like the male gaze, new representations of masculinity, and how feminism views gender representation in media.
Representation of gender
This document discusses theories and concepts related to the representation of gender in media. It begins by having the reader make lists of adjectives used to describe males and females, noting which could be seen as negative stereotypes. It then discusses how stereotypes are socially constructed and can be reinforced or challenged through media representations. Key representation theories mentioned include Laura Mulvey's male gaze theory and Richard Dyer's concept of dominant ideology and how representations are made to seem natural. The document also analyzes common stereotypical representations of femininity and masculinity in media and how genres like action films typically depict more dominant males and subservient females.
Analysis science fiction representation
This document discusses representation and stereotypes in science fiction films. It notes that all representations are biased based on the producers' perspectives. Stereotypes are oversimplified views of groups that are commonly used in films for convenience. While stereotypes can reinforce certain ideologies about gender, race, ability, etc., countertypes offer non-stereotypical representations that can challenge traditional views. The document examines examples of character and gender stereotypes and asks students to consider whether non-stereotypical films are possible and how media representations may influence viewers' perceptions of reality.
Science fiction representation
This document discusses representation and stereotypes in science fiction films. It notes that all representations are biased by what is included or left out, and reflect the ideas of the producers. Stereotypes are oversimplified views of groups that are commonly used in films for convenience. While stereotypes can be easily recognized, they do not represent the full diversity of people and can reinforce false impressions of what is normal. The document examines common stereotypes in science fiction films, such as the hero always being young, white, and male, and calls for more non-stereotypical representations in films.
Representation 7 areas intro
Representation describes how signs like media texts stand in for and depict reality. Producers intentionally frame reality through signs like editing and camerawork to position texts ideologically. Audiences make sense of reality through these representations. Common representations of social groups in media include stereotypes like criminal black men, nerdy white men, sexy Latinas, and helpless disabled people. Understanding how media represent social groups through signs is important for recognizing the ideologies that shape perceptions of reality.
Representation gender
This document discusses the representation of gender in media. It explains that media helps shape cultural ideologies and notions of what is considered normal or appropriate for different social groups like men and women. Representations of women in media often focus on beauty, sexuality, and emotional roles while minimizing intellectual roles and independence. Representations of men often emphasize strength, power, physique and independence. Both gender representations in media can be unrealistic and contribute to body image issues.
Stereotypes and gender
The document discusses stereotypes and how gender is represented in media. It defines stereotypes as oversimplified assumptions about social groups that can justify discrimination. Theorist Stuart Hall believes stereotypes in media reflect societal power inequalities by subordinating certain groups. The document also defines gender as a social construct distinct from biological sex. It examines how media often relies on stereotypical portrayals of masculinity and femininity, emphasizing traits like strength for men and beauty/relationships for women. Finally, theorist Liesbet Van Zoonen argues gender is constructed through media's visual and narrative codes in ways that reflect patriarchal values.
Representation of gender and stereotypes
This document discusses representation of gender and stereotypes. It begins with an activity asking students to discuss their ideal man or woman, and what values this suggests. It then defines sex and gender, and discusses how gender is a social construct involving roles and behaviors considered appropriate for men and women. The document examines how magazines portray ideals of masculinity and femininity, focusing on traits like strength and independence for men, and beauty, relationships and emotions for women. It also discusses stereotypes, their changing nature, and how society treats those who don't conform to norms. Students are asked to consider how media representations reinforce or challenge stereotypes.
Sci fi Representation
This document discusses representation in science fiction films. It begins by defining representation and noting that all representations reflect biases. It then examines common character types in science fiction films, such as heroes, victims, and authorities. Two film trailers are analyzed for examples of these characters. The document also discusses how stereotypes are often used as shortcuts but can promote oversimplified or biased views. It provides examples of countertypes that challenge stereotypes. Finally, it considers how gender is commonly represented in films and posters, often reinforcing unrealistic ideals of masculinity and femininity. The key ideas are that science fiction frequently relies on stereotypes and biased representations that could influence viewers' perceptions of normality.
Ms1representationofmennewdee
The document discusses representations of masculinity in media. It begins by outlining objectives to explore how masculinity is portrayed stereotypically and how representations have changed over time. Definitions of sex, gender, and representation are provided. Traditional 1970s/80s representations emphasized ruggedness, while contemporary depictions show men in touch with emotions. Emerging representations like the metrosexual emphasize appearance and consumerism. Case studies demonstrate dominance of stereotypes in action films, video games, and reality TV. While representations have diversified, analyses typically find men depicted positively using traditionally masculine traits like strength, rationality, and lack of emotion.
3. representation
This document provides information about the concept of representation that will be useful for analyzing a media production for a critical perspectives exam. It defines representation as how media re-presents or constructs meanings about the world. It discusses key questions to consider when analyzing representation, such as what concepts are highlighted, what representations are generated, and if there are any stereotypes. The document also discusses theories of representation, such as how gender is typically represented in media according to theorists like Berger and Mulvey. It provides several quotes about representation that could be cited. Finally, it discusses concepts like the "male gaze," the "final girl" trope in horror, and how different genres like zombies films can represent cultural ideas.
Representation
This document discusses representation in media and how audiences receive and interpret representations. It explains that representations carry implicit ideologies and values that shape how we see the world. Stereotypes are discussed as oversimplified representations of groups. The male gaze and ways women are objectified in media are also covered. The postmodern idea that media blurs reality is presented along with theories of how ideologies shape the representations used in media texts.
Gender In TV Drama
Women are often portrayed in media as focused on their beauty, physique, and sexuality, displaying narrow conventions of attractiveness. They are frequently shown as emotional and focused on relationships rather than independence. Men are commonly represented as strong, powerful, and sexually attractive based on their physique and masculinity. However, media representations of masculinity are becoming more constrained and unrealistic. Both men and women find it difficult to live up to the unrealistic standards portrayed in media.
Representation in your chosen media text
This document discusses representation in media, including how the media constructs rather than reflects reality through careful mediation. It defines representation and discusses how certain groups are commonly represented, such as through stereotypes. Several theories of representation are outlined, including how women are often objectified and gazed at from the male perspective. The document also discusses how stereotypes can both enhance realism for audiences but also reinforce dominant ideologies. It questions whether media representations are ever truly realistic or simply simulations that produce our understanding of reality.
WJEC - MS4 The Walking Dead - Genre, Narrative and Representation
WJEC, MS4, Section A, TV industry, Case Study, The Walking Dead, TWD, Genre, Narrative and Representation
Represenation of gender class work
This document discusses representations of gender in media. It notes that traditional portrayals of women as sexualized and emotional are still prevalent but are starting to change as women take on more professional roles. It also examines representations of masculinity, which typically portray men as strong, intelligent and independent. However, emerging representations show men as also being emotional and able to take part in domestic roles. The document explores how both genders are facing increasing pressures and unrealistic standards of appearance imposed by media stereotypes.
Stereotypes in media
Stereotypes are oversimplified ideas about groups that are usually wrong. Stereotypes form the basis of discrimination and help inequality grow, especially against minorities. Mass media helps spread and normalize stereotypes. In media, women are often portrayed as weak and in need of saving by men. Racial stereotypes commonly depict Black people as violent, Asians as martial artists or cheap labor, and Latin people as domestic workers. Ethnic stereotypes sometimes show Jewish people as rich and greedy or Arabs as terrorists. Overall, the document discusses how mass media frequently relies on and promotes harmful stereotypes.
Representation 1
Media representations are constructions rather than mirrors of reality. They are intentionally composed by producers and represent someone's concept of existence through signs and symbols. When studying media, it is important to analyze who produced the representation, what is being represented, and how and why it is represented in that particular way. Representations of gender, race, age and other identity factors are often based on stereotypes that can reinforce societal prejudices if accepted uncritically.
AS Media - Representation Gender
Traditional representations of women in media often reflected patriarchal ideologies by portraying women in narrow, stereotypical roles like housewives, mothers, and sexual objects. However, feminism and social change have led to more diverse portrayals of women in some modern media, including in action films and genres traditionally dominated by men. Still, traditional stereotypes of gender persist alongside new representations.
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WJEC - MS4 The Walking Dead - Genre, Narrative and Representation
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Representation
- 2. DominantIdeologies • Stereotypes are ‘socially constructed’ and reflect dominant ideologies. They are neither ‘true’ nor ‘false’ but rather societal clichés. • Stereotypes can be reinforced, challenged or even constructed by the media through representation • The group of ideas that make up the dominant ideology in Britain are not something that remains static - they change as new ideas enter the are encountered and people discuss them. For example one of the dominant ideologies in Britain is that youths are thugs; there is an anti-youth culture
- 3. Changingrepresentations –Countertypes • Independence Day: Will Smith’s character is clearly intended to be a positive and strong hero. He subverts previous negative stereotypes of black people in American films. In one crucial scene from the film we see him responding to the danger of an alien's attack by simply kicking it… • Mars Attacks: there is also a black hero who also responds to the attack of a bunch of aliens by punching one of them. • Both of these films were made virtually simultaneously. • The directors wanted a change from the ‘norm’ and they have in fact created a new positive stereotype = a countertype • A counter-stereotype is the reverse of a stereotype. Although counter-stereotypes arise in opposition to stereotypes, they may eventually become stereotypes themselves if they are too popular.
- 4. Mediation• Mediation…what is it?... • Any representation is not a reflection of reality but someone’s version of it • Another way to look at it is through the following theory: • Encoding and decoding model (Stuart Hall) • The media encodes the representation • The audience decodes it… • Therefore your job as media students is to decode TV dramas to understand the encoded message
- 5. Activity1a Draw a table with the following headings and compile a list of what you consider to be characteristics/adjectives that reflect each gender (strong, dependent, fragrant, vein, soft etc.) • Male • Female
- 6. Activity1b Add to your table a list of objects you associate with each gender • Male • Female
- 7. FeminineRepresentation • Feminism • Representations of women across all media tend to highlight the following: • beauty (within narrow conventions) • size/physique (again, within narrow conventions) • sexuality (as expressed by the above) • emotional (as opposed to intellectual) dealings • relationships (as opposed to independence/freedom) • Women are often represented as being part of a context (family, friends, colleagues) and working/thinking as part of a team. • In drama, they tend to take the role of helper (Propp) or object, passive rather than active. • Men are still represented as TV drama characters up to 3 times more frequently than women.
- 11. MasculineRepresentation • 'Masculinity' is a concept that is made up of more rigid stereotypes than femininity. Representations of men across all media tend to focus on the following: • Strength - physical and intellectual • Power • Sexual attractiveness (which may be based on the above) • Physique • Independence (of thought, action) • Male characters are often represented as isolated, as not needing to rely on others (the lone hero). • If they submit to being part of a family, it is often part of the resolution of a narrative, rather than an integral factor in the initial equilibrium.
- 14. Activity2 • Write down a list of the different technical approaches that might be used to construct stereotypical representations of gender: • Camera shots, angle, movement and position • Mise en scene • Sound • Editing
- 15. MASCULINEGENRES • Dominant males • Subservient females • Masculine ‘action’ • Lack of emotion • ‘Serious’ storylines • Romance controlled • Patriarchal ideology (narrative closure) • Male heroes • Sole characters or characters with one/two side kicks
- 16. FEMININEGENRES • Female interaction • Males as ‘partners’ • Relationship issues • Emotive storylines • Shared feminine identity • Narrative openness • Confirmation of patriarchal ideology • Female ensemble dramas
Editor's Notes
- Margaret Thatcher - was a British stateswoman who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990. She was the longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century, and the first woman to have held the office. The Iron Lady
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