This paper proposes a new paperless fax machine equipped with a single-touch panel to replace the scanning and printing units. A received fax can be displayed on the touch panel and digitally signed. The signature is reconstructed to resemble real handwriting. This eliminates paper waste and allows faxes to be stored digitally.
The document discusses various input and output devices used in computing. It describes 17 common input devices including the keyboard, mouse, joystick, touchpad, scanner, microphone, and digital camera. It then explains 15 output devices such as the monitor, printers (inkjet, laser, dot matrix), and plotters. For each device, it provides details on how they work, examples of their uses, and advantages/disadvantages.
This lecture discusses computers, including:
1. Defining a computer and discussing its basic components of input, processing, output, and storage.
2. Classifying computers into three main types - analog, digital, and hybrid - based on how they process data.
3. Describing the basic hardware components of a computer system, including the monitor, keyboard, printer, mouse, and differentiating hardware from software.
The document provides an overview of the basic components and functions of a computer system. It discusses the four main parts: hardware, software, data, and users. It describes the basic hardware components including input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, storage devices, and communication devices. It also explains the basic functions of computers like input, processing, output, and storage. Finally, it discusses software programs, data, and users/peopleware as the other essential parts of a complete computer system.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abstract In today's era, the human being is very concern about to know its circumstances behavior whether it is environmental, politics, current affairs, sports or the weather condition of upcoming days i.e. News, which can be easily available through television or internet sources in our daily routine but it’s one of the human tendency, to feel the peak level of necessity of the something when we know to acquire such facility in particular situation is truly impossible to deal with such occurrences , our system can fulfill their needs just by dialing one toll free number through user i.e. 1800-XX-XXXX ,where our smart and intelligent IVRS based news extractor will take care of their needs and fulfils it by responding in voice based form. Best part of this system is user himself will not be able to compare that in spite of any human operator ,a genius system is responding to his needs. Proposed system will be able to automatically answer the user’s call and can play the welcome tone that will be the pre-recorded voice and allow user to select his news domain . It will acquire the input as a DTMF signals through users cell phone’s keystrokes after analyzing the signals meaning it will extract the related news information from data source. System will provide the main categories and sub-categories to fulfill the user’s requirements optimally, motive of designing such smart system is to accomplish the society needs with modern technical assistance and make people’s life easier and convenient.
Keywords—DTMF, IVRS, Speech Synthesis
Computers are information processing machines that consist of both hardware and software working together to accomplish tasks. Hardware refers to the physical components like the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. Software includes programs that give instructions to computers. A computer system has a central processing unit that processes instructions and data, input and output units to accept and communicate information, and a storage unit to hold instructions and data. Computers are used in many fields like science, education, medicine, engineering, entertainment, communication, business, banking, publishing, and more. They help analyze data, present information, assist in design and manufacturing, and automate many tasks.
Computers have evolved tremendously from the large machines of the 1940s that required teams to operate to today's personal computers that can fit in our pockets. The document discusses the basic components, types, and input/output devices of computers. It describes how computers work through hardware and software, with the CPU as the "brain" that performs calculations. The types of computers range from supercomputers to desktop PCs to laptops and tablets. Input devices discussed include keyboards, mice, and touchscreens, while output devices include monitors, printers, and speakers. Memory, both primary and secondary, is also summarized.
The document discusses various input and output devices used in computing. It describes 17 common input devices including the keyboard, mouse, joystick, touchpad, scanner, microphone, and digital camera. It then explains 15 output devices such as the monitor, printers (inkjet, laser, dot matrix), and plotters. For each device, it provides details on how they work, examples of their uses, and advantages/disadvantages.
This lecture discusses computers, including:
1. Defining a computer and discussing its basic components of input, processing, output, and storage.
2. Classifying computers into three main types - analog, digital, and hybrid - based on how they process data.
3. Describing the basic hardware components of a computer system, including the monitor, keyboard, printer, mouse, and differentiating hardware from software.
The document provides an overview of the basic components and functions of a computer system. It discusses the four main parts: hardware, software, data, and users. It describes the basic hardware components including input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, storage devices, and communication devices. It also explains the basic functions of computers like input, processing, output, and storage. Finally, it discusses software programs, data, and users/peopleware as the other essential parts of a complete computer system.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abstract In today's era, the human being is very concern about to know its circumstances behavior whether it is environmental, politics, current affairs, sports or the weather condition of upcoming days i.e. News, which can be easily available through television or internet sources in our daily routine but it’s one of the human tendency, to feel the peak level of necessity of the something when we know to acquire such facility in particular situation is truly impossible to deal with such occurrences , our system can fulfill their needs just by dialing one toll free number through user i.e. 1800-XX-XXXX ,where our smart and intelligent IVRS based news extractor will take care of their needs and fulfils it by responding in voice based form. Best part of this system is user himself will not be able to compare that in spite of any human operator ,a genius system is responding to his needs. Proposed system will be able to automatically answer the user’s call and can play the welcome tone that will be the pre-recorded voice and allow user to select his news domain . It will acquire the input as a DTMF signals through users cell phone’s keystrokes after analyzing the signals meaning it will extract the related news information from data source. System will provide the main categories and sub-categories to fulfill the user’s requirements optimally, motive of designing such smart system is to accomplish the society needs with modern technical assistance and make people’s life easier and convenient.
Keywords—DTMF, IVRS, Speech Synthesis
Computers are information processing machines that consist of both hardware and software working together to accomplish tasks. Hardware refers to the physical components like the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. Software includes programs that give instructions to computers. A computer system has a central processing unit that processes instructions and data, input and output units to accept and communicate information, and a storage unit to hold instructions and data. Computers are used in many fields like science, education, medicine, engineering, entertainment, communication, business, banking, publishing, and more. They help analyze data, present information, assist in design and manufacturing, and automate many tasks.
Computers have evolved tremendously from the large machines of the 1940s that required teams to operate to today's personal computers that can fit in our pockets. The document discusses the basic components, types, and input/output devices of computers. It describes how computers work through hardware and software, with the CPU as the "brain" that performs calculations. The types of computers range from supercomputers to desktop PCs to laptops and tablets. Input devices discussed include keyboards, mice, and touchscreens, while output devices include monitors, printers, and speakers. Memory, both primary and secondary, is also summarized.
Este documento describe los beneficios de una póliza de seguros para móviles, llaves, tarjetas y posesiones personales. La póliza ofrece cobertura de hasta 350 euros por siniestro para móviles y hasta 1000 euros por siniestro para llaves, tarjetas y posesiones personales, con un máximo de dos siniestros anuales. También cubre gastos como cerrajeros, sustitución de cerraduras, alquiler de coches y llamadas fraudulentas. La póliza asegura objetos como consolas
Este documento presenta una clase sobre agentes inteligentes impartida por el Dr. Wladimir Rodríguez. Se proporciona información general sobre el profesor, horario y libro de texto. La agenda incluye una introducción a los agentes inteligentes, su estructura y tipos de agentes. Finalmente, se discute qué tan bueno es un agente y los tipos de mapeos de percepciones a acciones.
Este documento presenta los estatutos de la Sociedad "Casino de Rociana", una asociación sin ánimo de lucro constituida en Rociana del Condado (Huelva). La asociación tiene como objetivos proporcionar a los socios actividades culturales y recreativas que fomenten los lazos sociales. Los estatutos describen los diferentes tipos de socios, sus derechos y obligaciones, así como los órganos de gobierno y las normas de funcionamiento de la asociación.
The document proposes a social media marketing solution for Duesseldeals.de, providing examples of projects they have worked on for clients like American River Bank, promoting a movie called "The War is Over" through a customized Facebook campaign, and helping iBank attract qualified business leads while lowering advertising costs by 50%. The solution focuses on utilizing platforms like Facebook and developing engaging applications and campaigns to raise brand awareness, visibility, and drive customers for their clients' businesses and initiatives.
El documento presenta una propuesta para mejorar el servicio de Internet en los laboratorios de computación de una facultad regional. Actualmente hay 59 computadoras repartidas en 3 laboratorios, con edades mayores a 5 años. Se detallan los horarios de uso de cada laboratorio y las asignaturas que se imparten. Con las horas disponibles se calcula la cantidad máxima de estudiantes que podrían usar los laboratorios. Se proponen medidas de control y cifras totales del servicio. Finalmente, se plantean algunas decisiones que deben tomarse para optimizar el acceso
This document provides an overview of ShortCourses and PhotoCourse, which are publishers of digital photography books and textbooks. They publish books on specific cameras and digital photography topics. The books are used in classrooms and training programs. Special pricing is available for classroom use. The document also provides contact information for the publisher and copyright details.
WebGL games with Minko - Next Game Frontier 2014Minko3D
- Minko is a framework for building 3D applications in C++ that can be deployed to desktops, mobiles, and the web.
- It uses C++ as its core language and Lua for scripting. Applications are compiled to JavaScript using Emscripten to run in HTML5 and WebGL.
- Minko provides 3D graphics and physics engines, file format support, and tools to develop once and deploy everywhere. This allows building complex 3D games and experiences that achieve high performance across platforms.
El documento describe los programas de formación profesional de un centro de formación en Inglaterra. Ofrece varios ciclos formativos de grado medio y superior de entre 1 y 2 años de duración en áreas como sanidad, hostelería, química, administración, sistemas informáticos y telecomunicaciones. Al completar cada ciclo, los estudiantes obtienen un título técnico y adquieren habilidades prácticas a través de pasantías en empresas. El centro también ofrece apoyo para encontrar empleo.
Este documento proporciona información sobre la programación y tarifas publicitarias de TeleElx Radio y Televisión. Ofrece programación diaria tanto en radio como en televisión, con una variedad de programas informativos, deportivos y de entretenimiento. Asimismo, detalla las tarifas generales y específicas para anuncios de radio, televisión y página web.
Este documento presenta un estudio sobre la automatización del sistema de gestión de inventarios en la producción de tablero aglomerado mediante el uso de códigos de barras. Actualmente, la gestión de inventarios se realiza de forma manual lo que genera errores e información inexacta. El estudio propone implementar códigos de barras para registrar la producción en tiempo real y mejorar la precisión de los inventarios.
Valhalla Gaming Hub provides gaming news and reviews. This week they review the mobile game Lara Croft: Relic Run, an endless runner where players control Lara Croft as she navigates obstacles and fights enemies. The hottest gaming news discusses upcoming release dates for Cities: Skylines and potential backwards compatibility of Xbox One with original Xbox games. They also feature the character Solid Snake from the Metal Gear series, known for his intelligence and role in foiling nuclear threats. Finally, a fun fact is shared about Starcraft being the first video game in space.
Este documento presenta información sobre la clasificación de palabras según el número de silabas. Explica que las palabras se dividen en monosílabas (una silaba), bisílabas (dos silabas), trisílabas (tres silabas) y polysílabas (cuatro o más silabas). Incluye ejemplos de palabras para cada categoría y actividades para que los estudiantes identifiquen y clasifiquen palabras por su número de silabas.
Este documento proporciona una introducción a la historia y el desarrollo de las vacunas. Explica que Edward Jenner descubrió la primera vacuna contra la viruela en 1796 al observar que las personas expuestas a la viruela vacuna estaban protegidas contra la viruela humana. Más tarde, Louis Pasteur desarrolló vacunas contra enfermedades como el ántrax y dio origen a los términos "vacuna" y "vacunación". El documento también resume los diferentes tipos de vacunas y destaca la importancia de los calendarios
Participación de Johannes Uske en el Congreso de los Niños del 3er milenio en...Johannes Uske
Participación de Johannes Uske en el Congreso de los Niños del Tercer Milenio en Barcelona, octubre 2011. Tema: Los niños indigo, niños cristal y los aportes que podemos hacer los adultos. Definición de los Registros Akashicos y la conexión con la esencia, la paz interior y la felicidad.
Meditación guiada con canto armónico. El video que acompaña esta presentación se puede ver en
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xs9snp_meditacion-congreso-ninos-3-milenio-johannes-uske_school
La presentación incluye muchas imágenes espirituales, fractales que ayudan a relajar y conectarse.
Este documento proporciona una introducción a Salesforce, incluyendo que es líder en cloud computing para empresas, que cuenta con más de 100,000 clientes y $3.1 mil millones en ingresos. También describe algunos de sus productos principales como Cloud Sales, ExactTarget Marketing Cloud y Salesforce1, así como su plataforma que permite crear aplicaciones. Finalmente, menciona que la comunidad de desarrolladores de Salesforce cuenta con más de 1.5 millones de miembros.
The document describes a paperless fax machine that uses a single-touch panel for input and output. It consists of a modem module for sending and receiving faxes and a touch panel that displays documents and accepts handwritten signatures via a pressure-sensitive stylus. A handwriting reconstruction algorithm is used to digitize the handwritten signatures in a way that closely matches the original. The machine can operate in receiving, browsing, and transmitting modes and aims to reduce paper consumption by making the fax process paperless.
This document describes a paperless fax machine with a single-touch panel. It consists of a modem module for sending and receiving faxes, a touch panel for displaying documents and accepting handwritten signatures, and a pressure sensitive stylus. The machine can operate in fax receiving, browsing and handwriting, or fax transmitting modes. A handwriting reconstruction algorithm is used to convert user signatures into digital formats by sampling data from the stylus and touch panel using interrupts.
Este documento describe los beneficios de una póliza de seguros para móviles, llaves, tarjetas y posesiones personales. La póliza ofrece cobertura de hasta 350 euros por siniestro para móviles y hasta 1000 euros por siniestro para llaves, tarjetas y posesiones personales, con un máximo de dos siniestros anuales. También cubre gastos como cerrajeros, sustitución de cerraduras, alquiler de coches y llamadas fraudulentas. La póliza asegura objetos como consolas
Este documento presenta una clase sobre agentes inteligentes impartida por el Dr. Wladimir Rodríguez. Se proporciona información general sobre el profesor, horario y libro de texto. La agenda incluye una introducción a los agentes inteligentes, su estructura y tipos de agentes. Finalmente, se discute qué tan bueno es un agente y los tipos de mapeos de percepciones a acciones.
Este documento presenta los estatutos de la Sociedad "Casino de Rociana", una asociación sin ánimo de lucro constituida en Rociana del Condado (Huelva). La asociación tiene como objetivos proporcionar a los socios actividades culturales y recreativas que fomenten los lazos sociales. Los estatutos describen los diferentes tipos de socios, sus derechos y obligaciones, así como los órganos de gobierno y las normas de funcionamiento de la asociación.
The document proposes a social media marketing solution for Duesseldeals.de, providing examples of projects they have worked on for clients like American River Bank, promoting a movie called "The War is Over" through a customized Facebook campaign, and helping iBank attract qualified business leads while lowering advertising costs by 50%. The solution focuses on utilizing platforms like Facebook and developing engaging applications and campaigns to raise brand awareness, visibility, and drive customers for their clients' businesses and initiatives.
El documento presenta una propuesta para mejorar el servicio de Internet en los laboratorios de computación de una facultad regional. Actualmente hay 59 computadoras repartidas en 3 laboratorios, con edades mayores a 5 años. Se detallan los horarios de uso de cada laboratorio y las asignaturas que se imparten. Con las horas disponibles se calcula la cantidad máxima de estudiantes que podrían usar los laboratorios. Se proponen medidas de control y cifras totales del servicio. Finalmente, se plantean algunas decisiones que deben tomarse para optimizar el acceso
This document provides an overview of ShortCourses and PhotoCourse, which are publishers of digital photography books and textbooks. They publish books on specific cameras and digital photography topics. The books are used in classrooms and training programs. Special pricing is available for classroom use. The document also provides contact information for the publisher and copyright details.
WebGL games with Minko - Next Game Frontier 2014Minko3D
- Minko is a framework for building 3D applications in C++ that can be deployed to desktops, mobiles, and the web.
- It uses C++ as its core language and Lua for scripting. Applications are compiled to JavaScript using Emscripten to run in HTML5 and WebGL.
- Minko provides 3D graphics and physics engines, file format support, and tools to develop once and deploy everywhere. This allows building complex 3D games and experiences that achieve high performance across platforms.
El documento describe los programas de formación profesional de un centro de formación en Inglaterra. Ofrece varios ciclos formativos de grado medio y superior de entre 1 y 2 años de duración en áreas como sanidad, hostelería, química, administración, sistemas informáticos y telecomunicaciones. Al completar cada ciclo, los estudiantes obtienen un título técnico y adquieren habilidades prácticas a través de pasantías en empresas. El centro también ofrece apoyo para encontrar empleo.
Este documento proporciona información sobre la programación y tarifas publicitarias de TeleElx Radio y Televisión. Ofrece programación diaria tanto en radio como en televisión, con una variedad de programas informativos, deportivos y de entretenimiento. Asimismo, detalla las tarifas generales y específicas para anuncios de radio, televisión y página web.
Este documento presenta un estudio sobre la automatización del sistema de gestión de inventarios en la producción de tablero aglomerado mediante el uso de códigos de barras. Actualmente, la gestión de inventarios se realiza de forma manual lo que genera errores e información inexacta. El estudio propone implementar códigos de barras para registrar la producción en tiempo real y mejorar la precisión de los inventarios.
Valhalla Gaming Hub provides gaming news and reviews. This week they review the mobile game Lara Croft: Relic Run, an endless runner where players control Lara Croft as she navigates obstacles and fights enemies. The hottest gaming news discusses upcoming release dates for Cities: Skylines and potential backwards compatibility of Xbox One with original Xbox games. They also feature the character Solid Snake from the Metal Gear series, known for his intelligence and role in foiling nuclear threats. Finally, a fun fact is shared about Starcraft being the first video game in space.
Este documento presenta información sobre la clasificación de palabras según el número de silabas. Explica que las palabras se dividen en monosílabas (una silaba), bisílabas (dos silabas), trisílabas (tres silabas) y polysílabas (cuatro o más silabas). Incluye ejemplos de palabras para cada categoría y actividades para que los estudiantes identifiquen y clasifiquen palabras por su número de silabas.
Este documento proporciona una introducción a la historia y el desarrollo de las vacunas. Explica que Edward Jenner descubrió la primera vacuna contra la viruela en 1796 al observar que las personas expuestas a la viruela vacuna estaban protegidas contra la viruela humana. Más tarde, Louis Pasteur desarrolló vacunas contra enfermedades como el ántrax y dio origen a los términos "vacuna" y "vacunación". El documento también resume los diferentes tipos de vacunas y destaca la importancia de los calendarios
Participación de Johannes Uske en el Congreso de los Niños del 3er milenio en...Johannes Uske
Participación de Johannes Uske en el Congreso de los Niños del Tercer Milenio en Barcelona, octubre 2011. Tema: Los niños indigo, niños cristal y los aportes que podemos hacer los adultos. Definición de los Registros Akashicos y la conexión con la esencia, la paz interior y la felicidad.
Meditación guiada con canto armónico. El video que acompaña esta presentación se puede ver en
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xs9snp_meditacion-congreso-ninos-3-milenio-johannes-uske_school
La presentación incluye muchas imágenes espirituales, fractales que ayudan a relajar y conectarse.
Este documento proporciona una introducción a Salesforce, incluyendo que es líder en cloud computing para empresas, que cuenta con más de 100,000 clientes y $3.1 mil millones en ingresos. También describe algunos de sus productos principales como Cloud Sales, ExactTarget Marketing Cloud y Salesforce1, así como su plataforma que permite crear aplicaciones. Finalmente, menciona que la comunidad de desarrolladores de Salesforce cuenta con más de 1.5 millones de miembros.
The document describes a paperless fax machine that uses a single-touch panel for input and output. It consists of a modem module for sending and receiving faxes and a touch panel that displays documents and accepts handwritten signatures via a pressure-sensitive stylus. A handwriting reconstruction algorithm is used to digitize the handwritten signatures in a way that closely matches the original. The machine can operate in receiving, browsing, and transmitting modes and aims to reduce paper consumption by making the fax process paperless.
This document describes a paperless fax machine with a single-touch panel. It consists of a modem module for sending and receiving faxes, a touch panel for displaying documents and accepting handwritten signatures, and a pressure sensitive stylus. The machine can operate in fax receiving, browsing and handwriting, or fax transmitting modes. A handwriting reconstruction algorithm is used to convert user signatures into digital formats by sampling data from the stylus and touch panel using interrupts.
The document provides information about fax machines and fuzzy logic washing machines. It discusses:
- How traditional fax machines work by scanning documents and transmitting them as electrical signals over phone lines.
- Modern faxing can be done via fax/modem software and online, but documents must be converted to text to edit.
- Fuzzy logic washing machines use sensors to monitor conditions and adjust operations like water temperature and spin speed to optimize cleaning based on load size and material instead of a fixed cycle.
- A block diagram shows the fuzzy logic controller receiving inputs from sensors and adjusting washing parameters as outputs to improve efficiency.
This document describes a paperless fax machine that uses a single-touch panel as both an input and output device. The fax machine stores transmitted and received documents in memory rather than printing them. It uses a pressure-sensitive stylus for handwriting input on the touch panel. A handwriting reconstruction algorithm samples the stylus pressure and position data to digitally reproduce the user's handwriting in a way that is as close to the original as possible. This allows documents to be transmitted and received without using paper, reducing paper consumption.
The document provides an overview of computers, including their basic components and functions. It describes how computers perform the four basic operations of input, output, storage, and processing. It then lists and describes some common computer components like the motherboard, CPU, RAM, hard disk, and processor. It also outlines several applications of computers in areas like business, education, science, and more. Finally, it discusses input devices like keyboards, mice, scanners, and digital cameras and output devices like monitors, printers, and speakers.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CAMERA-BASED INTERACTIVE TOUCH SCREENJournal For Research
The document describes the design and implementation of a camera-based interactive touch screen. It uses a coated glass sheet as a projection surface and cameras to detect touches. When a finger touches a laser light plane in front of the screen, it is detected by the camera. An ATmega16 microcontroller processes the camera images and communicates touch locations to an external device via UART. This technology allows for large, low-cost touch displays without individual sensors. It has advantages over other touch detection methods and can enable applications like advertising, presentations, and outdoor displays.
Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system such as the monitor, keyboard, mouse, memory, motherboard, and chips. In contrast, software exists as programs, applications, concepts and symbols without physical substance. Together, hardware and software form a usable computing system. RAM is a form of computer memory that can be directly accessed by the CPU and is used to store active programs and data. Secondary memory such as hard disks are not directly accessed by the CPU and are used to store inactive programs and files in non-volatile memory.
Input devices allow users to control computers and provide data. Examples include keyboards, mice, cameras, and joysticks. Output devices communicate the results of processing to users in a human-readable form, such as printers, projectors, and headphones.
The document proposes a printing/scanning solution for CONA using Nashuatec MFPs and print management software. It discusses implementing Flex Secure Print Suite to [1] allow print mobility, improve security, and reduce wastage by ensuring prints are only released to authorized users. [2] place Nashuatec MFPs and a digital print center around campus for easy access with security card authentication. [3] provide reports on printing volumes and costs by user, group or machine to help reduce costs.
Pen-based systems use a pen or stylus for inputting data by writing on a special pad or directly on the screen. They are commonly used for collecting data or inputting signatures. Touch-screen systems accept input directly through the monitor by touching options with a finger, and are well-suited for simple applications like ATMs or kiosks. Alternative input devices also include game controllers, scanners, microphones, webcams and digital cameras which provide specialized input for tasks like gaming, document scanning, audio/video recording and photography.
This document provides an overview of the six main elements of a computer system: hardware, software, peopleware, data/information, procedures, and communication. It focuses on describing the different types of computer hardware, including input devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners; processing hardware like the central processing unit and memory; storage hardware like hard disks, floppy disks, and optical disks; and output hardware like printers and displays. Key input devices summarized include keyboards, pointing devices, bar code readers, and biometric systems. Processing hardware is summarized as the CPU and main memory. Storage is summarized as primary memory (RAM) and secondary memory like magnetic tapes, disks, and optical disks.
This document provides information about computer fundamentals including:
- A brief history of computers from the abacus to modern computers.
- The basic components of a computer including input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, storage units, the central processing unit, and computer memory types.
- An overview of computer languages from machine language to modern graphical interfaces.
- Definitions of computer software including system software and application software.
- Details on computer memory including cache memory, primary/main memory, and secondary memory.
The document discusses various input and output devices used in computers. It describes keyboards, mice, joysticks, scanners, and other input devices that allow data and instructions to enter the computer. It also covers different types of monitors, printers, speakers and other output devices that display processed data to the user. The document concludes by explaining primary and secondary computer memory, including RAM, ROM, hard disks, and their roles in storing programs and data both temporarily and permanently.
The document provides information about various ICT objects including a monitor, keyboard, printer, scanner, mouse, CPU, floppy disk, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, flash disk, hard disk, telephone, ISDN, facsimile, fiber optic, leased line, wireless communication, satellite, antenna, cellular network, server, client, router, modem, internet, internet user, hacker, cracker, carding, and how to share information. It also discusses the historical development of ICT from ancient civilizations to the modern period.
Input and Output devices of a computer.pptxRHONELYNHARO1
Input devices such as keyboards and mice allow a user to enter data into a computer. Output devices like computer monitors, printers, and speakers allow the computer to display or communicate the processed data back to the user. Some common input devices are keyboards, pointing devices, touchscreens, scanners, and microphones. Common output devices include computer monitors, LCD projectors, smart boards, printers, and speakers. Monitors can be CRT, LCD, or LED while printers include inkjet, laser, and thermal printers.
This document defines and describes different types of computers and their components. It discusses desktop computers, workstations, tablets, smartphones, notebooks, handheld computers, dumb terminals, intelligent terminals, and their key features. It also explains computer components like the CPU, printer, mouse, keyboard, and different types of printers, data types like numeric and integer data.
Computer Organization and Architecture for engineeringallwynanands1
Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as an input from the user and processes it under the control of a set of instructions (called program), produces a result (output), and saves it for future use. This tutorial explains the foundational concepts of computer hardware, software, operating systems, peripherals, etc. along with how to get the most value and impact from computer technology.
Audience
This tutorial has been prepared for beginners as well as advanced learners who want to deal with computers. The tutorial is also very useful for undergraduate students of computer science, engineering, business administration, management, science, commerce and arts, where an introductory course on computers is a part of curriculum.
After completing this tutorial, you will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise in the knowledge of computer basics from where you can take yourself to the next level.
Prerequisites
Knowledge of computers is not a prerequisite to follow the contents of this tutorial. This tutorial assumes no background in Computers or Computer programming.
The document discusses the fundamentals of fax machines, including their history, key components, capabilities, and how they work. It describes how fax machines scan documents, compress the data, transmit it over phone lines, and print copies. Alternatives like internet faxing and wireless faxing are also mentioned. The document concludes by covering how to use fax machines, along with their advantages of fast delivery and disadvantages like needing space, a phone line, and paper.
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paperless fax machion using single touch panel by divyajyothi
1. ABSTRACT
To eliminate the drawbacks of the conventional fax machines, this paper proposes a
new paperless fax machine equipped with a single-touch panel, replacing the
scanning and the printing units which not only take up most space but also are the
most costly and vulnerable parts. In the proposed paperless fax machine, a received
fax can be displayed and, if necessary, signed directly on the touch panel. The digital
signature is then pasted onto the fax document, which can be sent back or stored in
the memory for future references. Besides, a real handwriting reconstruction is
developed to make the appearance of the digital signature close to real handwriting
on the single-touch panel.
INTRODUCTION
Fax machines, connected to the public switched telephone networks (PSTN),
became popular around the world in the 1980s. In the recent decade, the traditional faxing
has faced increasing competitions from Internet based faxing systems. More and more
people consider fax machines are rarely used home electronics. However, fax machines
survive because they still retain some advantages that the Internet-based systems don’t
have. For example, documents sent and received over PSTN are much securer than those
done on Internet, and faxes are sent in real-time without delays. Most importantly, a
physical signature in the transmission of an official document has a legal effect.
Therefore, even though it is not frequently used, many home users still own a fax
machine.
A conventional fax machine usually consists of an image scanning unit, a printing
unit, a modem, and a telephone set. The image scanning unit converts the content printed
on a physical document into a digital image, the modem sends and receives the fax data
over PSTN analogly, and the printing unit produces a hard copy of the document image
received. Among all units, the image scanning unit and the printing unit not only take up
most space but also are the most costly and vulnerable parts.
Considering the occasions that a home user requires a fax machine, when a fax
document is received, it is quite often the recipient is asked to “sign it, and send it back”.
In this scenario, the fax document received is printed out just for signing it. This causes
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2. the unnecessary paper waste. To improve the efficiency and thus conserve paper, a new
type of fax machines is proposed to simplify the fax responding process stated above. In
this, a single-touch panel is added to a conventional fax machine to replace the scanning
and the printing units. The touch panel is a displaying device as well as an input device,
which can detect the location being touched within the display area. When a fax
document has been received, the recipient can read the content on the touch panel
directly, and if necessary, sign on it by using a stylus. Because of the fax document is
processed in the form of a digital image, the digital signature signed can be pasted onto
the document, as it is signed on the physical fax print-out. Then, the composite document
can be sent back immediately, printed, or, if desired, stored in the memory for future
references. The proposed touch panel fax machines can not only eliminate the drawbacks
from conventional ones, but also comply with the trend of paperless offices.
Furthermore, as a single-touch panel is integrated into a fax machine to deal with
signatures, something else needs to be taken into account. A signature on a fax document
is considered legal because it has been known that each person has a unique signature. If
a real signature is to be replaced by a digital signature signed on the single-touch panel,
the latter should be close to the former as much as possible. Since most of the currently
used touch panels, both the resistive and the capacitive types, are single-touch ones,
which can detect only one location being touched at a time. In this usage, all strokes of
the handwriting will be shown in same thickness, generally one pixel, no matter how hard
or how quick they were written. Therefore, how to make the digital signature close to the
original is a challenge. To make the proposed paperless touch panel fax machine feasible,
a pressure sensitive stylus is adopted to measure the pressure data while signing. In
addition, a handwriting reconstruction algorithm is also proposed to enhance the quality
of handwriting strokes shown on the touch panel.
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3. II. HARDWARE CONFIGURATION
Fig.1: Hardware of a single-touch panel fax machine
As shown in Fig. 1, the touch panel fax machine is composed of a modem
module, a micro-controller unit (MCU), a touch panel, a storage unit, an analog-to-digital
converter (ADC) module and a pressure sensitive stylus.
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4. The modem module, which is connected to MCU, is responsible for sending and
receiving faxes. Currently, the analog Group 3 (G3) fax machines connected to PSTN are
the most common faxing devices that have been in use for many years.
Since the paper less fax machine processes fax documents as digital images it is
required to convert the formats between G3 fax images and computer images (for
example, TIFF, BMP or JPG formats) in the MCU, after receiving or before sending
faxes. Besides, MCU manages the time synchronization with the fax machine at the other
end of the telephone line, displays the fax documents on the touch panel, stores the faxes
received in the storage, and accomplishes the handwriting reconstruction.
The touch panel is considered a peripheral device to MCU. It displays the fax
documents and accepts the handwriting signatures. The handwriting reconstruction
algorithm reconstructs the signature in real-time during a user’s signing act. Then, MCU
pastes the signature onto the fax document received. The composed document is shown
on the touch panel, ready to be sent back or saved in the storage unit. The storage unit,
which is also a peripheral device to MCU as shown in Fig. 1, is a removable read/write
memory for storing fax documents. There are three built-in folders in the storage unit, a
receiving folder, a composed folder and a transmitting folder.
The tip of the pressure sensitive stylus is connected to a pressure sensor through a
spring coil. During a signing act, the pressure at the tip is measured, digitalized by an
ADC, and finally sent to MCU for subsequent processing.
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5. III. OPERATING PROCEDURES
The proposed touch panel fax machine can operate in one of the three modes:
1. The fax receiving mode
2. The browsing and handwriting mode
3. The fax transmitting mode
A. Fax receiving mode
In the fax receiving mode, if the touch panel fax machine has received an
incoming fax, MCU converts the fax image to a popular image format used on
computers, and stores it in the receiving folder of the storage unit. At the mean time, the
touch panel shows the status to notify an incoming fax.
B. Browsing and handwriting mode
In the browsing and handwriting mode, any fax document stored in the folders of
the storage unit can be retrieved and displayed on the touch panel by MCU. Besides, the
user may sign on the touch panel in this mode. The data of the signing act are collected
from both the pressure sensitive stylus and the touch panel, and fed to the handwriting
reconstruction algorithm. Finally, the signature reconstructed is pasted on the fax
document, which can be shown on the touch panel, or if desired, sent back to original
sender or saved in the storage unit.
C. Fax transmitting mode
In the fax transmitting mode, MCU may retrieve any document from the storage
unit and display it on the touch panel. If the user wants to send out the document, MCU
converts it to the fax image format and hands it to modem module to transmit.
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6. IV. HANDWRITING RECONSTRUCTION
Fig.2: Signals flowing
In this section, the handwriting reconstruction algorithm, which could turn an
user’s signing act into a digital signature as close to the original as possible, is
introduced.
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7. During the signing act, both the data from the pressure sensitive stylus and the
touch panel are sampled by using timer interrupts in MCU. The readings from the
pressure sensitive stylus indicate how hard the user pushes the pen tip, and readings from
the touch panel show the locations where the pen touches. The sampled analog values are
then converted into digital values by ADCs and buffered in two FIFO queues in order, as
shown in Fig. 2. There are some issues to be addressed in data collection and processing.
A. Resolution of touch panels
A single-touch panel is composed of two major parts, an LCD screen for
displaying and a thin touch layer for inputs. Although the touch layer resides atop the
LCD screen, the ways to define resolutions of these two parts are different. The
resolution of an LCD screen is specified explicitly by enumerating the number of pixels
both in width and height. However, since a touch panel digitizes the analog readings by
using ADCs, the resolution of the touch panel is determined by the number of bits used in
the ADCs adopted. There are two ADCs used in a touch panel, one for horizontal and the
other for vertical direction respectively. For example, if a 10-bit ADC is used in one
direction, the resolution would be 1024 in that direction. Practically, the resolution of the
touch panel is higher than that of the LCD screen.
B. Signal synchronizations
In this, only the widely used single-touch panels are adopted. Single-touch panels
can response exact one location that is being touched at a time. The coordinates of the
touched location are digitalized and queued in a FIFO, waiting to be processed by MCU.
In most applications that use touch panels, the locations touched are the only parameter
required, whereas the pressures and the time duration are neglected. However, in order to
reconstruct a signature, both data of the locations and the pressures versus time during the
signing act are necessary.
The location and pressure data are collected by using timer interrupts in MCU.
The interrupt intervals are set to be constant. Therefore, the speed of the signing act can
be derived from the location data collected, in other words, how fast the user signs can be
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8. determined. If the signer makes a stop in the middle of signing, the location data will
remain unchanged, but the pressure may not. According to changes in the pressure data
measured, handwriting reconstruction algorithm can generate the strokes with different
thickness.
C. Pressures and Strokes
The single-touch panel detects and responses one location at a time, even though
there is actually an area of the panel is being touched. In order to reconstruct the different
stroke thickness as that in a real signature, the pressure data collected are analyzed. To
simplify the implementation, only positive pressures are considered valid. A simple two-
step calibration procedure for the stylus is performed before writing. First, press the pen
tip all the way down and record the pressure reading as PF. Then, let the tip off the touch
panel and record the pressure again as PE. During the signature reconstruction process,
the pressure ratio is used in the process. For any measured pressure P, the pressure ratio
(PR) is calculated as:
PR = (P − PE)/ (PF − PE).
Fig. 3(b) is the position data collected from a real handwriting stroke shown in
Fig. 3(a). While looking closer into the trajectory in Fig. 3(b), there is no way to know
how long it took and whether the pen stopped during the writing act. Fig. 3(c) shows the
corresponding pressure ratios of the same stroke over time. In this figure, it can be found
that starting from the beginning of the stroke (point A), the pressure ratio increases
rapidly, and then gradually decreases to zero at the end of the stroke (point B).
Comparing to the real stroke in Fig. 3(a), a relationship is found: at any point of the
trajectory, the thickness of the stroke is proportional to the pressure ratio measured at the
pixel. This finding is used to reconstruct the signature.
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9. Fig. 3 (a) Handwriting stroke (b) Position trajectory (c) Pressure ratio
D. Handwriting Reconstruction
Follow the relationship found in the above section, handwriting reconstruction
can be made. Intuitively, as shown in Fig. 4(a), a line extension method, which generates
the thickness of the stroke, may be applied on the laterally orthogonal directions of any
pixel in the trajectory. However, there will be a defect in the stroke, if a sharp corner
exists in the trajectory. Alternatively, a circle extension is adopted to replace the line
extension, as shown in Fig. 4(b). Though the strokes generated by circle extension
method are rugged, they can be smoothed by making sampling time intervals smaller.
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10. Fig. 4 (a) Line extension (b) Circle extension
To make a summary, the handwriting reconstruction algorithm includes:
(1) Sample the position trajectories and the corresponding pressures of all strokes.
(2) Determine the radius of the circle for each of the extension point on the trajectories
according to the pressure ratio calculated.
(3) Determine the pixel coordinates of the extension point on the touch panel, on which a
circle is generated and placed to form a handwriting image.
As shown in Fig. 5(a), the circle extension method is applied according to the
position trajectory in Fig. 3(b) and the pressure ratio in Fig. 3(c). Fig. 5(b) presents the
reconstructed result by sampling the stroke extending points densely.
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11. Fig. 5 (a) Circle extension applied (b) Real handwriting effects
Examples of signature trajectories are shown in both Fig. 6(a) and Fig. 7(a). They
were signed both in Chinese and English. Obviously, the thicknesses of the strokes in
both Fig. 6(a) and Fig. 7(a) were one pixel. Fig. 6(b) and Fig. 7(b) show the result
signature strokes generated from the handwriting reconstruction algorithm. Compare Fig.
6(b) to Fig 6(a), and also Fig. 7(b) to Fig. 7(a). The paperless fax machine is proven to be
feasible.
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13. V. CONCLUSION
By using handwriting reconstruction algorithm the signature can be exactly
reproduced.
Circular extension is best method for handwriting reconstruction.
Consumption of paper can be reduced.
Transmitted and received fax documents can be stored into memory.
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14. VI. REFERENCES
http://ieee.ieeexplore.org/
ITU-T.37: Procedures for the Transfer of Facsimile Data via Store-and forward on
the Internet, 1998.
ITU-T.38: Procedures for Real-time Group 3 Facsimile Communication over IP
Networks, Amendment 1, 1999.
Handwriting Recognition Group, <hwr.nici.kun.nl>, May, 2008.
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15. VI. REFERENCES
http://ieee.ieeexplore.org/
ITU-T.37: Procedures for the Transfer of Facsimile Data via Store-and forward on
the Internet, 1998.
ITU-T.38: Procedures for Real-time Group 3 Facsimile Communication over IP
Networks, Amendment 1, 1999.
Handwriting Recognition Group, <hwr.nici.kun.nl>, May, 2008.
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