The document discusses the differences between direct and reported speech. It provides examples of how pronouns, places, times, tenses, modal verbs, questions, and imperatives change when moving from direct to reported speech. Specifically, it notes that pronouns, places, times, and verb tenses change to be consistent with the new context when something is reported rather than quoted directly. Modal verbs, questions, and imperatives also take different forms in reported versus direct speech.

1. 1.What’s the difference?
1. Margot says: “I like the story of Romeo & Juliet.”
2. She says she likes the story of Romeo & Juliet.
3. She said she liked the story.
1: direct speech
2 and 3: indirect or reported speech
= we report the meaning of what was said
rather than the exact words. No quotation marks.

2. REPORTED SPEECH
2.What’s the difference?
Romeo said: “I like it here so much.”
Romeo said he liked it there so much.
Christian told me: “She looks gorgeous today.”
He told me she looked gorgeous that day.
If you report something that someone said
in a different place or time to where you heard it,
you must change the place or time.
= PERSON, PLACE AND TIME MUST CHANGE

3. REPORTED SPEECH
3.What’s the difference?
Christian told me: “She looks gorgeous.”
He told me she looked gorgeous.
When the reporting verb is in the past tense (told),
the tense of the verb in the statement
has to be in the past too (looked).
= TENSE CHANGE

4. REPORTED SPEECH
4.What’s the difference?
“I will spend my time with him”, Tine said.
Tine said she would spend her time with him.
= MODAL VERBS change in reported speech:
will, can, must have, shall, may become
would, could, had to have, should, might

5. REPORTED SPEECH
5.What’s the difference?
Caroline says: “Close the door.”
Caroline ordered me to close the door.
Imperatives change into „to + infinitive‟

6. REPORTED SPEECH
6.What’s the difference?
Jane asked: “When does the train leave?”
Jane asked when the train left.
“Are you writing a letter?”, I asked him.
I asked if/whether he was writing a letter.
If you report a question, be careful:
Wh-questions -> wh-question (word order!)
yes/no-questions -> if/whether

7. ‘Stop all the clocks’ – Auden (p.110)
 Theme of the poem?
The loss of a person, a lost love (very emotional poem!)
 Structure of the poem?
16 lines (4 by 4), in 4 quatrains or stanzas
 First stanza:
- strong imperatives: show something very bad has happened!
- normal events of daily life are no longer allowed:
(clocks ticking, telephones ringing, dogs barking, pianos playing)
 Second stanza:
- 3 other more public happenings must change as well! (they must mourn)
- ‘He is Dead’: 1) personal reference to his great lover
in capitals because: a big statement in the sky
or 2) reference to God (biblical meaning)

8. ‘Stop all the clocks’ – Auden (p.110)
 Third stanza:
- very personal (my… my… my)
- ‘he was my North, my South, my East and West’
(the man is compared to all directions, time schedule, relaxation time)
= ‘metaphor’
=> line 9-11: the dead man was (the love of) his life!
-line 12: maybe the poem is not about death
but about love, the end of their relationship?! (= love sickness)
 Fourth stanza:
- imperatives: now much stronger: heavenly bodies must be destroyed
- last line: very dramatic, pessimistic
meaning: his life is hopeless now
because the relationship with that man meant everything to the speaker
-> study this poem! Test on Tuesday (5 E: 26/03) (5G: 16/04)
-> take your textbook with you