Representation
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This document provides an introduction to representation and stereotyping in media. It discusses how media represents different groups through stereotypes, which are oversimplified and often negative portrayals. The document examines examples of stereotypical representations of women in advertisements from 2007 and the 1950s that convey negative messages. It also looks at how representations can challenge stereotypes, such as through a positive image of empowered women.
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Representation Theory
The document discusses representation in media and how media present the real world. It introduces key concepts around how representations are constructed, including selection, organization, and focus. It asks questions about who/what is represented, how the representation is created, who created it, and why. It discusses gatekeepers in media and the constructionist approach to representation, where meaning is created through the relationship between producers, text, and audience. It concludes with a quote about how representations determine treatment and a task analyzing representations of oneself in moving images.
Representation in your chosen media text
This document discusses representation in media, including how the media constructs rather than reflects reality through careful mediation. It defines representation and discusses how certain groups are commonly represented, such as through stereotypes. Several theories of representation are outlined, including how women are often objectified and gazed at from the male perspective. The document also discusses how stereotypes can both enhance realism for audiences but also reinforce dominant ideologies. It questions whether media representations are ever truly realistic or simply simulations that produce our understanding of reality.
A2 Collective Identity Essay Plan - representation of women in the media
Plan prepared for a wall display on the A2 Collective Identity exam question 'The media do not construct reality, they merely offer a window on the world.' This is based on case studies of the representation of women in the media.
Representation slideshare
The document discusses representation and stereotypes in media texts. It summarizes Richard Dyer's theory that stereotypes reduce the complexity of groups to a few exaggerated characteristics that are then applied to all group members. These characteristics are communicated through media language. The document also discusses whether those in power still stereotype minority groups, the benefits of stereotypes as media shorthand, and how representations and stereotypes are communicated to audiences semiotically through signs and systems of meaning that take into account audience ideology.
Stuart Hall theories of representation
Stuart Hall outlines three strategies for contesting stereotypes:
1. Reversal of stereotypes - Strong female leads in action movies reversing the damsel in distress trope. Positive portrayals of working mothers in advertising.
2. Substitution of positive images - Diversity of women in media of all ages, sizes, abilities replacing narrow beauty standards. Inclusive marketing features all types of families.
3. Making stereotypes work against themselves - Sassy women in commercials drawing attention to exaggerated gender roles for comedic effect. Subversive social media drawing from and reinventing tropes.
Section 1 b representation
1. Representation refers to the construction of aspects of reality such as people, places, objects, and concepts in any medium.
2. Representations are systems that frame ideologies and appear natural through constant reuse, but are actually constructed rather than transparent reflections of reality.
3. Representations are analyzed by considering who and what is represented, how it is created, the effects, and other questions about audience and meaning.
AS Lesson 10 - 3 approaches
This document discusses representation theories in media studies. It begins by introducing key theorists like Stuart Hall, Laura Mulvey, and Richard Dyer. It then focuses on Stuart Hall and his three approaches to representation: reflective, intentional, and constructionist. The reflective approach suggests representations reflect reality, while the intentional approach argues they represent the creator's intentions. However, the constructionist approach presented by Hall views representations as constructed from multiple elements, including the creator's perspective, the audience's interpretation, and societal context. The document emphasizes Hall's perspective that no representation can fully capture absolute truth. It provides examples applying each approach and examines how ideologies are conveyed and reinforced in media texts.
Representation theories
The document discusses several representation theories:
- Mulvey's male gaze theory suggests that female characters are displayed for male pleasure and are passive objects of the male gaze.
- Baudrillard's hyperreality theory argues that representations have replaced reality and images now bear no relation to the real world.
- Dyer believes stereotypes in media reinforce differences between people and legitimize inequality.
- Hall discusses how media propagate dominant social values and ideologies and segment society.
- Gramsci's concept of hegemony explains how representations are used to control people by portraying the elite as capable rulers.
- Levi-Strauss discusses binary opposites and representations of dominant and subordinate groups.
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Representation Theory
The document discusses representation in media and how media present the real world. It introduces key concepts around how representations are constructed, including selection, organization, and focus. It asks questions about who/what is represented, how the representation is created, who created it, and why. It discusses gatekeepers in media and the constructionist approach to representation, where meaning is created through the relationship between producers, text, and audience. It concludes with a quote about how representations determine treatment and a task analyzing representations of oneself in moving images.
Representation in your chosen media text
This document discusses representation in media, including how the media constructs rather than reflects reality through careful mediation. It defines representation and discusses how certain groups are commonly represented, such as through stereotypes. Several theories of representation are outlined, including how women are often objectified and gazed at from the male perspective. The document also discusses how stereotypes can both enhance realism for audiences but also reinforce dominant ideologies. It questions whether media representations are ever truly realistic or simply simulations that produce our understanding of reality.
A2 Collective Identity Essay Plan - representation of women in the media
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Representation slideshare
The document discusses representation and stereotypes in media texts. It summarizes Richard Dyer's theory that stereotypes reduce the complexity of groups to a few exaggerated characteristics that are then applied to all group members. These characteristics are communicated through media language. The document also discusses whether those in power still stereotype minority groups, the benefits of stereotypes as media shorthand, and how representations and stereotypes are communicated to audiences semiotically through signs and systems of meaning that take into account audience ideology.
Stuart Hall theories of representation
Stuart Hall outlines three strategies for contesting stereotypes:
1. Reversal of stereotypes - Strong female leads in action movies reversing the damsel in distress trope. Positive portrayals of working mothers in advertising.
2. Substitution of positive images - Diversity of women in media of all ages, sizes, abilities replacing narrow beauty standards. Inclusive marketing features all types of families.
3. Making stereotypes work against themselves - Sassy women in commercials drawing attention to exaggerated gender roles for comedic effect. Subversive social media drawing from and reinventing tropes.
Section 1 b representation
1. Representation refers to the construction of aspects of reality such as people, places, objects, and concepts in any medium.
2. Representations are systems that frame ideologies and appear natural through constant reuse, but are actually constructed rather than transparent reflections of reality.
3. Representations are analyzed by considering who and what is represented, how it is created, the effects, and other questions about audience and meaning.
AS Lesson 10 - 3 approaches
This document discusses representation theories in media studies. It begins by introducing key theorists like Stuart Hall, Laura Mulvey, and Richard Dyer. It then focuses on Stuart Hall and his three approaches to representation: reflective, intentional, and constructionist. The reflective approach suggests representations reflect reality, while the intentional approach argues they represent the creator's intentions. However, the constructionist approach presented by Hall views representations as constructed from multiple elements, including the creator's perspective, the audience's interpretation, and societal context. The document emphasizes Hall's perspective that no representation can fully capture absolute truth. It provides examples applying each approach and examines how ideologies are conveyed and reinforced in media texts.
Representation theories
The document discusses several representation theories:
- Mulvey's male gaze theory suggests that female characters are displayed for male pleasure and are passive objects of the male gaze.
- Baudrillard's hyperreality theory argues that representations have replaced reality and images now bear no relation to the real world.
- Dyer believes stereotypes in media reinforce differences between people and legitimize inequality.
- Hall discusses how media propagate dominant social values and ideologies and segment society.
- Gramsci's concept of hegemony explains how representations are used to control people by portraying the elite as capable rulers.
- Levi-Strauss discusses binary opposites and representations of dominant and subordinate groups.
Theories of Representation
This document outlines several theories of media representation including those proposed by Goffman, Mulvey, Hall, and Gauntlett. Goffman's theory suggests that men are portrayed as dominant and intelligent while women are often sexualized. Mulvey's "male gaze" theory argues that women are constructed as objects of male desire in films. Hall's theory describes how audiences can accept, reject, or negotiate preferred media meanings. Finally, Gauntlett's research found that women use magazines to boost self-esteem and that gender roles are reinforced in advertising. The document instructs researching, understanding, and applying these representation theories.
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The document discusses representation and ideology in media studies. It begins by recapping the key concepts of representation, including that media producers select what to show and how this constructs our perception of reality. It then discusses ideology, defining it as a system of beliefs that determines how we see the world and power relations in society. Finally, it discusses how ideology is linked to power, with dominant ideologies in a society tending to favor the views of the most powerful social groups.
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This document discusses key concepts in media representation and identity. It covers how collective identity forms part of personal identity and is shaped by communities and shared attributes. Representation is defined as how reality is mediated or re-presented to audiences. Theories of identity negotiation from Sheldon Stryker are mentioned, explaining how identity develops through social interaction and expectations. The document also provides guidance on examining gender representation and analyzing contemporary portrayals compared to historical periods.
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The document discusses representation in media texts. It explains that representation means media texts are intentionally composed versions of reality, not direct windows into it. Representations can selectively present reality or use stereotypes. When analyzing representations, one would ask questions like who or what is represented, how it is created, who created it, why it is presented in that way, and what effect it has. The document also discusses theorists like Richard Dyer who studied pop stars as media texts, and theorist White who coined the term "gatekeepers" to refer to people involved in decision making in constructing media texts.
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The document discusses several theories of gender representation in media. It first discusses Berger's statement from the 1970s that "Men act and women appear. Men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at." It then asks if gender representations have changed since the 1970s, and if so how. It also discusses Richard Dyer's theory from 1985 about how media uses language and conventions to represent the world to audiences. It notes media often relies on stereotypes and is influenced by the institutions that create the content. Finally, it prompts the reader to discuss representations in their own media product compared to an existing one in terms of characters, concepts, elements, and whether it conforms to dominant ideologies.
Representation theory in film
Laura Mulvey developed the theory of the "Male Gaze" which argues that cinema is directed towards appealing to heterosexual men by over-sexualizing women. She identified three ways this occurs: how men view women, how women view other women, and how women view themselves. The document discusses how the characters Ellie and Sam in the short film "Promise" could be seen as subject to the Male Gaze by portraying the female character as beautiful until the end in order to not make audiences uncomfortable.
Representation theories
This document summarizes several theories of representation relating to race and gender:
1. Paul Gilroy and Stuart Hall theorized about representations of race in media, with Gilroy focusing on the "Black Atlantic" culture and Hall discussing strategies to subvert stereotypes like reversing them or making them work against themselves.
2. Liesbet van Zoonen analyzed gender representation in media through a feminist lens, noting how women are often objectified and gender is performatively constructed.
3. bell hooks' intersectional theory examined how media representations reinforce systems like white supremacist capitalist patriarchy through stereotypes based on gender, race, class and sexuality.
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This document summarizes key concepts from several feminist theorists regarding gender representation:
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2) Bell hooks introduced intersectionality - how gender, race, class intersect to create systems of oppression dominant in media representations. She advocates an "oppositional gaze" for black audiences.
3) Judith Butler's gender performativity theory holds that gender is created through the repetitive performance of gender roles, not an essential identity. This creates "gender trouble" for those outside heterosexual norms.
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This document provides an introduction to representation in media. It defines representation as how media portray events, issues, individuals and social groups. Key concepts of representation are discussed, including how media construct reality, the effect of social context on representations, and how audiences interpret representations. Theories of representation from scholars like Stuart Hall, theories of identity from David Gauntlett, feminist theories from scholars like bell hooks and Van Zoonen, and theories of gender performativity from Judith Butler are also introduced. Students are assigned a task to create case studies on these theories and link them to examples from music videos.
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This document outlines several theories of media representation including those proposed by Goffman, Mulvey, Hall, and Gauntlett. Goffman's theory suggests that men are portrayed as dominant and intelligent while women are often sexualized. Mulvey's "male gaze" theory argues that women are constructed as objects of male desire in films. Hall's theory describes how audiences can accept, reject, or negotiate preferred media meanings. Finally, Gauntlett's research found that women use magazines to boost self-esteem and that gender roles are reinforced in advertising. The document instructs researching, understanding, and applying these representation theories.
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This document discusses key concepts in media representation and identity. It covers how collective identity forms part of personal identity and is shaped by communities and shared attributes. Representation is defined as how reality is mediated or re-presented to audiences. Theories of identity negotiation from Sheldon Stryker are mentioned, explaining how identity develops through social interaction and expectations. The document also provides guidance on examining gender representation and analyzing contemporary portrayals compared to historical periods.
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The document discusses stereotypes of teenagers in media representations. It summarizes Richard Dyer's theory that stereotypes reduce diversity to a few exaggerated characteristics applied to all members of a social group. The document also discusses how stereotypes can reinforce certain values and assumptions through selective portrayal in media. Several theories are presented on how stereotypes function as a media shorthand and how constant exposure can subtly influence audiences' attitudes over time through cultivation and cultural effects. Examples of common teenage stereotypes in films and television are provided.
Berger gendered looking relations
The document discusses John Berger's analysis of gendered looking relations in Western art history from Ways of Seeing. Berger observed that men act and women appear, with men looking at women and women watching themselves being looked at by men. This dynamic determines gender relations and how women see themselves. According to Berger, women were often depicted in art as being aware of being seen by a male spectator, reflecting their submission to the male owner.
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The document discusses representation in media texts. It explains that representation means media texts are intentionally composed versions of reality, not direct windows into it. Representations can selectively present reality or use stereotypes. When analyzing representations, one would ask questions like who or what is represented, how it is created, who created it, why it is presented in that way, and what effect it has. The document also discusses theorists like Richard Dyer who studied pop stars as media texts, and theorist White who coined the term "gatekeepers" to refer to people involved in decision making in constructing media texts.
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The document discusses several theories of gender representation in media. It first discusses Berger's statement from the 1970s that "Men act and women appear. Men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at." It then asks if gender representations have changed since the 1970s, and if so how. It also discusses Richard Dyer's theory from 1985 about how media uses language and conventions to represent the world to audiences. It notes media often relies on stereotypes and is influenced by the institutions that create the content. Finally, it prompts the reader to discuss representations in their own media product compared to an existing one in terms of characters, concepts, elements, and whether it conforms to dominant ideologies.
Representation theory in film
Laura Mulvey developed the theory of the "Male Gaze" which argues that cinema is directed towards appealing to heterosexual men by over-sexualizing women. She identified three ways this occurs: how men view women, how women view other women, and how women view themselves. The document discusses how the characters Ellie and Sam in the short film "Promise" could be seen as subject to the Male Gaze by portraying the female character as beautiful until the end in order to not make audiences uncomfortable.
Representation theories
This document summarizes several theories of representation relating to race and gender:
1. Paul Gilroy and Stuart Hall theorized about representations of race in media, with Gilroy focusing on the "Black Atlantic" culture and Hall discussing strategies to subvert stereotypes like reversing them or making them work against themselves.
2. Liesbet van Zoonen analyzed gender representation in media through a feminist lens, noting how women are often objectified and gender is performatively constructed.
3. bell hooks' intersectional theory examined how media representations reinforce systems like white supremacist capitalist patriarchy through stereotypes based on gender, race, class and sexuality.
Collective Identity: answering the question
This document discusses media representations of collective identity and provides examples for analysis. It focuses on representations of Britain, London, youth culture, and immigrants in various media like film, television, music videos, and magazines. Some key films and TV shows mentioned for analyzing representations of youth subcultures, absent fathers, masculinity, and gang culture over time. Theories of identity, stereotyping, gender roles, and the youth-adult divide are also discussed. Students are advised to consider how representations of particular social groups may have changed over time by comparing older and modern media like films and music videos in their answers.
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The document discusses representation in TV drama, specifically focusing on stereotypes. It defines representation as how groups, individuals, or social changes are portrayed through media, which may not reflect reality. Stereotypes are discussed as shorthand assumptions that have reached a social consensus, though they can be misleading. While stereotypes are socially constructed and reflect dominant ideologies, they can also be reinforced, challenged, or constructed by media representation. Common gender stereotypes of "dumb blondes" and "macho men" are described, noting they contain some contradictory elements.
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The document discusses representation and stereotypes in media. It defines representation as how media constructs reality through selective presentation. Representations encode certain ideologies and paradigms while excluding others to shape a preferred view. Stereotypes are shortcuts used to understand media that define characters as either belonging or not belonging in a society. While stereotypes can enhance a text's realism, they also risk oversimplifying groups and misrepresenting reality. The document analyzes how various theories like the male gaze approach stereotypes and representation in media production and reception.
Representation Theories
The document discusses several representation theories and stereotype theory. It examines how media portrays and constructs ideals of gender and stereotypes. Stereotypes are preconceived ideas about groups that can change over time. Richard Dyer's star theory holds that stars are constructed images represented across media to embody certain ideologies and target audiences. Audiences relate to stars and may try to emulate their admired qualities.
Representation
This document provides an overview of key concepts in representation theory, including how representations in media texts can reinforce dominant ideologies and stereotypes. It discusses approaches such as Marxism, feminism, and postmodernism for analyzing representations. Stereotypes are addressed as simplifying representations that provide shortcuts for meaning-making. The document aims to give students a basic understanding of evaluating representations in their coursework against these theoretical frameworks.
Gender representation_Academic theories
This document summarizes key concepts from several feminist theorists regarding gender representation:
1) Liesbet van Zoonen argues that gender is socially constructed and represented differently in media, often objectifying women. She disagrees that technology inherently empowers women.
2) Bell hooks introduced intersectionality - how gender, race, class intersect to create systems of oppression dominant in media representations. She advocates an "oppositional gaze" for black audiences.
3) Judith Butler's gender performativity theory holds that gender is created through the repetitive performance of gender roles, not an essential identity. This creates "gender trouble" for those outside heterosexual norms.
2. Representation Theory
This document provides an introduction to representation in media. It defines representation as how media portray events, issues, individuals and social groups. Key concepts of representation are discussed, including how media construct reality, the effect of social context on representations, and how audiences interpret representations. Theories of representation from scholars like Stuart Hall, theories of identity from David Gauntlett, feminist theories from scholars like bell hooks and Van Zoonen, and theories of gender performativity from Judith Butler are also introduced. Students are assigned a task to create case studies on these theories and link them to examples from music videos.
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AS Media: Introduction to the Representation of Women
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Representation theories
This document discusses various representation theories that will be applied in a magazine, including hegemony, stereotypes, and theories of gender and female representation. Hegemony refers to how dominant groups use institutions like media to maintain power by spreading ideologies. Stereotypes are social constructs that are often subverted in indie/rock music. Theories of empowered female representation and gender performance will also be applied to portray independent, active women and a subversion of traditional gender roles in the magazine's representations.
G325 – hints, tips and past questions
This document provides hints, tips, and sample questions for an exam on media representation. It discusses key topics like how representation has changed over time, and how human identity is increasingly mediated. It emphasizes using theories like Marxism and references to theorists like Gauntlett and Butler. Good answers discuss both media texts and the relationship between representation, institutions, audiences, and identity formation. Sample exam questions assess representation of youth, social groups, and how collective identity is constructed and mediated.
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The document discusses different methods for representing and describing regions in digital images, including:
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2) Describing regions based on selected representations like boundary or textural features.
3) Following boundaries as an ordered sequence of points using algorithms like Moore boundary tracking.
Image representation usage guide
This document provides an overview of image representation techniques for machine learning. It discusses hand-crafted features like color histograms and bag-of-visual-words approaches. It also covers machine learning approaches like PCA, sparse coding, and deformable part models. Deep learning techniques like convolutional neural networks are presented as capable of state-of-the-art performance but requiring large training datasets and computational resources. Tradeoffs between precision and real-time performance are discussed for different representation methods.
Digital image processing
Digital image processing focuses on improving images for human interpretation and machine perception. It involves key stages like acquisition, enhancement, restoration, morphological processing, segmentation, and representation. Applications include medical imaging, industrial inspection, law enforcement, and human-computer interfaces. While digital images allow for faster and more efficient processing than analog images, limitations include reduced quality if enlarged beyond a certain file size.
Representation image
This document discusses various techniques for representing and describing images for image processing and segmentation. It covers chain codes, polygonal approximations using minimum perimeter polygons and merging/splitting techniques, signatures which provide a 1D functional representation of boundaries, boundary segments to extract information from concave parts of objects, and skeletons which reduce regions to graphs by obtaining medial axis transformations. It also provides examples of thinning algorithms used to obtain skeletons by iteratively deleting contour points while ensuring the overall shape is preserved.
Image representation
The document discusses different methods for representing segmented image regions, including:
1) Representing regions based on their external (boundary-based) characteristics or internal (pixel-based) characteristics.
2) Common boundary representation methods are boundary following algorithms, chain codes, and polygon approximation.
3) Chain codes represent boundaries as sequences of line segments coded by direction. Polygon approximation finds the minimum perimeter polygon to capture a boundary shape using the fewest line segments.
morphological image processing
Mathematical morphology is a framework for image analysis using set theory operations. It is used for tasks like noise filtering, shape analysis, and segmentation. Basic operations include erosion, dilation, opening, and closing using a structuring element. Erosion shrinks objects while dilation expands them. Opening eliminates small objects and closing fills small holes. Together these operations can filter images while preserving overall shapes. Morphological operations also enable extracting object boundaries, thinning images to skeletons, and finding connected components.
Image feature extraction
The document discusses image representation and feature extraction techniques. It describes how representation makes image information more accessible for computer interpretation using either boundaries or pixel regions. Feature extraction quantifies these representations by extracting descriptors like geometric properties, statistical moments, and textures. Desirable properties for descriptors include being invariant to transformations, compact, robust to noise, and having low complexity. Various boundary and regional descriptors are defined, such as chain codes, shape numbers, and moments.
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This presentation discusses digital image processing. It begins with definitions of digital images and digital image processing. Digital image processing focuses on improving images for human interpretation and processing images for machine perception. The history of digital image processing is then reviewed from the 1920s to today. Key examples of applications like medical imaging, satellite imagery, and industrial inspection are provided. The main stages of digital image processing are outlined, including image acquisition, enhancement, restoration, segmentation, and compression. The document concludes with an overview of a system for automatic face recognition using color-based segmentation.
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This document discusses stereotypes and some of the assumptions surrounding them. It notes that stereotypes are assumptions made about groups of people in order to categorize them more easily. However, the document argues that not all stereotypes are necessarily negative, rigid, or false. Some key points made include that stereotypes can be held about one's own group, they are not always aimed at minorities or less powerful groups, and stereotypes must have some truth to them or they would not persist over time. The document also discusses implications of stereotypes, such as them potentially leading to unfair treatment of some groups.
Representation theories
This document provides an overview of key concepts in representation theory for analyzing media texts, including how representations can reinforce ideologies, be evaluated using feminist theory and postmodern approaches, and rely on stereotypes. It discusses representations in terms of Marxism, feminism, postmodernism, and stereotypes. The aims are to understand how to evaluate coursework against representation theory and recognize how media shows societal aspects through careful mediation of representations.
Representation
Laura Mulvey's 'Male Gaze' theory argues that women are often sexually objectified in media through the male gaze. She focuses on how women are portrayed, how women see themselves, and how women see each other based on these portrayals. Richard Dyer's 'Star Theory' claims that celebrities are constructed by institutions for financial gain and to appeal to audiences. Stars are not real people but constructed personas, and audiences relate to them in ways that can develop into idolization and unrealistic standards. Tessa Perkins challenges common assumptions about stereotypes, arguing they are not always negative, about minorities, unchanging, or false. Stereotypes can be positive, about any group, accepted by those groups, change over
Question 1b Representation
The document discusses various theories around representation and ideology in media texts. It addresses how representations encode dominant ideologies to reinforce the status quo from a Marxist perspective. It also discusses how representations provide identities and can influence audiences through stereotypes, which enhance a text's perceived realism while also simplifying concepts. Representations are further complicated by notions of subcultures, gendered gazes, hyperreality, and the flexibility of certain stereotypes.
Representation
The document discusses several key concepts in media studies, including representation, mediation, ideology, and stereotypes. It defines representation as how media portray people, events, or ideas. Mediation refers to how all media representations are subjective versions of reality shaped by selection, organization, and emphasis. Ideology examines how media can reinforce dominant beliefs in a society. Stereotypes are oversimplified mental images that media can use to represent groups.
G3251bmediarepresentation
This document provides an overview of key concepts in representation theory, including Marxism, feminism, postmodernism, and stereotypes. It discusses how representations encode ideologies and can reinforce power structures. Representations are never neutral and involve selective portrayals of reality. Media texts use stereotypes, myths and other techniques to represent social groups and ideologies in simplistic ways for audiences.
Stereotypes-Essay
This document discusses stereotypes from multiple perspectives. It defines stereotypes as overgeneralized beliefs or assumptions about groups of people. Stereotypes can reduce complexity and allow for quick judgments, but they also promote inaccurate assumptions. The document examines how stereotypes are presented in media and everyday life, how they can negatively impact individuals and societies, and the importance of moving past stereotypes to see people as multidimensional individuals.
Representation theory
This document discusses several key concepts in media representation theory, including stereotypes, archetypes, countertypes, and how media representations of groups can impact social attitudes. It also covers genre theory and how genres act as shorthand for audiences. Finally, it discusses audience theory, including effects models and uses and gratifications theory, which proposes that audiences actively consume media to fulfill certain needs like diversion, personal relationships, identity, and surveillance.
MEDIA AND STEREOTYPE.pptx
The document discusses media and stereotypes. It defines stereotypes as oversimplified beliefs about groups of people. Stereotypes can be based on gender, race, sexuality, social class, ability, age, nationality, religion and more. The media strengthens stereotypes by promoting common archetypes and stereotypical portrayals of these groups. For example, women are often portrayed as helpless or burdens in movies, while men are expected to be tough and hide emotions. These stereotypes can be harmful by creating biases and an unrealistic view of society.
Representation Theory
Laura Mulvey's Male Gaze theory argues that women are often portrayed as passive sex objects in media for the pleasure of male audiences. Richard Dyer's Star Theory claims that celebrities are constructed by media institutions to appeal to audiences and make money. Tessa Perkins' theory challenges common assumptions about stereotypes, arguing that they are not always negative, about minorities, unchanging, or entirely false. Stereotypes can reflect cultural values and have origins in partial truths.
Bridging 2014: Representation of Gender
The document discusses representations in media and stereotypes. It explains that representations can take many forms, from single images to full programs, and that media representations influence how social groups are viewed. Stereotypes are an extreme form of representation that focus on exaggerated traits to instantly convey meaning but oversimplify characters. Stereotypes are often used when there is a power imbalance between social groups and can encourage negative views of minorities. The document asks what stereotypes are used in some TV drama extracts and what interpretations are intended for the audience.
Representation Theory
Richard Dyer's star theory states that celebrities are constructed by institutions for financial gain to appeal to specific audiences. Stars are modified by changing their image and ideology based on audience preferences. They represent constructed identities so audiences can identify with them. Stars embody certain ideologies that audiences then follow and replicate.
Laura Mulvey's male gaze theory suggests that women are represented in media as passive sex objects for the male viewer through techniques like cinematography and costume. This influences how men and women see themselves and each other based on unrealistic media portrayals of idealized femininity.
Tessa Perkins challenges common assumptions about stereotypes. They are not always negative, about minorities, or unchanging over time. Groups
Key concept representation
This document provides an overview of key concepts in representation theory including ideology, stereotypes, and how representations are encoded to reinforce dominant views. It discusses theorists like Karl Marx who believed ideology is imposed from dominant groups, and Laura Mulvey's concept of the male gaze which objectifies women. The document also covers David Gauntlett's view that gender roles are more complex today and identities are constructed. It provides questions researchers should ask when analyzing media representations and suggests representation is meant to help audiences make sense of messages.
Representation Theory
This document discusses several theories related to representation in media. It summarizes Laura Mulvey's male gaze theory which argues that media sexualizes women and portrays them as objects for the male viewer. It also discusses Richard Dyer's star theory, which states that celebrities are constructed commodities meant to appeal to target audiences. Finally, it covers Tessa Perkins' views on stereotypes, noting that stereotypes are complex and not always negative or about minority groups.
Tessa perkins stereotypes
Tessa Perkins discusses stereotypes and challenges common assumptions about them. Stereotypes are assumptions made about groups of people, often based on media portrayals rather than direct experience. While stereotypes are commonly viewed as negative and about minority groups, Perkins notes that stereotypes can be positive, held about one's own group, and not always false or unchanging. According to Perkins, stereotypes help people understand the world and some truth underlies stereotypes, though they are usually incorrect generalizations that can lead to unfair treatment if held rigidly.
Representation media
Laura Mulvey's Male Gaze Theory analyzes how women are represented and sexualized in media like films to appeal to a male audience. Mulvey argues that women are presented as objects to be viewed by men for male pleasure. Richard Dyer's Star Theory suggests that celebrities are constructed by media institutions for financial gain by targeting specific audiences. Stars are given personas and styles to appeal to audiences and be distinguished from others. Stereotypes are common assumptions made about groups, but they are not always negative, only about minorities, rigid, or false according to Tessa Perkins.
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Representation
- 2. REPRESENTATION Dictionary the description or portrayal of someone or something in a particular way. "the representation of women in newspapers" We will be looking at how the media represents different groups of people in certain ways and why they do. We will be looking specifically at advertising.
- 3. REPRESENTATION Look at these two images. What phrases come to mind when you seem them? Can you think of any other ‘stereotypes? Can you think of any countertypes (the opposite of a stereotype)?
- 4. REPRESENTATION Stereotyping The definition of a stereotype is any commonly known public belief about a certain social group or a type of individual. Usually applies to groups of people. Stereotypes are often based on what people ‘believe’ to be true. They are often negative. They are simplified versions of people. Are not usually accurate when applied to individuals.
- 6. REPRESENTATION Isaac Julien - a media theorist, said that stereotypes are constantly changing to fit into our changing world. These are both images used to epitomise the stereotype of a teenager but at different times in history.
- 7. REPRESENTATION Negative Representation This advert from 2007 caused controversy. What do you think it says to the viewer about women? What do you think it says about men?
- 8. This is an advert from the 1950s. What do you think it says about women? What do you think it says about men? Are these negative or positive representations?
- 9. REPRESENTATION Positive representation What does this image say about women? How is it playing on a stereotype?
- 10. REPRESENTATION Find representations of… ● a disabled person ● a Chinese person ● a teenager ● a Scouser ● a politician Assess each image. Is the image a positive or negative representation? How do you know? Does the image use stereotypes or countertypes?