1. TITLE OF THE PROJECT
FINAL REPORT
BEB 20303
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND
WAVES.
Session: 2014/2015 Semester 2
Section:
No. Name Matric No.
1. Choong Jia Junn AE120207
2. Nor Nathasha Binti Noor Azhar CE120321
3. Abu Zharr Bin Abd Ghani CE120161
4. Nurul Hidayah Binti Rosli CE120049
5. Rosmawati Binti Aminuddin CE110014
2. LIST OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction 4
1.1 Project Background 4
1.2 Project Objective 4
1.3 Project Scope 4
1.4 Project Team Organisation Chart 5
1.5 Specific Task Delegation 7
1.6 Project Schedule/Gantt Chart 8
Chapter 2 Methodology 9
2.1 Project Flow Chart 9
2.2 Project Methodology (Powtoon Software) 10
2.3 Theory 10
2.3.1 Coulomb’s Law 10
2.3.2 Conditions for validity 11
2.3.3 Description 12
2.3.4 Coulomb’s Law and Calculating the force’s magnitude 12
2.4 Software For Animation 13
2.4.1 Powtoon video software 13
2.4.2 History of Powtoon software 13
2.4.3 Application inside Powtoon software 13
3. Chapter 3 ProjectDevelopment
3.1 Storyboard 15
3.2 Project 18
3.3 Benefits to the user 20
Chapter 4 CostEvaluation and Industrial Requirement 22
4.1 Cost Evaluation 22
4.1.1 Bills Of Materials 22
4.1.2 Development Cost 22
4.2 Industrial Requirement 23
4.2.1 Executive 23
4.2.1.1 Benchmarking of Product Specification
with Existing Product 23
4.2.1.2 Price Competitiveness 23
4.2.1.3 Identification of Industrial Needs, Market
Sizes and Customer Demand 24
4.2.2 Entry Barriers and Commercialisation Risk 25
Chapter 5 ProjectSummary 27
References 27
4. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Project
According to coulomb's law, any two points charged object will create a force on each other. Charges
with same sign (negative and negative or positive and positive) will make both of them produce a
repulsive force while charges with opposite sign (negative and positive) will make them produce an
attractive force. It also stated that the greater the charges, the force produce will be greater while if the
distance between two charged was greater, the force produce is smaller. If there are more than two
charges present, then the force on any one charge must be found by adding the forces found by Coulomb's
law between each pair of charges.
Coulomb's law states that:The magnitude of the electrostatic force of interaction between two
point charges is directly proportional to the scalar multiplication of the magnitudes of charges and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The force is along the straight line
joining them. If the two charges have the same sign, the electrostatic force between them is repulsive; if
they have different sign, the force between them is attractive .
1.2 Project Objective
Our project are using Coulomb’s Law,in this project we should be able
1.2.1 To demonstrate that two like charges is repel one another whereas two charges of
opposite polarity attract.
1.2.2 To prove the equation of Coulomb’s Law.
1.3 Project Scope
5. In this project we are using Pow toon software for our video animated. We are using Pow toon because
the software is a simple and easy. This video are related to the force between two charge in Coulombs
Law and it is simple and easy to understand. The target for this video are student itself and the people
who takes this courses.
1.4 Team Members Introduction
6.
7. 1.5 Task Delegation
Task Person in charge
Proposal Abu Zarr bin Abd Ghani
Choong Jia Jun
Nor Nathasha binti Noor Azhar
Nurul Hidayah binti Rosli
Rosmawati binti Aminuddin
Report
Nor Nathasha binti Noor Azhar
Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter 2
Methodology
• Project Flow Chart/ Block
Diagram
• Project Methodology
• Theory
• Software for animation
Nurul Hidayah binti Rosli
Chapter 3
Project Development
Abu Zarr bin Abd Ghani
8. Chapter 4
Cost Evaluation and Industrial
Requirement
Choong Jia Jun
Chapter 5
Summary
Rosmawati binti Aminuddin
Video animation Nor Nathasha binti Noor Azhar
Abu Zarr bin Abd Ghani
1.6 Project planning and scheduling
1.6.1 Gantt Chart For Project Emt
Activities Weeks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1 Meeting with lecturer
• Confirmation of
project title
• Discuss about
project proposal
2 Project proposal
preparation
3 Proposal submission
4 Material & component
preparation
5 Development process
• Hardware
development
• Software
development
6 Troubleshoot & testing
7 Presentation of project
8 Submission of project
10. NO
YES
Figure 2.1: Flowchart of software project animation
2.2 Project Methodology (Powtoon Software)
In the figure 2.1 show the flowchart of the project using Powtoon software. Firstly what step that need to
do is,Powtoon software have been install in order to make project video and then icon software button
was click in order to start to design the project item inside the video. In the project topic given is force
between two charges. The positive and negative charges was created inside the software and it determine
the charges as female in negative charge part and as male in positive charge part.
On the other hand after the charges was create , then start to analyze their pair in different
situation. In description which is in given situation when the charges is pair with the same polarity for
example the negative charge pair with negative charge , they will attract each other ,while the same likely
charge will attract each others. So ,in this software animation if the female meet the male, they will attract
each other and if the male meet with male, it will repel each other.
11. 2.3 Theory
In the 18th century, Charles Coulomb uncovered the secrets of electrostatic force between charged
particles. The results of his experiments led to what is now known as Coulomb's Law which is how force,
charge,and distance are all related.
2.3.1 Coulomb’s Law
In the 18th century, it was well known that an electrically charged particle would exert a force on any
other charged particle. The problem was no one knew how strong the force was or what factors affected
its strength. That is, until one scientist by the name of Charles Coulomb conducted several experiments
that led him to propose what is now known as Coulomb's law. Charles Coulomb found that the force
between charged particles was dependent on only two factors which is the distance between the particles
and the amount of electric charge that they carried[2].
Coulomb’s Law state that the magnitude of the electrostatic force of interaction between two
point charges is directly proportional to the scalar multiplication of the magnitudes of charges and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The force is along the straight line
joining them. If the two charges have the same sign, the electrostatic force between them is repulsive, if
they have different sign, the force between them is attractive[4].
Figure 2.2 : The direction of force between to charges
In the figure 2.2 state that the vector is the force experienced by , and the vector is the
force experienced by . When the forces are repulsive (as in the image) and
when the forces are attractive (opposite to the image). The magnitude of the forces will always
be equal.
Coulomb's law can also be stated as a simple mathematical expression.
The scalar and vector forms of the mathematical equation are;
12. and
Figure 2.3 : The mathematical expression in Coulomb's law
Where ke is Coulomb's constant ke =( 8.987 x 10^9 Nm^2.c^-2), q1 and q2 are the signed
magnitudes of the charges, the scalar r is the distance between the charges, the
vector is the vectorial distance between the charges, and (a
unit vector pointing from q2 to q1). The vector form of the equation calculates the force F1 applied
on q1 by q2. If r12 is used instead, then the effect on q2 can be found. It can be also calculated
using Newton's third law: F2=-F1.
Electromagnetic theory is usually expressed using the standard SI units. Force is measured
in newtons, charge in coulombs, and distance in meters. Coulomb's constant is given by .
The constant is the permittivity of free space in C2
m−2
N−1
. And is the relative permittivity of the
material in which the charges are immersed, and is dimensionless[3].
2.3.2 Conditions for Validity
There are three conditions to be fulfilled for the validity of Coulomb’s law:
• The charges considered must be point charges.
• They should be stationary with respect to each other.
• The two point charges should be placed in a single medium.
2.3.3 Description
The force between charged particles is directly related to the amount of charge carried by each particle.
Aside from negative and positive charged, most charged particles carry a variable amount of charge. For
example given situation someone was rubbing a balloon on their hair, the balloon will pick up negative
13. charges from their hair and begin to act like one big charged particle. The amount of charge on the
balloon will depend on how long she or he rubs it on their hair. Now if she or he repeats this experiment
with a second balloon, the two will try to repel each other, and the strength of that repelling force will
depend on how much charge each balloon picked up from their hair.
In this Coulomb's equation, we can see that the amounts of charge carried by each balloon are
represented by the terms q1 and q2. To allow us to focus on the relationship between the force and the
charges, the equation is given as below. In this part of the equation tells us is that the force is directly
related to the product of the two charges. In other words, if the product of the charges increases, then the
force will also increase.
2.3.4 Coulomb’s Lawand Calculating the Force’s Magnitude
Charles A. de Coulomb came up with a math model for describing the magnitude of the force of
attraction between any two charges. The equation he came up with is referred to as Coulomb's Law and is
shown below.
Figure 2.4 : The equation in Coulomb's law to calculate the force between two charges
k = Coulomb’s constant = 8.99x10^9 Nm²/C²
q1= Magnitude of one particle’s charge in Coulomb’s(C)
q2= Magnitude of other particle’s charge in Coulomb’s(C)
r = Distance between the particle (m)
2.4 Software for Animation
14. 2.4.1 Powtoon Video Software
PowToon is a company which sells cloud-based software for creating animated presentations and
animated explainer videos. The interesting part of this software is, it free for animation software
presentation tool that can be used by student or lecturer to create video or exciting presentation by
manipulating pre-created object, imported images, .provided music and user created voice overs.
Furthermore, this software using an Adobe Flex engine to generate an XML file that can be generate the
Powtoon online viewer and exported to the YouTube or it can be download as an MP4 file[5].
2.4.2 History ofPowtoon Software
PowToon was founded in January 2012. The company released a beta version in August 2012 and has
seen fast subscriber growth since. In December 2012 PowToon secured $600,000 investment from LA
based Venture Capital firm Startup Minds. In February 2013 PowToon introduced a free account option
allowing users to create animated videos that can be exported to YouTube.
2.4.3 Application Inside Powtoon Software
PowToon loads up in the website with a set of pre-made styles and formats for create the movie or
presentation. Beside that if the presenter want to create their own images, he or she only need to upload
them to a server such as imgur.com. To start design the video, the easy step is just simply drag and drops
the characters to the movie area and adds text. In addition this software is able to export the straight to
YouTube, no hassle and no fuss. If the presenter need a voice over or background music for the video,
there’s a marketplace where he or she can source great extras at affordable prices. Figure below is
example of the tools that have inside the software[6].
15. Figure 2.5: Example of female icon with their text that need help
Figure 2.6: Example of female and male icon with their text and image to promote their
product
16. CHAPTER 3
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
This slide show the Force from the Coulomb’s Law which is created between two charges either
in same polarity or different polarity. The formula for the Force is .
17. This slide shows from the formula given (), F is represents for resulting force between two
charges. K is for coulomb constant which is equal to 9x109
N (m2
/c2
) while Q1 and Q2 is the value for the
amount of charge for each particles and R is represents the distance between two charges.
This slide shows simple concept for more understanding about Force. Positive charge is represent
by male while positive charge is represent for female.
18.
19. These slide shows the opposite gender will attract each other while for same gender; it will push
away each other. Similar also with the concept of the force between two charges such as one positive and
one negative or vice versa move towards each other. Meanwhile, for two positive or two negative push
away from each other.
20. These slides show the example of different polarity of two charges. When positive charge move
directly towards negative charge, a Force was create. This force can be representing by F12. F stand by
Force, 1 is representing the location of the Force and 2 are representing by the cause of the Force. This
also vice versa with Force that created at negative charge (F21).
This is an example of different polarity of two charges. Force at charge positive and negative can
be calculated by using formula, (). Assume positive charge, Q1 is 1C while for negative charge, Q2 is -1C.
The distance between two charges, R is 1m. by substitute the value given into the formula, we can get F=
9x109
N.
21. These slides show the example of same polarity of two charges. When both of positive charges
meet up, it will move away from each other. A Force was creating. This force can be representing by F12.
Forces are created at Q1 due to charges in Q2.
22. This is an example of same polarity of two charges. Force at both positive charges can be
calculated by using formula, (). Assume positive charge, Q1 is 6µC while for another positive charge, Q2
is 14µC. The distance between two charges, R is 10cm. By substitute the value given into the formula, we
can get F= 75.6N.
CHAPTER 4
COST EVALUATION AND INDUSTRIAL REQUIREMENT
4.1 Cost Evaluation
4.1.1 Bills ofMaterials
Items Cost (RM)
Powtoon software (license) 300
Photoshop (License) 400
Computer 2,000
23. Storyboarding paper template 20
Drawing tools 50
Total 2,770
March
(RM)
April
(RM)
May
(RM)
June
(RM)
July
(RM)
Total
(RM)
Marketing Cost
• Advertisement
• Social media
5,000 4,500 4,000 4,500 4,500 22,500
Operating Cost
• Electricity
• Water
• Telephone
• Transportation
1,000 2,000 1,500 2,000 1,400 7,900
Product Design
• Design
software
• Multimedia
software
500 500 500 500 500 3,500
Total (RM) 6,500 7,000 6,200 7,000 6,400 33,900
• Development Cost
4.2 Industrial Requirement
4.2.1 Executive Summary
4.2.1.1 Benchmarking ofProduct Specification with Existing Product
4.2.1.2 Price Competitiveness
24. As our product using the Powtoon software, which has the cheapest price among the software in
the market. Our animation production fees become much cheaper as compare with other product. This
had made our product able to compete with other high standard product. With lower budget, we can
create a same standard product with other advance company.
4.2.1.3 Identification ofIndustrial Needs, Market Sizes and Customer Demand
The animation product play an important role in different kinds of industries for presentation,
teaching purposes, entertainment, communicating tools and so on. As our product title implies
“Force between Two Points” our product will be suitable for education field. The lecturing
process in teaching academic such as secondary school, college and university will becomes
much more easier as our product explain the theory behind the forces between two points.
Besides, engineers can explain the theory to their superiors who usually have less
knowledge about the physics filed. By using our product, everything becomes more interesting
and understandable. Next, our product can be used as an entertainment tools for children under
age of 6. With interesting animated images, they not only will attract by the animation, but also
understand about the theory of forces between two points.
25. 4.2.2 Entry Barriers and Commercialisation Risk
Brand loyalty may become one of the entry barriers for our product. As some of the products have already
been used by the users for so many years, it is difficult for them to change into a new product. As such,
we will face difficulty to compete with them. We may need to invest a lots of money in advertising our
products.
Besides, our company scale is much smaller compare to others company. They have more money
to invest into their product compare to our company. They can keep on upgrading their products and
attract their customers. Since we are new company, we may need some time to bring our products to the
market. Customers need time to get to know our product. Many money need to be invested in mass media
for advertisement such as the social network, newspaper,television and broadcasting FM.
Next, we may have the patent and copyright issues for our product. Since our product is about
animation, many companies may have the same products elements with us. Those companies may use this
opportunities to eliminate their competitors by file a court case to us.
26. CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY
The Coulomb's Law is one of the basic ideas of electricity in physics. The law looks at the forces created
between two charged objects. As distance increases, the forces and electric fields decrease. This simple
idea was converted into a relatively simple formula. The force between the objects can be positive or
negative depending on whether the objects are attracted to each other or repelled. We can think about a
few concepts related to some point charge and how the charges can attracted to each other. Positive and
negative charges like to move towards each other. Similar charges such as two positive or two negative
push away from each other.
The objectives of this projects are to demonstrate that two like charges is repel one another
whereas two charges of opposite polarity attract and to prove the equation of Coulomb’s Law. In this
project, the Pow toon software is used to created the video animated. This software is simple and easy to
uses to created the video.
The video animated in this project show the Force from the Coulomb’s Law which is created
between two charges either in same polarity or different polarity. As an example; the opposite gender will
attract each other while for same gender; it will push away each other. Similar also with the concept of the
force between two charges such as one positive and one negative or vice versa move towards each other.
Meanwhile, for two positive or two negative push away from each other. The formula to calculate the
force is F= (|kQ1Q2|)/R^2 ), F represents for resulting force between two charges. K is for coulomb
constant which is equal to 9x109 N (m2/c2) while Q1 and Q2 are the value for the amount of charge for
each particle and R represents the distance between two charges.
For the estimation cost, our product using the Powtoon software, which has the cheapest price
among the software in the market. Our animation production fees become much cheaper as compare with
27. other product. This had made our product able to compete with other high standard product. With a lower
budget, we can create a same standard product with other advance company.
REFERENCES
[1] In Coulomb (1785a) "Premier mémoire sur l’électricité et le magnétisme,"Histoire
de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, pages 569-611.
[2] Wikipedia, Coulomb's Law, March 26, 2015. [Online]. Available : http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb's_law#cite_note-1785a-12.
[3] Jim Heald (Coulomb's Law: Variables Affecting the Force Between Two Charged
Particle http://study.com/academy/lesson/coulombs-law-variables-affecting-the-force-
between-two-charged-particles.html.
[4] Coulomb, Charles Augustin (1788) [1785]. "Premier mémoire sur l’électricité et le
magnétisme". Histoire de l’Académie Royale des Sciences. Imprimerie Royale. pp. 569–
577.
[5] Perez, Sarah. TechCrunch, June 26th, 2012, "Now Everyone Can Make Marketing
Videos: PowToon Launches DIY Presentation Tool.
[6] Perez, Sarah, TechCrunch , Dec 14, 1212, "DIY Animation Platform PowToon Grabs
$600K For Its Video Creation Software".
[7] William H. Hayt, JR., John A. Buck. Engineering Electromagnetics. 8th ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 2012.
