Report on Blue Brain Technology, Artificial Intelligence

A Technical Seminar Report
On
"BLUE BRAIN TECHNOLOGY"

CONTENTS
Pg. No
ABSTRACT 1
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 BLUE BRAIN 3
1.2 NEED OF BLUE BRAIN 3
1.3 POSSIBLITY OF BLUE BRAIN 3
CHAPTER 2 - NATURAL HUMAN BRAIN 4
2.1 FUNTIONING OF NATURAL BRAIN 4
2.1.1 SENSORY INPUT 5
2.1.2 INTEGRATION 5
2.1.3 MOTOR OUTPUT 5
CHAPTER 3 - BRAIN SIMULATION 6
CHAPTER 4 - WORKING OF BLUE BRAIN 8
4.1 ARCHITECTURE 8
4.1.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE 8
4.1.2 MODELLING OF MICROCIRCUIT 10
4.1.3 DATA MANIPULATION CASCADE 11
4.1.4 NEURON & WORKFLOW 12
4.1.5 VISUALISATION OF RESULTS 13
4.1.6 UPLOADING HUMAN BRAIN 14

CHAPTER 5 - APPLICATIONS OF BLUE BRAIN 15
CHAPTER 6 - ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 17
CHAPTER 7 - FUTURE PREFERENCES 18
CHAPTER 8 - CONCLUSION 19
REFERENCES 20

[BLUE BRAIN TECHNOLOGY] [2015-
2016]
Department of Electronics & Communication, SaIT Page 4
ABSTRACT
Blue Brain is the name of the world’s first virtual brain. A Virtual machine is one that can
function as a very appropriate application of an Artificial Intelligence, human brain . Reverse
engineering is a foremost concept of implementing the human brain and recreate it at the
cellular level inside a complete simulation. The four major motivations behind the Blue Brain
Technology are treatment of brain disfunctioning, scientific curiosity about
consciousness and human mind, a bottom up approach towards building a thinking machine
and databases of all
neuroscientific research results and related past stories. There are three main steps to build
the virtual brain
data acquisition, simulation and visualization of results .The mission undertaking the Blue
Brain technology is to gather all existing knowledge of the brain, raise the global research
efficiency of reverse engineering and to build a complete theoretical framework.
Today scientists are in research to create an artificial brain that can think, take decision and
keep anything in memory. The main aim is to upload human brain into a machine. So that
man can think without any efforts. Even after the death of the body, the virtual brain will act
as the man. Therefore, even after the death we won't be losing the knowledge, intelligence
and memories of that person. IBM in partnership with scientist at Switzerland's Ecole
Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne's (EPFL) will begin simulating the brain's biological
systems and output the data as a working of 3-dimensinal model that will recreate the high
speed electrochemical interactions that take place within the brains interior. These include
cognitive functions such as language, learning, perception and memory in addition to brain
malfunction such as psychiatric disorders like depression and autism. From there the
modelling will expand to other regions of the brain and if successful, shed light on the
relationship between genetic, molecular and cognitive functions of the brain.

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Human brain is the most valuable creation of God. The man is called intelligent because of
the brain. The brain translates the information delivered by the impulses, which then enables
the person to react. But, the world loses the knowledge of a brain when the body is destroyed
after the death of the person. That knowledge might have been used for the development of
the human society. What happens if humans create a brain and upload the contents of natural
brain into it?
This BLUE BRAIN project was founded by Henry Markram at the EPFL in Lausanne,
Switzerland. The goals of the project are to gain a complete understanding of the brain and to
enable better and faster development of brain disease treatments. The research involves
studying slices of living brain tissue using microscopes and patch clamp electrodes. Data is
collected about all the different neuron types. This data is used to build biologically realistic
models of neurons and networks of neurons in the cerebral cortex. The simulations are
carried out on a Blue Gene supercomputer built by IBM, hence the name "Blue Brain". The
simulation software is based on Michael Hines's neuron, together with other custom-built
components.

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Fig 1.1: Motivations for Blue Brain.
1.1 BLUE BRAIN
Blue Brain will be the world’s first virtual brain. The IBM is now developing a virtual brain
known as the Blue Brain. Within 30 years, humans will be able to scan themselves into the
computers. We can say it as Virtual Brain i.e. an artificial brain which is not actually a natural
brain, but can act as a brain. It can think like brain, take decisions based on the past
experience, and respond as a natural brain. It is possible by using a super computer, with a
huge amount of storage capacity, processing power and an interface between the human brain
and artificial one. Through this interface the data stored in the natural brain can be uploaded
into the computer. So the brain, the knowledge, and the intelligence of anyone can be kept
and used for ever, even after the death of the person.
1.2 NEED OF BLUE BRAIN
Human society is always in need of intelligence which can change the whole world. But the
intelligence is lost along with the body after the death. The virtual brain is a solution to it.

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The brain and intelligence will be alive even after the death. Great minds like Stephen
hawking, scientists from the various domains, and big universals theorems and theories can
be kept alive with the blue brain technology.
1.3 POSSIBILITY OF BLUE BRAIN
Though this concept appears to be very difficult and complex. Raymond Kurzweil recently
described both invasive and non-invasive techniques. The most promising technique is the
use of very small robots called nanobots. These robots will be small enough to travel
throughout the circulatory systems. Travelling into the spine and brain, they will be able to
monitor the activity and structure of the central nervous system. They will be able to provide
an interface with computers that is as close as human mind can be, while the body still reside
in the biological form. Nanobots could also carefully scan the structure of the brain,
providing a complete readout of the connections between each neuron. They would also
record the current state of the brain. This information, when entered into a computer, could
then continue to function like humans. All that is required is a computer with large enough
storage space and processing power.

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CHAPTER 2
NATURAL HUMAN BRAIN
The brain essentially serves as the body’s information processing centre. It receives signals
from sensory neurons (nerve cell bodies, their axons and dendrites) in the central and
peripheral nervous system, and in response it generates and sends new signals that instruct
the corresponding parts of the body to move or react in some way. It also integrates signals
received with signals from adjacent areas of the brain, giving rise to perception and
consciousness. The brain weighs about 1500 grams (3 pounds) and constitutes about 2% of
total body weight. It consists of three major divisions:
- The massive paired hemispheres of the cerebrum.
- The brainstem, consisting of the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamiums, subthalamus,
midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.
- The cerebellum.
2.1 Functioning Of Natural Human Brain
The human ability to feel, interpret and even see is controlled, in computer like calculations,
by the magical nervous system. The nervous system is quite like magic because it is invisible,
but it works through the electric impulses through the body. One of the world’s most
"intricately organized" electron mechanisms is the nervous system. Not even engineers have
come close for making circuit boards and computers as delicate and precise as the nervous
system. The three simple functions that it puts into action: sensory input integration, motor
output.

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. Fig 2.1: Human Brain
2.1.1 Sensory Input
When our eyes see something or the hands touch a warm surface, the sensory cells, also
known as neurons, send a message straight to your brain. This action of getting information
from your surrounding environment is called sensory input because we are putting things in
the brain by the way of senses.
2.1.2 Integration
Integration is best known as the interpretation of things humans have felt, tasted, and touched
with their sensory cells, also known as neurons, into responses that the body recognizes. This
process is all accomplished in the brain where many neurons work together to understand the
environment.
2.1.3 Motor Output
Once our brain has interpreted all that we have learned, either by touching, tasting, or using
any other sense, the brain sends a message through neurons to effect cells, muscle or gland
cells, which actually work to perform the requests and act upon the environment.

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Fig 2.2: Single unit of neuron.

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CHAPTER 3
BRAIN SIMULATION
By comparing the functions of natural brain with the simulation of electrodes it will be easy
to build the blue
brain.
NATURAL BRAIN SIMULATED BRAIN
INPUT
In the nervous system in our body the
neurons are responsible for the message
passing. The body receives the input by
sensory cells. This sensory cell produces
electric impulses which are received by
neurons. The neurons transfer these
electric impulses to the brain.
INPUT
In a similar way the artificial nervous
system can be created. The scientist has
created artificial neurons by replacing
them with the silicon chip. It has also been
tested that these neurons can receive the
input from the sensory cells. So, the
electric impulses from the sensory cells
can be received through these artificial
neurons.
INTERPRETATION
The electric impulses received by the brain
from neurons are interpreted in the brain.
The interpretation in the brain is
accomplished by means of certain states of
many neurons.
INTERPRETATION
The interpretation of the electric impulses
received by the artificial neuron can be
done by means of registers. The different
values in these register will represent
different states of brain.
OUTPUT
Based on the states of the neurons the
brain sends the electric impulses
representing the responses which are
further received by sensory cell of our
body to respond neurons in the brain at
that time.
OUTPUT
Similarly based on the states of the register
the output signal can be given to the
artificial neurons in the body which will be
received by the sensory cell.

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MEMORY
There are certain neurons in our brain
which represent certain states
permanently. When required, this state is
represented by our brain and we can
remember the past things. To remember
things we force the neurons to represent
certain
states of the brain permanently or for any
interesting or serious matter, this is
happened implicitly.
MEMORY
It is not impossible to store the data
permanently by using the secondary
memory. In the similar way the required
states of the registers can be stored
permanently and when required these
information can be received and used.
PROCESSING
When we take decision, think about
something, or make any computation,
logical and arithmetic computations are
done in our neural circuitry. The past
experience stored and the current inputs
received are used and the states of certain
neurons are changed to give the output.
PROCESSING
In the similar way the decision making can
be done by the computer by using some
stored states and the received input and the
performing some arithmetic and logical
calculations.
`

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CHAPTER 4
WORKING OF BLUE BRAIN
The Blue Brain Project is the ﬁrst comprehensive attempt to reverse engineer the
mammalian brain, in order to understand brain function and dysfunction through
detailed simulations. The mission in undertaking The Blue Brain Project is
to gather all existing knowledge of the brain, accelerate the global research
effort of reverse engineering the structure and functional components of the
brain, and to build a complete theoretical framework that can orchestrate
the reconstruction of the brain of mammals and man from the genetic to the
whole brain levels, into computer models for data acquisition, simulations,
visualizations and automatic knowledge archiving. Biologically accurate computer
models of mammalian and human brains could provide a new foundation for
understanding functions and malfunctions of the brain and for a new generation of
information based, customized medicine.
4.1 ARCHITECTURE
4.1.1 COMPUTER HARDWARE
The primary machine used by the Blue Brain Project is a Blue Gene supercomputer built by
IBM. This is where the name "Blue Brain" originates from. IBM agreed in June 2005 to
supply EPFL with a Blue Gene/L as a "technology demonstrator". The IBM press release did
not disclose the terms of the deal. In June 2010 this machine was upgraded to a Blue Gene/P.
The machine is installed on the EPFL campus in Lausanne (Google map) and is managed by
CADMOS (Centre for Advanced Modeling Science). The computer is used by a number of
different research groups, not exclusively by the Blue Brain Project. In mid-2012 the BBP
was consuming about 20% of the compute time. The brain simulations generally run all day,
and one day per week (usually Thursdays). The rest of the week is used to prepare
simulations and to analyze the resulting data.

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Fig 4.1: Blue
Gene/P.
Blue Gene/P technical specifications: -
• 4,096 quad core nodes.
• Each core is a Power PC 450, 850 MHz
• Total: 56 teraflops, 16 terabytes of memory.
• 4 racks, one row, wired as a 16x16x16 3D torus.
• 1 PB( PetaByte) of disk space, GPFS (General Parallel File Systems).
• operating system: Linux SuSE SLES 10
• Silicon Graphics: A 32-processor Silicon Graphics Inc. (SGI) system with 300 Gb of
shared memory is used for visualization of results.
• Commodity PC clusters: Clusters of commodity PCs have been used for visualization
tasks with the RT Neuron software.
This machine peaked at 99th fastest supercomputer in the world in November 2009..
Fig 4.2: Blue Brain storage rack.

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Deep - Dynamical Exascale Entry Platform
DEEP (deep-project.eu) is an exascale supercomputer to be built at the Jülich Research
Centre in Germany. The project started in December 2011 and is funded by the European
Union's 7th framework program. The three-year prototype phase of the project has received
€8.5 million. A prototype supercomputer that will perform at 100 petaflops was hoped to be
built by the end of 2014. The Blue Brain Project simulations will be ported to the DEEP
prototype to help test the system's performance. If successful, a future exascale version of this
machine could provide the 1 exaflops of performance required for a complete human brain
simulation by the 2020s.The DEEP prototype will be built using Intel MIC (Many Integrated
Cores) processors, each of which contains over 50 cores fabricated with a 22 nm process.
These processors were codenamed Knights Corner during development and subsequently
rebranded as Xeon Phi in June 2012. The processors will be publicly available in late 2012 or
early 2013 and will offer just over 1 teraflop of performance each.
4.1.2 MODELING OF MICROCIRCUIT
Microcircuits are composed of neurons and synaptic connections. To model neurons, the
three-dimensional morphology, ion channel composition, distributions and electrical
properties of the different types of neuron are required, as well as the total numbers of
neurons in the microcircuit and the relative proportions of the different types of neuron. To
model synaptic connections, the physiological and pharmacological properties of the different
types of synapse that connect any two types of neuron are required, in addition to statistics on
which part of the axonal arborization is used (presynaptic innervations pattern) to contact
which regions of the target neuron (postsynaptic innervations pattern), how many synapses
are involved in forming connections, and the connectivity statistics between any two types of
neuron. Neurons receive inputs from thousands of other neurons, which are intricately
mapped onto different branches of highly complex dendritic trees and require tens of
thousands of compartments to accurately represent them. It is therefore a minimal size of a
microcircuit and a minimal complexity of a neuron’s morphology that can fully sustain a
neuron. A massive increase in computational power is required to make this quantum leap —
an increase that is provided by IBM’s Blue Gene supercomputer2. By exploiting the
computing power of Blue Gene, the Blue Brain Project1 aims to build accurate models of the
mammalian brain from first principles. The first phase of the project is to build a cellular-
level (as opposed to a genetic- or molecular-level) model of a 2-week-old rat somatosensory

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neocortex corresponding to the dimensions of a neocortical column (NCC) as defined by the
dendritic arborizations of the layer 5 pyramidal neurons.
4.1.3 DATA MANIPULATION CASCADE
Software applications and data manipulation are required to model the brain with biological
accuracy. Experimental results that provide the elementary building blocks of the
microcircuit are stored in a database. Before three-dimensional neurons are modeled
electrically, the morphology is parsed for errors, and for repair of arborizations damaged
during slice preparation. The morphological statistics for a class of neurons are used to clone
multiple copies of neurons to generate the full morphological diversity and the thousands of
neurons required in the simulation. A spectrum of ion channels is inserted, and conductance
and distributions are altered to fit the neuron’s electrical properties according to known
statistical distributions, to capture the range of electrical classes and the uniqueness of each
neuron’s behavior (model fitting/electrical capture). A circuit builder is used to place neurons
within a three-dimensional column, to perform axodendritic ‘collisions’ and, using structural
and functional statistics of synaptic connectivity, to convert a fraction of axodendritic touches
into synapses. The circuit configuration is read by NEURON, which calls up each modeled
neuron and inserts the several thousand synapses into appropriate cellular locations. The
circuit can be inserted into a brain region using the brain builder. An environment builder is
used to set up the stimulus and recording conditions. Neurons are mapped onto processors,
with integer numbers of neurons per processor. The output is visualized, analyzed and/or fed
into real-time algorithms for feedback stimulation.

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Fig 4.3: Data manipulation cascade.
4.1.4 NEURON & WORKFLOW
The primary software used by the BBP(Blue Brain Project) for neural simulations is a
package called NEURON. This was developed starting in the 1990s by Michael Hines at
Yale University and John Moore at Duke University. It is written in C, C++, and FORTRAN.
The software continues to be under active development and, as of July 2012, is currently at
version 7.2. It is free and open source software; both the code and the binaries are freely
available on the website. Michael Hines and the BBP team collaborated in 2005 to port the
package to the massively parallel Blue Gene supercomputer.
The simulation step involves synthesizing virtual cells using the algorithms that were found
to describe real neurons. The algorithms and parameters are adjusted for the age, species, and
disease stage of the animal being simulated. Every single protein is simulated, and there are
about a billion of these in one cell. First a network skeleton is built from all the different
kinds of synthesized neurons. Then the cells are connected together according to the rules
that have been found experimentally. Finally the neurons are functionalized and the

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simulation brought to life. The patterns of emergent behavior are viewed with visualization
software. A basic unit of the cerebral cortex is the cortical column. Each column can be
mapped to one function, e.g. in rats one column is devoted to each whisker. A rat cortical
column has about 10,000 neurons and is about the size of a pinhead. The latest simulations,
as of November 2011, contain about 100 columns, 1 million neurons, and 1 billion synapses.
A real life rat has about 100,000 columns in total, and humans have around 2 million.
Techniques are being developed for multiscale simulation whereby active parts of the brain
are simulated in great detail while quiescent parts are not so detailed. Every two weeks a
column model is run. The simulations reproduce observations that are seen in living neurons.
Emergent properties are seen that they require larger and larger networks. The plan is to build
a generalized simulation tool, one that makes it easy to build circuits. There are also plans to
couple the brain simulations to avatars living in a virtual environment, and eventually also to
robots interacting with the real world. The ultimate aim is to be able to understand and
reproduce human consciousness.
Fig 4.4:Neuron cell builder simulation.
4.1.5 VISUALISATION OF RESULTS
The BBP-SDK (Blue Brain Project - Software Development Kit) is a set of software classes
that allows researchers to utilize and inspect models and simulations. The SDK is a C++
library wrapped in Java and Python. RT(Real Time) Neuron is the primary application used
by the BBP for visualization of neural simulations. The software was developed internally by
the BBP team. It is written in C++ and OpenGL. RT Neuron is adhoc software written

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specifically for neural simulations, i.e. it is not generalizable to other types of simulation. RT
Neuron takes the output from Hodgkin Huxley simulations in NEURON and renders them in
3D. This allows researchers to watch as activation potentials propagate through a neuron and
between neurons. The animations can be stopped, started and zoomed, thus letting
researchers interact with the model. The visualizations are multi-scale that is they can render
individual neurons or a whole cortical column. The image right was rendered in RT Neuron.
Fig 4.5: Visualization of RT neuron.
4.1.6 Uploading Human Brain
The uploading is possible by the use of small robots known as the Nanobots .These robots
are small enough to travel throughout the circulatory system. Traveling into the spine and
brain, they will be able to monitor the activity and structure of the central nervous system.
They will be able to provide an interface with computers that is as close as our mind can be,
while humans still residing in their biological form. Nanobots could also carefully scan the
structure of the brain, providing a complete readout of the connections. This information,
when entered into a computer, could then continue to function like humans. Thus the data
stored in the entire brain will be uploaded into the computer.

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Fig 4.6: Nanobot.
CHAPTER 5
APPLICATIONS OF BLUE BRAIN
5.1 Gathering and testing of 100 years data.
The most immediate beneﬁt is to provide a working model into which the past 100 years
knowledge about the microstructure and workings of the neocortical column can be gathered
and tested. The Blue Column will therefore also produce a virtual library to explore in 3D the
micro architecture of the neocortex and access all key research relating to its structure and
function.
5.2. Cracking the neural code.
The Neural Code refers to how the brain builds objects using electrical patterns. In the same
way that the neuron is the elementary cell for computing in the brain, the NCC (Neo Cortical
Column) is the elementary network for computing in the neocortex. Creating an accurate
replica of the NCC which faithfully reproduces the emergent electrical dynamics of the real
microcircuit, which is an absolute requirement to reveal how the neocortex processes, stores
and retrieves information.
5.3. A novel tool for drug discovery for brain disorders.
Understanding the functions of different elements and pathways of the NCC will provide
a concrete foundation to explore the cellular and synaptic bases of a wide spectrum of
neurological and psychiatric diseases. The impact of receptor, ion channel, cellular and
synaptic deﬁcits could be tested in simulations and the optimal experimental test can be
determined.
5. 4. A foundation for whole brain simulations.

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With current and envisage able future computer technology it seems unlikely that a
mammalian brain can be simulated with full cellular and synaptic complexity(above the
molecular level). An accurate replica of an NCC is therefore required in order to generate
reduced models that retain critical functions and computational capabilities, which can be
duplicated and interconnected to form neocortical brain regions. Knowledge of the NCC
architecture can be transferred to facilitate reconstruction of sub cortical brain regions.
5.5. A foundation for molecular modeling of brain function.
An accurate cellular replica of the neocortical column will provide the ﬁrst and essential step
to a gradual increase in model complexity moving towards a molecular level
description of the neocortex with biochemical pathways being simulated. A molecular level
model of the NCC will provide the substrate for interfacing gene expression with the
network structure and function. The NCC lies at the interface between the genes and complex
cognitive functions. Establishing this link will allow predictions of the cognitive
consequences of genetic disorders and allow reverse engineering of cognitive deﬁcits to
determine the genetic and molecular causes. This level of simulation will become a reality
with the most advanced phase of Blue Gene development.
5.6 A Global Facility.
A software replica of a NCC will allow researchers to explore hypotheses of brain function
and dysfunction accelerating research. Simulation runs could determine which parameters
should be used and measured in the experiments. An advanced 2D,3D and 3D immersive
visualization system will allow “imaging” of many aspects of neural dynamics during
processing, storage and retrieval of information. Such imaging experiments may be
impossible in reality or may be prohibitively expensive to perform.

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CHAPTER 6
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
6.1 ADVANTAGES
• Humans can remember things without any effort.
• Decision can be made without the presence of a person.
• Even after the death of a person his/her intelligence can be used.
• The activity of different animals can be understood. That means by interpretation of
the electric impulses from the brain of the animals, their thinking can be understood
easily.
• It would allow the deaf to hear via direct nerve stimulation, and also be helpful for
many psychological diseases. By downloading the contents of the brain that was
uploaded into the computer, the man can get rid from the abnormalities.
6.2 DISADVANTAGES
• Mankind can become dependent upon the computer systems. Hence making humans
slaves to the machines.
• Others may misuse the technology.
• Computer viruses may poses an increasingly critical threat.
• The real threat, however, is the fear that people will have of new technologies. That
fear may culminate in a large resistance. Clear evidence of this type of fear is found
today with respect to human cloning.

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CHAPTER 7
FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
The synthesis era in neuroscience started with the launch of human brain project and is
inevitable phase triggered by a critical amount of fundamental data. The data set does not
need to be complete before such a phase can begin. Detailed models will probably become
the final form of databases that are used to organize all knowledge of the brain and allow
hypothesis testing, rapid diagnoses of brain malfunction as well as development of treatments
for neurological disorders. In short, humans can hope to learn a great deal about brain
function and dysfunction from accurate models of the brain. A model of the entire human
brain at the cellular level will probably take the next decade. As with deep blue, Blue Brain
will allow humans to challenge the foundations of our understanding of intelligence and
generate new theories of consciousness.

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CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
The mankind will be able to transfer themselves into computers at some point. Most
arguments against this outcome are seemingly easy to circumvent. They are either simple
minded, or simply require further time for the technology to increase. The only serious threats
raised are also overcome by the combination of biological and digital technologies. While
the road ahead is long, already researches have been gaining great insights from their model.
Using the Blue Gene supercomputers, up to 100 cortical columns, 1 million neurons, and 1
billion synapses can be simulated at once. This is roughly equivalent to the brain power of a
honey bee. Humans, by contrast, have about 2 million columns in their cortices. Despite the
sheer complexity of such an endeavor, it is predicted that the project will be capable of this
by the year 2023, which is a huge and very challenging agreement.

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REFERENCES
[1] "Blue Brain Technology: A sub way to Artificial Intelligence", 2014 Fourth
international conference on communication systems and network technologies.
[2] "Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society”, 2008.EMBS 2008.30thAnnual
International Conference of the IEEE
[3] Henry Markram, “The Blue Brain Project”, Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2006
February.
[4] Simulated brain closer to thought BBC News 22 April 2009.
[5] “ProjectMilestones”.BlueBrain.http://bluebrain.epﬂ.ch/Jahia/site/bluebrain/op/edit/pi
d.
[6] Graham-Rowe, Duncan. “Mission to build a simulated brain begins”, New Scientist,
June 2005. pp. 1879-85.
[7] Blue Gene: http://www.research.ibm.com/bluegene.
[8] The Blue Brain Project: http://bluebrainproject.epﬂ.ch
[9] Markram, H. Dendritic object theory: a theory of the neural code where 3D electrical
objects are formed across dendrites by neural microcircuits. Swiss Soc.
Neuroscience Abstr. 196 (2005).
[10] The Human Brain Project [online], (2005).
[11] Reconstructing the heart of the mammalian intelligence, Henry Markram's, March 4
2008.
[12] S.W.Hughes and V.Crunelli,"Thalmic mechanisms of EEG Alpha Rhythms and their
Pathological Implications, The Neuroscientist 11,no.4,357-372(2005).
[13] K. E. Stephan, L. Kamper, A. Bozkurt, G. A. Burns, M. P Young, and R. Kotter,
‘‘Advanced Database Methodology for the Collation of Connectivity Data on the
Macaque Brain (Coco Mac),’’ Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 356,No.
1412, 1159–1186 (2001).

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